‘wait’
| Argument frame: |
X
(wait) for
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. and M. have arranged to meet at 2 p.m. at the post office.)
P.
is waiting for
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
ждать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(ждать)
Y
-а (сына)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. и М. договорились встретиться в два часа на почте).
П.
ждет
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]pšə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| b-s-zə-m-pšə́-n |
|
2
sg
.
f
.
abs
-1
sg
.
io
-
ben
-
neg
-wait-
neg
.
imp
|
| ‘Don’t wait for me!’ |
Adyghe
je-že
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r |
dirjekterə-m |
j-e-že |
|
учитель-
abs
|
директор-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-
dyn
-ждать
|
| ‘Учитель ждет директора.’ |
Aghul
ʁuz.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST.LAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: POST.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-q-tːi |
ʁuz.u-naa |
|
pn
|
pn
-
post
-
lat
|
stop.
pf
-
prf
|
| ‘Aslan is waiting for Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
xaməl
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| yala |
bəxmal=əl |
+al |
švav-u |
|
boy(
m
)
|
wait.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘The boy is waiting for his neighbor.’ |
Bambara
kɔ̀nɔ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
Fántà |
kɔ̀nɔ |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
pn
|
wait
|
| ‘Seku is waiting for Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
esperar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
está |
esper-ando |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
wait-
prog
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’ |
Catalan
esperar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
està |
esper-ant |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
wait-
ger
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is waiting for Marc.’ |
Czech
čekat
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
čeká |
na |
Michal-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wait(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is waiting for Michal.’ |
Danish
vente
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
vente-r |
på |
Marie |
|
pn
|
wait-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter is waiting for Marie.’ |
Dutch
wachten
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_op
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: op |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
wacht |
op |
Marie |
|
pn
(С)
|
wait.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(С)
|
| ‘Piet is waiting for Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
mákɔ̀nɔn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
Fónbà |
mákɔ̀nɔn-na. |
|
pn
|
be
|
pn
|
wait-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku is waiting for Fomba.’ |
English
wait
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
waiting |
for |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
ootama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
oota-b |
Mareti-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
wait-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter is waiting for Maret.’ |
Finnish
odottaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
odott-aa |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
wait-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is waiting for Matti’ |
Forest Enets
ɔte
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-da |
ɔtee |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
wait(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is waiting for his wife’. |
French
attendre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
attend |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wait.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is waiting for Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-lod-eb-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
Ø-e-lod-eb-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-wait-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre is waiting for Masho.’ |
German
warten
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: aufACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
warte-t |
auf |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wait-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is waiting for Marie.’ |
Irish
fan
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
fanúint |
le |
Máire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
wait.
nmlz
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is waiting for Máire.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
aspettare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
aspett-a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wait-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo is waiting for Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
aźukərəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
aźukər-əl |
la |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
wait-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is waiting for Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
tos
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-nï |
tos-ïp |
tur |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
wait-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is waiting for Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
λawǝλti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
λawǝλ-λ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
wait-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is waiting for Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.LAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: CONT.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| da |
hoboža |
hamaʁe-qo-l=na |
gic'a-na |
gołe |
|
1
sg
.
abs
|
теперь
|
друг-
cont
-
lat
=
add
|
ждать-
pst
.
u
|
aux
.
prs
|
| ‘Я сейчас жду друга.’ |
Kina Rutul
güzet haɁara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
ramazan |
güzet |
haɁa-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
wait
|
1.do.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is waiting for Ramazan.’ |
Latin
maneo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| qui |
nud-us |
atque |
inerm-is |
host-em |
mane-a-t |
|
which.
nom
.
sg
|
naked-
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
and_also
|
unarmed-
nom
.
sg
|
enemy(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
wait-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘That who expected the enemy unarmed and defenceless.’ |
| Note: (Liv. X, 35, 10) |
Mandarin Chinese
děng
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
děng |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
prog
|
wait
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan is waiting for Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-e-l-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-u-c'ad-e(n)-s. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-wait-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo is waiting for Anuchia.’ |
| Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
meχake
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
meχake |
le |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
wait[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is waiting for Menachem.’ |
Nanai
xalači-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
xala.či-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
wait.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is waiting for Masha.’ |
Nivkh
ŋarməd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
ŋarmə-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
wait-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is waiting for Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
ūri
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| kūt’uw |
ūr-i |
ōtr-e |
|
dog
|
wait-
npst
.3
sg
|
master-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘The dog waits for his master.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
mа̄=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
mǝ |
mа̄m |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
|
pn
|
aff
|
wait-
tr
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
|
| ‘Semien is waiting for Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å vente
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
vente-r |
på |
Ola |
|
pn
|
wait-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is waiting for Ola.’ |
Polish
czekać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Basi-a |
czeka |
na |
kuzynk-ę |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
wait:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cousin-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Basia is waiting for her cousin.’ |
Russian
ždatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
žd-et |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
wait(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is waiting for Maša.’ |
Serbian
čekati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
čeka |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
wait.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is waiting for Maria.’ |
Shughni
nīstow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PREP.UP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PREP.UP |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
pi |
Lola |
nūs-č |
|
pn
|
prep
.
up
|
pn
|
sit.
m
-
pf
|
| ‘Azim is waiting for Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
vueʹrdded
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
vuârdd |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
wait.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is waiting for Maria’ |
Slovak
čakať
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
čaká |
na |
Mark-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wait(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is waiting for Marek.’ |
Slovenian
čakati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Аn-a |
čaka |
sestričn-o |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
wait:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
female_cousin-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana is waiting for her cousin.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
çawer̂wan bûn
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hîwa |
çawer̂wan-î |
Kamr̂an-î-e |
|
pn
|
waiter-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is waiting for Kamran.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
esperar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
esper-a |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
wait-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is waiting for Maria.’ |
Swedish
att vänta
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
vänta-r |
på |
Maja |
|
pn
|
wait-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is waiting for Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Nag-hi~hintay |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
|
av
-
ipfv
~wait
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’ |
| Note: Alternative is nevertheless a PV construction that looks exactly like the ACT_UND pattern: “H<in>i~hintay ni Pedro si Miguel” [<PV>IPFV~wait PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’ It is interesting and unexpected for me that there is no LV marking in this second option. |
Telugu
edurucūcu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLkosamu
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLkosamu |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ |
kōsamu |
edurucūstunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
for
|
wait.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is waiting for Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
beklemek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
bekli-yor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
wait-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is waiting for Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
xalači-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
xaj-du=nu |
xalač-i-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
what-
dat
=
q
|
wait-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy is somewhere waiting for the girl.’ |
Uzbek
kutmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-ni |
kut-ib |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
wait-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is waiting for Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
eega
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
tolaa |
eeg-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
wait-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is waiting for Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
tʃ’on
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
marjam-ʔo |
tʃ’on |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
pn
[
f
]-
super
.
lat
|
stand_waiting.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Patimat is waiting for Mariam.’ |
