BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘drop’

Argument frame: X (drop) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. dropped the glass .
Predicate label Ru: ронять
Argument frame Ru: X (ронять) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. уронил стакан .

Abaza ḳa-rə.ŝ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
á-č’ḳʷən a-stakán ḳa-j-rə́-ŝ-d
def -boy def -glass loc -3 sg . m . erg - caus -fall( aor )- dcl
‘The boy dropped the glass.’

Adyghe ʔe.pə-zə

Valency pattern: LOC.HAND.LOC.TIP_ABS
X: LOC.HAND.LOC.TIP
Y: ABS
Locus: X
stekanə-r p-ʔa-pə-mə-zə-ʁa-ʁe-me, qʷəte-šʼt-ʁa-ʁ-ep
стакан- abs 2 sg . io - loc : hand - loc : tip - neg -падать- pst - pst - cond разбиваться- fut - pst - pst - neg
‘Если бы ты не уронил стакан, он бы не разбился’

Aghul fatːarx.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-f-as istːik’an fatːarx.u-ne
pn - apud - elat glass { apud . elat }get. pf - aor
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic manpəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxt-u munpəl-la stacan
woman( f )- p .3 m drop. pst - ls .3 f glass( m )
‘The woman dropped the glass.’

Bambara bɔ́ + bìn

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
mùru` bɔ́-ra kà bìn Sékù bólo
knife\ art go.out- pfv . intr inf fall pn cntrl
‘Seku dropped the knife.’
Note: This is a serial verb construction.

Brazilian Portuguese derrubar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro derrub-ou um copo
pn ( m ) topple-3 sg . pst indf glass( m )
‘Pedro toppled a glass.’

Catalan caure's

Valency pattern: DAT_SBJ
X: DAT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
al Pere se li va cau-re el got
to. def . sg . m pn ( m ) refl .3 sg dat .3 sg go.3 sg . prs . ind fall- inf def . sg . m glass( m )
‘Pere dropped the glass.’

Czech upustit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr upusti-l sklenic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr dropped the glass.’

Danish tabe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter tab-te glass-et
pn drop- pst glass( n )- def . sg
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

Dutch laten vallen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een glas laten vallen
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . indf glass( n ) let fall
‘Piet dropped a glass.’

Eastern Maninka tála, bè

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kóro` tála-ra Sékù bólo kà bè.
mug\ art divide- art . intr pn cntrl inf fall
‘Seku has dropped the mug.’

English drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter dropped the glass.

Estonian maha pillama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter pilla-s klaasi maha
pn drop- pst .3 sg glass. sg . gen down
‘Peeter dropped the glass.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

Finnish pudottaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka pudott-i lasi-n
pn . nom drop- pst .3 sg glass- gen
‘Pekka dropped the glass.’

Forest Enets sumuɔjta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ tʃaʃka-da sumuɔjta-za
i man- nom . sg .1 sg cup- obl . sg .3 sg drop( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend dropped his cup’.

French faire tomber

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a fait tomber un verre
pn ( f ) have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp . m fall- inf indf . sg . m glass( m )
‘Paul dropped the glass.’

Georgian da-Ø-u-vard-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s č'ika-Ø da-Ø-u-vard-a
pn - dat glass- nom prv :downward- io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre dropped the glass.’

German fallen lassen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hat das Glas fallen lassen
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg def . n . acc . sg glas[ acc . sg ] fall. inf let. inf
‘Karl dropped the glass.’

Irish tit

Valency pattern: o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Do=thit an ghloine ó Phól.
pst =fall def glass from pn
‘Pól dropped the glass.’

Italian far cadere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha fatto cad-ere un bicchier-e
pn ( f ) aux .3 sg . prs make. pst . ptcp fall- inf indf . sg . m glass- sg . m
‘Leo dropped a glass.’

Kalderash Romani peravel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a per-a-ď-a o stakan-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg drop- pst -3 sg art . m . dir . sg glass- acc . sg
‘Murša dropped the glass.’

Kazakh tüsіr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya staqan-dï tüsіr-іp al-dï
pn glass- acc drop- cvb give- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya dropped the glass.’

Kazym Khanty iλ pawǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en an iλ pawǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cup down drop- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dropped the cup.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS
X: CONT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
di-lo uža-qo b-eke-jła k'ote
1 sg - gen 2 сын- cont iii -?падать- pot . pst . w тарелка( iii )
‘Мой сын уронил тарелку.’
Note: При таком глаголе значение именно «случайно» и первый участник только в контэссиве. Именно его дают при стимуле со «случайно». Alternative is “di-lo uža b-eke-χ-χa k'ot'e” [1sg.o-gen2 сын iii-падать-caus-pst.w тарелка]. При этом втором варианте (с каузативом на глаголе) на самом деле есть два варианта падежного кодирования: при эргативе значение «уронил» (неизвестно, случайно или нет), но возможен и контэссив – это если его кто-то попросил.

Kina Rutul saɁ sipxur

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM
X: APUD.EL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-da: saɁ s-i<p>xu-r istek’an
pn - apud . el down. lat pv -<3>fall. pfv - cvb glass( nom )
‘Rasul dropped the glass.’

Latin demitto

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
di qui cael-o demitti-tis imbr-em
god( m ). nom . pl which. nom . pl . m heaven( n )- abl . sg drop[ prs . ind ]- act .2 pl rain( m )- acc . sg
‘Gods who send down rain from the skies.’
Note: (Verg. Georg. I, 23)

Mandarin Chinese diào

Valency pattern: SBJ_ba
X: SBJ
Y: ba
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān bǎ bōlibēi diào zài dì shàng le
pn ba glass drop at floor on pfv
‘Zhangsan dropped the glass on the floor.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial. Sometimes, it coexists with the regular transitive pattern. However, it is preferrable for this lexical predicate.

Mingrelian do-Ø-u-ol-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s č'irka-k ku-d-Ø-u-ol-(u).
pn - dat glass- erg aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo dropped the glass.’

Modern Hebrew hipil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas hipil et ha kos
pn drop[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def glass
‘Pinchas dropped the glass.’

Nanai tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia stakam-ba tug-bu-xə-ni
pn glass- obl fall- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dropped the glass.’

Nivkh ɣuсit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik stakan ɣuсi-t
pn glass drop- ind
‘Kaskazik dropped the glass.’

Northern Mansi jolpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am istakan jol-pat-t-ǝs
1 sg glass down-fall- tr - pst [3 sg ]
‘I dropped the glass.’

Northern Yukaghir kǝriǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn suskǝ-lǝ kǝriǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn cup- acc fall- caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien dropped the glass.’

Norwegian Bokmål å miste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per miste-t glass-et i gulv-et
pn lose- pst glass- def . n . sg in floor- def . n . sg
‘Per dropped the glass.’

Polish upuścić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a upuści-ł-a szklank-ę
pn - nom . sg drop: pfv - pst - f .3 sg glass- acc . sg
‘Anna dropped the glass.’

Russian uronitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja uroni-l stakan
pn ( m )- nom . sg drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

Serbian ispasti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je ispa-la čaš-a
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg fall.down- part . perf . f . sg glass- nom . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

Shughni pitêwdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i čaška pitêw-d
pn =3 sg cup drop- pst
‘Azim dropped the glass.’

Skolt Saami kõõččted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kõõččt-i ståkkan
pn . sg . nom drop- pst .3 sg glass. sg . acc
‘Pete dropped the glass.’

Slovak pustiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter pusti-l pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

Slovenian spustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a je spusti-l-a kozarec
pn - nom . sg aux .3 sg drop: pfv - lpt - f . sg glass[ acc . sg ]
‘Ana dropped the glass.’

Sorani Kurdish berdanewe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa perdax-eke=î ber-da-Ø-we
pn glass- def =3 sg . pc prev -give. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa dropped the glass.’

Spanish dejar caer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro dej-ó caer un vaso
pn [ sg . m ] allow- aor .3 sg fall[ inf ] art . ndef . sg . m glass[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro dropped a glass.’

Swedish att tappa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tappa-de glas-et
pn lose- pst glass- def . n . sg
‘Björn dropped the glass.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-hulog ni Pedro ang salamin
potpv . pfv -drop pers . gen pn subj glass
‘Pedro dropped the glass.’
Note: Alternative is the same verb in a slightly different voice construction, but with the same encoding frame: “H<in>ulog ni Pedro ang salamin” [<PV>PFV.drop PERS.GEN PN SUBJ glass] ‘Pedro dropped the glass.’

Telugu paḍēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ glāsu-ni paḍēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom glass( n ). sg . obl - acc drop. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dropped the glass.’

Turkish düşürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bardağ-ı düşür-dü
pn glass- acc drop- pst
‘Mehmet dropped the glass.’

Ulcha tugbu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə čāmi-wa tugbu-xə-ni
male child cup- acc drop- pst -3 sg
‘This boy dropped the glass.’

Uzbek tuširib olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya piola-ni tušir-ib ol-di
pn cup- acc drop- cvb take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

West Central Oromo buusa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n burtʃ'uk'k'oo lafa buus-e
pn - nom glass. abs ground drop. caus -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa dropped a glass.’

Zilo Andi <r>-ukː-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di r-ukː-oɬ.i istakan
pn - erg inan 2-fall- caus . pst ( aor ) glass[ inan 2][ nom ]
‘Patimat dropped a glass.’