‘govern’
Argument frame: |
X
(govern)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
runs
our town
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
руководить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(руководить)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
руководит
нашим поселком
.
|
Abaza
n(a)q̇ʷə-ga
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
arəj |
a-qáca |
h-kə́t |
j-nq̇ʷə-j-g-əj-d |
prox
|
def
-man
|
1
pl
.
io
-village
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-carry-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘This man runs our village.’ |
Adyghe
jə-themat
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
|
X: ABS |
Y: POSS |
Locus: Y |
mə |
χʷəλfəʁe-r |
t-jə-čʼəle |
jə-themat |
этот
|
мужчина-
abs
|
1
pl
.
pr
-
poss
-аул(
obl
)
|
3
sg
.
pr
+
poss
-начальник
|
‘Этот человек руководит нашим аулом.’ |
Aghul
aʜa-f + COP
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
aslan |
če |
ʜür.i-n |
aʜa-f |
e |
pn
|
we:
gen
|
village-
gen
|
big-
nmlz
|
cop
|
‘Aslan runs our town’ (lit. ‘Aslan is our town’s chief’). |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
avə +gura
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
|
X: SBJ |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
+avvo |
naša |
+gur=ət |
mat=əl |
dem
3.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
big=
rel
|
village(
f
)=3
m
|
‘This man runs our village.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'. |
Bambara
kùntigi yé
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
yé |
án |
ka |
dùgu` |
kùntigi |
yé |
pn
|
equ
|
1
pl
|
poss
|
village\
art
|
chief
|
as
|
‘Seku governs our village.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
comandar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
comand-a |
nossa |
vila |
pn
(
m
)
|
rule-3
sg
.
prs
|
poss
.1
pl
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
‘Pedro runs our town.’ |
Catalan
dirigir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
dirigeix |
la |
nostra |
ciutat |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
command.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.1
pl
.
f
.
sg
|
city(
f
)
|
‘Pere runs our town.’ |
Czech
řídit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
řidí |
naš-i |
vesnic-i |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
drive(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
village(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr runs our village.’ |
Danish
styre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
styre-r |
vores |
by |
pn
|
control-
prs
|
our
|
town(
c
).
sg
|
‘Peter runs our town.’ |
Dutch
leiden
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
leid-t |
ons |
dorp |
pn
(
c
)
|
lead-3
sg
|
poss
.1
pl
|
village(
n
)
|
‘Piet governs our village.’ |
Eastern Maninka
be
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Só-ko-latɛɛ` |
yé |
Sékù |
lè |
dí. |
village-matter-decide\
art
|
be
|
pn
|
foc
|
with
|
‘Seku governs the village.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predication |
English
run
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
juhtima
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
juhi-b |
meie |
linna |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lead-
prs
.3
sg
|
1
pl
.
gen
|
town.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter runs our town.’ |
Finnish
johtaa
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
joht-aa |
kaupunki-a-mme |
pn
.
nom
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
town-
part
-
poss
.1
pl
|
‘Pekka runs our town.’ |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
diriger
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
dirige |
notre |
ville |
pn
(
m
)
|
rule.
prs
.3
sg
|
our.
sg
|
town(
m
)
|
‘Paul runs our town.’ |
Georgian
Ø-mart-av-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-Ø |
čven-s |
sopel-s |
Ø-mart-av-s |
pn
-
nom
|
our-
dat
|
village-
dat
|
do
3-rule-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre runs our village.’ |
German
regieren
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
regier-t |
die |
Stadt |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
city[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl runs the town.’ |
Irish
rith
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Rith-eann |
Peter |
an |
monarcha. |
govern-
prs
|
pn
|
def
|
factory
|
‘Pól runs the factory.’ |
Italian
dirigere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
dirig-e |
il |
nostr-o |
paes-e |
pn
(
m
)
|
rule-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
poss
.1
pl
-
sg
.
m
|
village-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo runs our village.’ |
Kalderash Romani
rukavadil
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
rukavadi-l |
amar-ə |
kyrd-osa |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
m
.
obl
|
village-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Murša runs our village.’ |
Kazakh
basqar
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
bіz-dіŋ |
awïl-men |
basqar-adï |
pn
|
we-
gen
|
village-
ins
|
lead-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya runs our village.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
pet’a-j-en |
mŭŋ |
wɔš |
kǫśa-ew |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
we
|
village
|
boss-
poss
.1
pl
|
‘Petja runs our village.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN1
|
X: ERG |
Y: GEN1 |
Locus: Y |
il-lo |
(ʕ)anƛ'a-s |
ʕallu |
b-uwa |
šamil-i |
1
pl
-
gen
2
|
село-
gen
1
|
порядок(
iii
)
|
iii
-делать\
gnt
|
pn
-
erg
|
‘Нашим селом управляет Шамиль.’ |
Note: Добавить всюду комментарий про составляющие, где GEN в модели. |
Kina Rutul
q’ɨxʲwaldɨ waɁara
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
q’ɨxʲ-waldɨ |
w-aɁa-r=a |
ix-dɨ |
muˀɢ-uˀ-s |
pn
-
erg
|
elder-
abstr
|
3-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
-be
|
we.
