BivalTyp

‘drop’

Argument frame: X (drop) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. dropped the glass .
Predicate label Ru: ронять
Argument frame Ru: X (ронять) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. уронил стакан .

Abaza ḳa-rə.ŝ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
á-č’ḳʷən a-stakán ḳa-j-rə́-ŝ-d
def -boy def -glass loc -3 sg . m . erg - caus -fall( aor )- dcl
‘The boy dropped the glass.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ʔe.pə-zə

Valency pattern: LOC.HAND.LOC.TIP_ABS
X: LOC.HAND.LOC.TIP
Y: ABS
Locus: X
stekanə-r p-ʔa-pə-mə-zə-ʁa-ʁe-me, qʷəte-šʼt-ʁa-ʁ-ep
glass- abs 2 sg . io - loc : hand - loc : tip - neg -fall- pst - pst - cond break(intr.)- fut - pst - pst - neg
‘If you hadn't dropped the glass, it wouldn’t have broken.’

Aghul fatːarx.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-f-as istːik’an fatːarx.u-ne
pn - apud - elat glass { apud . elat }get. pf - aor
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

Akhvakh (Northern) kwadu munuƛa

Valency pattern: EL_NOM
X: EL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-gune istaka kwadu ma-ani
pn - el glass hand. el n .go- aor
‘Patahi dropped the glass.’

Andi (Zilo) <r>-ukː-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di r-ukː-oɬ.i istakan
pn - erg inan 2-fall- caus . pst ( aor ) glass[ inan 2][ nom ]
‘Patimat dropped a glass.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) tarak yəgaʕ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Aḥmad tarak əl-kāsa təgaʕ
pn let. pf .3 m def -glass fall. ipf .3 f
‘Ahmad dropped the glass.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicates in the main and dependent clauses).

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) w.ʾ.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi waʾʾaʿ il-kubbay
pn drop. pst .3 m . sg def -glass
‘Shadi dropped the glass.’

Arabic (standard) Ɂawqaʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un Ɂawqaʕa kūb-a-n
pn - nom drop. pf .3 m glass- acc - indef
‘Badr dropped the glass.’

Archi e-kas a-as

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu istəkan ek-as aw
pn - obl . m ( erg ) glass 4.fall- inf 4.do. pfv
‘Pasha dropped the glass.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic manpəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxt-u munpəl-la stacan
woman( f )- p .3 m drop. pst - ls .3 f glass( m )
‘The woman dropped the glass.’

Avar bortize

Valency pattern: APUDEL_NOM
X: APUDEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-qa stakan b-ort-ana
pn - apudel glass n -rush- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

Azerbaijani yerə salmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan stǝkan-ı yer-ǝ sal-dı
pn glass- acc place- dat / lat spread- pst (3)
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

Bafut màʔâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ màʔâ ndɔ́ŋ já
pn sm p 2 drop cup def
‘Ambe dropped the cup.’

Bambara bɔ́ + bìn

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
mùru` bɔ́-ra kà bìn Sékù bólo
knife\ art go.out- pfv . intr inf fall pn cntrl
‘Seku dropped the knife.’
Note: This is a serial verb construction.

Belarusian vypuscić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś vypusci-ŭ škliank-u
pn [ nom . sg ] drop( pfv )- pst . sg . m glass- acc . sg
‘Ales dropped the glass.’

Budugh serʕi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır iska'n q'um-a' saʕa-ci
pn - erg glass ground- loc n .throw. pf - aor
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

Bulgarian изпусна

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър изпусна чаша-та
pn drop( pfv ). aor .3 sg glass- def . f . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

Catalan caure's

Valency pattern: NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
al Pere se li va cau-re el got
to. def . sg . m pn ( m ) refl .3 sg dat .3 sg go.3 sg . prs . ind fall- inf def . sg . m glass( m )
‘Pere dropped the glass.’

Chechen vohw-AGR-ozhi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as staka vohw-d-ozhi-na
pn - erg glass. abs down- v -fall- prf
‘Islam dropped the glass.’

Chinese (Mandarin) diào

Valency pattern: SBJ_ba
X: SBJ
Y: ba
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān bǎ bōlibēi diào zài dì shàng le
pn ba glass drop at floor on pfv
‘Zhangsan dropped the glass on the floor.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial. Sometimes, it coexists with the regular transitive pattern. However, it is preferrable for this lexical predicate.

Chirag ke-b-iče b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le šuša ke-b-ič-e b-aq-ib
pn - erg bottle( abs ) down - n . sg -fall: pf - inf n . sg - caus : pf - aor .3
‘Ali dropped the bottle.’

Croatian ispasti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Per-i je ispa-l-a čaš-a
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg fall_down- part . perf - f . sg glass- nom . sg
‘Pero dropped the glass.’

Czech upustit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr upusti-l sklenic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr dropped the glass.’

Danish tabe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter tab-te glass-et
pn drop- pst glass( n )- def . sg
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

Dargwa (Itsari) kʷi-r-B-ič-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il istːikan kʷi-r-b-ič-aˤq-ib
pn - erg glass( abs ) in . hands - el - n -fall. pfv - caus - aor
‘Islam dropped the glass.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ka-CL-ik-aˤq-es / ka-CL-irk-aˤq-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li istakan ka-b-ik-aˤq-ib
pn - erg glass down - n -fall. pfv - caus - pret
‘Muhammad dropped the glass.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) kabič:iχiv

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l stakan kabič:iχ-iv
pn - erg glass n .fall. caus . pf - aor (3)
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal-di-l istikan b-aqʷ-aj
boy- obl - erg cup n -break. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy broke the glass.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-at k-aʁ-iz/k-ajʁ-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le stakan b-at k-aʁ-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) cup n -let down -chase. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy dropped the glass.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) kʷer-k-aq'-i / kʷer-k-alq'-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li k'uč'u kʷer-k-aq'-ur
boy- erg cup from.hand- down -pour. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy dropped the glass.’

Dutch laten vallen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een glas laten vallen
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . indf glass( n ) let fall
‘Piet dropped a glass.’

Enets (Forest) sumuɔjta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ tʃaʃka-da sumuɔjta-za
i man- nom . sg .1 sg cup- obl . sg .3 sg drop( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend dropped his cup’.

English drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter dropped the glass.

Estonian maha pillama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter pilla-s klaasi maha
pn drop- pst .3 sg glass. sg . gen down
‘Peeter dropped the glass.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

Finnish pudottaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka pudott-i lasi-n
pn . nom drop- pst .3 sg glass- gen
‘Pekka dropped the glass.’

French faire tomber

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a fait tomber un verre
pn ( f ) have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp . m fall- inf indf . sg . m glass( m )
‘Paul dropped the glass.’

Gban vȉkà di̋

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zá̰ ɛ́ vɛ́lȅ vȉ-kà di̋
pn 3 sg \ pst glass throw- caus [ pfv . hod ] below
‘Zan dropped the glass.’

Georgian da-Ø-u-vard-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s č'ika-Ø da-Ø-u-vard-a
pn - dat glass- nom prv :downward- io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre dropped the glass.’

German fallen lassen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hat das Glas fallen lassen
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg def . n . acc . sg glas[ acc . sg ] fall. inf let. inf
‘Karl dropped the glass.’

Hebrew (modern) hipil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas hipil et ha kos
pn drop[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def glass
‘Pinchas dropped the glass.’

Hindi girānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne glās girāy-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg glass( m ). sg . dir make_fall. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek dropped the glass.’

Indonesian (standard) men-jatuh-kan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Asep men-jatuh-kan gelas
pn act -fall- trns glass
‘Asep dropped the glass.’

Irish tit

Valency pattern: o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Do=thit an ghloine ó Phól.
pst =fall def glass from pn
‘Pól dropped the glass.’

Italian far cadere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha fatto cad-ere un bicchier-e
pn ( f ) aux .3 sg . prs make. pst . ptcp fall- inf indf . sg . m glass- sg . m
‘Leo dropped a glass.’

Karata t’araɬa

Valency pattern: CONTEL_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č’ogal istakan t’ar-e
pn - contel glass fall- pf
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

Kazakh tüsіr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya staqan-dï tüsіr-іp al-dï
pn glass- acc drop- cvb give- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya dropped the glass.’

Khanty (Kazym) iλ pawǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en an iλ pawǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cup down drop- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dropped the cup.’

Khoekhoe ǃgau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge xlā-s-a go ǃgau
pn -3 m . sg decl glass-3 f . sg - obl rpst drop
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

Khwarshi j/ekeła

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS
X: CONT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
di-lo uža-qo b-eke-jła k'ote
1 sg - gen 2 son- cont iii -?fall- pot . pst . w plate( iii )
‘My son dropped a plate.’

Kpelle (Guinean) tǒo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àá kpèle kɔ́ɣɔ̂ tǒo
3 sg . prf drink cup\ l fall
‘She dropped a cup.’

Kryz (Alik) ʕaq'vala varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir iskan ʕaq'vala var-du
pn - erg glass( f ) f .fall. cvb f .do. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan dropped the glass.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) apsaʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir istikan q'im-uğ apsaʕa-du
pn - erg glass ground- super f .drop. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

Kryz (proper) q'um-aʕan tsavʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir istikan q'um-aʕan tsavʕa-du
pn - erg glass( f ) ground- inlat f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

Kumyk tüšürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
rasul stakan-nɨ tüšür-d-ü
pn glass- acc drop- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul dropped the glass.’

Kurdish (Sorani) berdanewe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa perdax-eke=î ber-da-Ø-we
pn glass- def =3 sg . pc prev -give. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa dropped the glass.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) avêtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam cam avet
man glass( m ) throw. pfv . sg
‘The man dropped the glass.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-lu-l istːikan šːaˁw-n b-u<w>t-und-i
pn - obl - gen glass on.earth- lat 3-<3>cause.to.fall- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad dropped the glass.’

Latin demitto

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
di qui cael-o demitti-tis imbr-em
god( m ). nom . pl which. nom . pl . m heaven( n )- abl . sg drop[ prs . ind ]- act .2 pl rain( m )- acc . sg
‘Gods who send down rain from the skies.’
Note: (Verg. Georg. I, 23)

Laz o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s šuše-Ø n-u-l-u
pn - b - dat glass- nom io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim dropped the glass.’

Lezgian (Yargun) avatin

Valency pattern: ADEL_NOM
X: ADEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sahib-a-vaa isttikan avat-na
pn - obl - adel glass fall- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib dropped the glass.’

Macedonian padne

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
na Petar mu padna čaša-ta
on pn pro .3 sg . m . dat fall( pfv ). aor .3 sg glass- art . f . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

Maninka (Eastern) tála, bè

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kóro` tála-ra Sékù bólo kà bè.
mug\ art divide- art . intr pn cntrl inf fall
‘Seku has dropped the mug.’

Mano dà

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
āà nɛ́ dà
3 sg . prf child fall
‘S/he has dropped the child.’

Mansi (Northern) jolpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am istakan jol-pat-t-ǝs
1 sg glass down-fall- tr - pst [3 sg ]
‘I dropped the glass.’

Mehweb ar-ikes

Valency pattern: CONT.EL_NOM
X: CONT.EL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Islam-ize-la istikan ar-b-ik-ib
pn - cont - el glass pv - n -fall: pfv - pst
‘Islam dropped the glass.’

Mingrelian do-Ø-u-ol-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s č'irka-k ku-d-Ø-u-ol-(u)
pn - dat glass- erg aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo dropped the glass.’

Nanai tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia stakam-ba tug-bu-xə-ni
pn glass- obl fall- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’

Nivkh ɣuсit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik stakan ɣuсi-t
pn glass drop- ind
‘Kaskazik dropped the glass.’

Norwegian Bokmål å miste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per miste-t glass-et i gulv-et
pn lose- pst glass- def . n . sg in floor- def . n . sg
‘Per dropped the glass.’

Oromo (West Central) buusa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n burtʃ'uk'k'oo lafa buus-e
pn - nom glass. abs ground drop. caus -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa dropped a glass.’

Persian andōxtan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad līvān-rā andāxt
pn glass- acc throw. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad dropped the glass.’

Polish upuścić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a upuści-ł-a szklank-ę
pn - nom . sg drop: pfv - pst - f .3 sg glass- acc . sg
‘Anna dropped the glass.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) derrubar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro derrub-ou um copo
pn ( m ) topple-3 sg . pst indf glass( m )
‘Pedro toppled a glass.’

Romani (Kalderash) peravel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a pera-ď-a o stakan-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg drop- pst -3 sg art . m . dir . sg glass- acc . sg
‘Murša dropped the glass.’

Russian uronitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja uroni-l stakan
pn ( m )- nom . sg drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

Rutul (Kina) saɁ sipxur

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM
X: APUD.EL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-da: saɁ s-i<p>xu-r istek’an
pn - apud . el down. lat pv -<3>fall. pfv - cvb glass( nom )
‘Rasul dropped the glass.’

Rutul (Mukhad) χiitxun

Valency pattern: ADEL_NOM
X: ADEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-daa istakan χiipxu-ri
pn - adel glass a .drop. pf - aor
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

Rutul (Shinaz) saʔ ʁipxu-n

Valency pattern: AD_NOM
X: AD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-da saʔ ʁipxu-r istak'an
pn - ad down a .drop. pf - aor glass( a )
‘Basir dropped the glass.’

Rutul (Southern) aa sehin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a istikan aa sevi-r
pn - erg glass( a ) down a .throw. pf - aor
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

Saami (Skolt) kõõččted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kõõččt-i ståkkan
pn . sg . nom drop- pst .3 sg glass. sg . acc
‘Pete dropped the glass.’

Serbian ispasti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je ispa-la čaš-a
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg fall.down- part . perf . f . sg glass- nom . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

Shughni pitêwdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i čaška pitêw-d
pn =3 sg cup drop- pst
‘Azim dropped the glass.’

Slovak pustiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter pusti-l pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

Slovenian spustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a je spusti-l-a kozarec
pn - nom . sg aux .3 sg drop: pfv - lpt - f . sg glass[ acc . sg ]
‘Ana dropped the glass.’

Spanish dejar caer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro dej-ó caer un vaso
pn [ sg . m ] allow- aor .3 sg fall[ inf ] art . ndef . sg . m glass[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro dropped a glass.’

Svan x-o-šq'd-en-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s č'ik-Ø č-ot-šq'äd
pn - dat cup- nom prv : downward - prv : dist . ver : o . io 3-drop
‘Maizer dropped the cup.’

Swedish att tappa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tappa-de glas-et
pn lose- pst glass- def . n . sg
‘Björn dropped the glass.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmed-x-an stakan tada<b>x-nu
pn - apud - elat glass( abs ) < n . sg >drop- pst
‘Mahamad dropped the glass.’

Tagalog mahulog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-hulog ni Pedro ang salamin
pot . pv . pfv -drop pers . gen pn subj glass
‘Pedro dropped the glass.’
Note: Co-exists with the regular PV construction that implies intentional action and has the same encoding frame.

Telugu paḍēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ glāsu-ni paḍēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom glass( n ). sg . obl - acc drop. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dropped the glass.’

Tsakhur q:aʔavhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee istakan q:aʔavhu
pn - erg glass( a ) a .drop. pf
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

Tswana latlha

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke-latlh-ets-e Ø-galase fa fatshe
s i :1 sg -drop- appl . prf - fv sg -glass(9) loc 3 on.the.ground
‘I dropped the glass.’

Turkish düşürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bardağ-ı düşür-dü
pn glass- acc drop- pst
‘Mehmet dropped the glass.’

Turoyo dore

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel dre-le u koso
pn drop. pfv - ls .3 m art . m cup
‘Gabriyel dropped the cup.’

Twi gya

Valency pattern: SBJ_mu
X: SBJ
Y: mu
Locus: Y
Kofi gya-a abobᴐdeε no mu
pn leave- pst glass def in
‘Kofi dropped the glass.’

Udmurt uśki̮ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a stakan uśki̮t-iz
pn . nom glass. nom drop- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

Ukrainian vpustyty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o vpusty-v skljank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro dropped the glass.’

Ulcha tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə čāmi-wa tugbu-xə-ni
male child cup- acc drop- pst -3 sg
‘This boy dropped the glass.’

Uzbek tuširib olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya piola-ni tušir-ib ol-di
pn cup- acc drop- cvb take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

Wolof rotal

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
rot-al nga sama caq
fall- caus prf .s i :2 sg poss :1 sg string( b )
‘You dropped my string.’

Yukaghir (Northern) kǝriǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn suskǝ-lǝ kǝriǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn cup- acc fall- caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien dropped the glass.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ajɛ bardaɣə da-jɛ war=ro
3 sg . f . obl glass give. pst -3 sg . f down=towards
‘She dropped the glass.’