obl
-
attr
|
village-
obl
-
dat
|
‘Rasul runs our village.’ |
Latin
administro
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
nec |
legitime |
tutel-am |
administra-t |
and_not
|
legally
|
tutelage(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
administer[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
‘She doesn’t administer the tutelage legally.’ |
Note: (Iust. Digesta. XXXVIII, 17, 2) |
Mandarin Chinese
guǎnlǐ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
guǎnlǐ |
zhe |
wǒmen-de |
chéngzhèn |
pn
|
run
|
dur
|
we-
de
|
town
|
‘Zhangsan runs our town.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-mart-en-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-Ø |
čkin |
oput'e-s |
Ø-mart-en-s. |
pn
-
nom
|
our
|
village-
dat
|
do
3-rule-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo runs our town.’ |
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
menahel
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
menahel |
et |
ha |
ir |
ʃel-anu |
pn
|
manage[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
city
|
poss
-1
pl
|
‘Pinchas runs our town.’ |
Nanai
dala-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
buə |
exo-mba |
dala-j-ni |
pn
|
1
pl
|
encampment-
obl
|
govern-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia runs our village.’ |
Nivkh
əzŋ mud
Valency pattern:
SBJ_LOC/ABL
|
X: SBJ |
Y: LOC/ABL |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
mеn |
+ |
vо-ux |
əzŋ |
+ |
mu-d |
pn
|
1
pl
.
incl
|
+
|
village-
loc
/
abl
|
boss
|
+
|
become-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik runs our village.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
lǝmlˈǝ-gi (ŋol=)
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn |
mit |
posjelok |
lǝmlˈǝ-gi |
pn
|
1
pl
.
poss
|
village
|
boss-
poss
.3
|
‘Semien runs our village.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lede
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
lede-r |
bygd-a |
vår |
pn
|
lead-
prs
|
village-
def
.
f
.
sg
|
our
|
‘Per runs our town.’ |
Polish
rządzić
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Eliz-a |
rządzi |
nasz-ą |
wsi-ą |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
govern:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
f
.
ins
.
sg
|
village-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Eliza runs our village.’ |
Russian
rukovoditʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
rukovod-it |
naš-im |
poselk-om |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
govern(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
m
.
ins
.
sg
|
town(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petja runs our town.’ |
Serbian
upravljati
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
upravlja |
naš-im |
sel-om |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
govern.
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
ins
.
sg
.
m
|
village-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petar runs our town.’ |
Shughni
čīx̌tow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim |
māš |
x̌ār |
čos-t |
pn
|
1
pl
|
city
|
look-3
sg
|
‘Azim runs our town.’ |
Skolt Saami
vaaldšed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
vaaldaš |
mij |
siid |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
govern.
prs
.3
sg
|
1
pl
.
gen
|
village.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete runs our village.’ |
Slovak
vládnuť
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
vládne |
náš-mu |
mest-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
govern(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
city(
n
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter runs our village.’ |
Slovenian
upravljati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
upravlja |
naš-o |
vas |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
govern.
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
village[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Ana runs our village.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ber̂êwe birdin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
ʂare-ke=man |
be-r̂ê-we |
de-b-a |
pn
|
city-
def
=1
pl
.
pc
|
to-road-to
|
ind
-take.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa runs our town.’ |
Spanish
gobernar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
gobiern-a |
nuestr-o |
pueblo |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
sg
.
m
|
village[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro runs our town.’ |
Swedish
att styra
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
styr |
vår |
stad |
pn
|
lead.
prs
|
our
|
town
|
‘Björn runs our town.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
P<in>a-mu~munu-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
amin-g |
bayan |
caus
<
pv
>
ipfv
~run-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
1.
pl
.
ex
.
dat
-
lin
|
town
|
‘Pedro runs our town.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
naḍupu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
mā |
paṭṭaṇānni |
naḍuputāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
1
pl
.
excl
.
obl
|
town(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
make_walk.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen runs our town.’ |
Turkish
yönetmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
fabrıka-yı |
yönet-iyor |
pn
|
factory-
acc
|
manage-
prs
|
‘Mehmet runs the factory.’ |
Ulcha
dālači-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
əńə |
detsad-ba |
dālač-i-ni |
mother
|
kindergarten-
acc
|
manage-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Mother runs the kindergarten.’ |
Uzbek
bošqarmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
X: NOM |
Y: bilan |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
bizarniŋ |
qišlok |
bilan |
bošqar-a-di |
pn
|
our
|
village
|
with
|
run-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja runs our town.’ |
West Central Oromo
geggeessa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
magaalaa |
keeɲɲa |
geggeess-a |
pn
-
nom
|
town.
abs
|
3
pl
.
poss
|
run-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa runs/governs our town.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-etʃ’uχa
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTER
|
X: NOM |
Y: INTER |
Locus: Y |
ali |
hon-tɬi |
w-etʃ’uχa |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
village-
inter
|
m
-big
|
‘Ali leads our village.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |