‘govern’
| Argument frame: |
X
(govern)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
runs
our town
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
руководить
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(руководить)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
руководит
нашим поселком
.
|
Abaza
n(a)q̇ʷə-ga
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| arəj |
a-qáca |
h-kə́t |
j-nq̇ʷə-j-g-əj-d |
|
prox
|
def
-man
|
1
pl
.
io
-village
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-carry-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘This man runs our village.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
jə-themat
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: POSS |
| Locus: Y |
| mə |
χʷəλfəʁe-r |
t-jə-čʼəle |
jə-themat |
|
this
|
man-
abs
|
1
pl
.
pr
-
poss
-village(
obl
)
|
3
sg
.
pr
+
poss
-boss
|
| ‘The man runs our village.’ |
Aghul
aʜa-f + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| aslan |
če |
ʜür.i-n |
aʜa-f |
e |
|
pn
|
we:
gen
|
village-
gen
|
big-
nmlz
|
cop
|
| ‘Aslan runs our town’ (lit. ‘Aslan is our town’s chief’). |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Alik Kryz
buʔutuval aric
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir |
kum-uz |
buʔutuval |
yi-re |
|
pn
-
erg
|
village-
dat
|
leadership
|
do.
ipfv
-
prs
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan runs our village.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| paša |
olo |
duχːul-li-n |
doːˁzu |
|
pn
|
4.we.
gen
|
village-
obl
-
gen
|
be.big.
attr
|
| ‘Pasha runs our village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
avə +gura
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo |
naša |
+gur=ət |
mat=əl |
|
dem
3.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
big=
rel
|
village(
f
)=3
m
|
| ‘This man runs our village.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'. |
Avar
nuχmaɬi habize
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-ca |
nižer |
rosda-e |
nuχmaɬi |
hab-ula |
|
pn
-
erg
|
1
pl
.
excl
.
gen
|
village.
obl
-
dat
|
leadership
|
do.
n
-
ipf
|
| ‘Ali runs our town.’ |
Azerbaijani
rəhbərlik etmək
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan |
qǝsǝbǝ-miz-ǝ |
rǝhbǝrlik |
ed-ir |
|
pn
|
area-1
pl
-
dat
/
lat
|
guidance
|
do-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan runs our place.’ |
Bambara
kùntigi yé
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sékù |
yé |
án |
ka |
dùgu` |
kùntigi |
yé |
|
pn
|
equ
|
1
pl
|
poss
|
village\
art
|
chief
|
as
|
| ‘Seku governs our village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
comandar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
comand-a |
nossa |
vila |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
rule-3
sg
.
prs
|
poss
.1
pl
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro runs our town.’ |
Catalan
dirigir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
dirigeix |
la |
nostra |
ciutat |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
command.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.1
pl
.
f
.
sg
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere runs our town.’ |
Chirag
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Czech
řídit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
řidí |
naš-i |
vesnic-i |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
drive(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
village(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr runs our village.’ |
Danish
styre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
styre-r |
vores |
by |
|
pn
|
control-
prs
|
our
|
town(
c
).
sg
|
| ‘Peter runs our town.’ |
Dutch
leiden
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
leid-t |
ons |
dorp |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
lead-3
sg
|
poss
.1
pl
|
village(
n
)
|
| ‘Piet governs our village.’ |
Eastern Maninka
be
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Só-ko-latɛɛ` |
yé |
Sékù |
lè |
dí. |
|
village-matter-decide\
art
|
be
|
pn
|
foc
|
with
|
| ‘Seku governs the village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. Non-verbal predication |
English
run
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
juhtima
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
juhi-b |
meie |
linna |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lead-
prs
.3
sg
|
1
pl
.
gen
|
town.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter runs our town.’ |
Finnish
johtaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
joht-aa |
kaupunki-a-mme |
|
pn
.
nom
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
town-
part
-
poss
.1
pl
|
| ‘Pekka runs our town.’ |
Forest Enets
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
diriger
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
dirige |
notre |
ville |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
rule.
prs
.3
sg
|
our.
sg
|
town(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul runs our town.’ |
Georgian
Ø-mart-av-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-Ø |
čven-s |
sopel-s |
Ø-mart-av-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
our-
dat
|
village-
dat
|
do
3-rule-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre runs our village.’ |
German
regieren
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
regier-t |
die |
Stadt |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
city[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl runs the town.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
ɲáa wôo ɓó
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pépèe |
ɓé |
kúwɔ |
tàá-ì |
ɲáa |
wóò |
ɓó-ì |
|
pn
|
foc
|
1
pl
.
excl
.
poss
|
town-
art
|
surface
|
speech\
l
|
implement-
inf
|
| ‘It's Pepee who governs our village.’ |
Icari Dargwa
χːula-ci w=ih-araj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_GEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
ni-šːa-la |
šːi-la |
χːula-ci |
ca=w |
|
pn
.
abs
|
we-
pl
-
gen
|
village-
gen
|
older-
atr
|
cop
=
m
|
| ‘Islam runs our village.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent, cf. “hana χːula-ci Islam ca=w ni-šːa-la šːi-la" [now older-ATR PN.ABS COP=M we-PL-GEN village-GEN] ‘Now Islam runs our village’. |
Irish
rith
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Rith-eann |
Peter |
an |
monarcha. |
|
govern-
prs
|
pn
|
def
|
factory
|
| ‘Pól runs the factory.’ |
Italian
dirigere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
dirig-e |
l’ |
aziend-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
rule-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
company-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo runs the company.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| meħamad |
nuš-i-ja |
poselok-la |
ħakim |
ca-j |
|
pn
|
we-
obl
-
pl
|
village-
gen
|
leader
|
cop
-
m
|
| ‘Muhammad runs our village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Kalderash Romani
rukavadil
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
rukavadi-l |
amar-ə |
kyrd-osa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
m
.
obl
|
village-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša runs our village.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| maˁhaˁmed-ǯi |
ʁul.a-n |
aˁχuval |
ap’-ura |
|
pn
-
erg
|
village-
gen
|
superiority
|
do-
prs
|
| ‘Mahamed runs our village.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Karata
hadoʔaɬer gahaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-l |
š:urab |
han-ja |
hadoʔaɬer |
ge-da |
idja |
|
pn
-
erg
|
whole
|
village.
obl
-
dat
|
leadership
|
do-
ipf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali runs the whole village.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
buc:aχara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
ši |
b-uc:uχ-ulca |
|
pn
-
erg
|
village
|
n
-work.
caus
.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Petja runs our village.’ |
Kazakh
basqar
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
bіz-dіŋ |
awïl-men |
basqar-adï |
|
pn
|
we-
gen
|
village-
ins
|
lead-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya runs our village.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| pet’a-j-en |
mŭŋ |
wɔš |
kǫśa-ew |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
we
|
village
|
boss-
poss
.1
pl
|
| ‘Petja runs our village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Khoekhoe
ǂgaeǂgui
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
sida |
ǃā-s-a |
ra |
ǂgaeǂgui |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
1
excl
.
c
.
pl
|
town-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
ipfv
|
lead
|
| ‘Peter runs our town.’ |
Khwarshi
ʕallu j/uwa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN1
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: GEN1 |
| Locus: Y |
| il-lo |
(ʕ)anƛ'a-s |
ʕallu |
b-uwa |
šamil-i |
|
1
pl
-
gen
2
|
village-
gen
1
|
order(
iii
)
|
iii
-make\
gnt
|
pn
-
erg
|
| ‘Shamil runs our village.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Kina Rutul
q’ɨxʲwaldɨ waɁara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a |
q’ɨxʲ-waldɨ |
w-aɁa-r=a |
ix-dɨ |
muˀɢ-uˀ-s |
|
pn
-
erg
|
elder-
abstr
|
3-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
-be
|
we.
obl
-
attr
|
village-
obl
-
dat
|
| ‘Rasul runs our village.’ |
Kumyk
bašlɨq etmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| mahammat |
gent-biz-de |
baš-lɨq |
et-e |
|
pn
|
village-1
pl
-
loc
|
head-
subst
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Muhammad runs our village.’ |
Latin
administro
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| nec |
legitime |
tutel-am |
administra-t |
|
and_not
|
legally
|
tutelage(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
administer[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘She doesn’t administer the tutelage legally.’ |
| Note: (Iust. Digesta. XXXVIII, 17, 2) |
Laz
o-dg-im-u
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i |
fabrika-s |
ji-Ø-o-dg-in-Ø. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
factory-
dat
|
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-stand-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Käzim is in charge of the factory.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
guǎnlǐ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
guǎnlǐ |
zhe |
wǒmen-de |
chéngzhèn |
|
pn
|
run
|
dur
|
we-
de
|
town
|
| ‘Zhangsan runs our town.’ |
Mano
yí wè gèē
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| lɛ́ɛ̀ |
pɛ̄ |
séŋ́ |
yí |
wè |
gèē |
|
3
sg
.
ipfv
|
thing
|
all
|
in
|
speech
|
say:
ipfv
|
| ‘S/he governs everything.’ |
| Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-ini |
beč'-deš |
d-iq'-an |
pоselоk-is |
|
pn
-
erg
|
head-
nmlz
|
npl
-do:
ipfv
-
hab
|
village-
dat
|
| ‘Islam runs our village.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-nǯγver-un-s
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-Ø |
čkin |
oput'e-s |
Ø-nǯγver-un-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
our
|
village-
dat
|
do
3-drive-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo runs our town.’ |
Modern Hebrew
menahel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
menahel |
et |
ha |
ir |
ʃel-anu |
|
pn
|
manage[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
city
|
poss
-1
pl
|
| ‘Pinchas runs our town.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
reχbervaldı vıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| murad-a |
ix-dı |
muˤq-uˤ-d |
reχber-valdı |
vaʔa-ra |
a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
1
pl
.
obl
-
attr
|
village-
obl
-
gen
|
guide-
nmlz
(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad runs our town.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nanai
dala-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
buə |
exo-mba |
dala-j-ni |
|
pn
|
1
pl
|
encampment-
obl
|
govern-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia runs our village.’ |
Nivkh
əzŋ mud
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_LOC/ABL
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: LOC/ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
mеn |
+ |
vо-ux |
əzŋ |
+ |
mu-d |
|
pn
|
1
pl
.
incl
|
+
|
village-
loc
/
abl
|
boss
|
+
|
become-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik runs our village.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
nuχmaɬɬi guruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pataħi-de |
esse |
poselok-ɬɬa |
nuχmaɬɬi |
gw-ere |
gwede |
|
pn
-
erg
|
our.
excl
|
town-
obl
.
dat
|
leadership
|
do-
simul
|
n
.
cop
|
| ‘Patahi runs our town.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
lǝmlˈǝ-gi (ŋol=)
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sǝmiǝn |
mit |
posjelok |
lǝmlˈǝ-gi |
|
pn
|
1
pl
.
poss
|
village
|
boss-
poss
.3
|
| ‘Semien runs our village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lede
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
lede-r |
bygd-a |
vår |
|
pn
|
lead-
prs
|
village-
def
.
f
.
sg
|
our
|
| ‘Per runs our town.’ |
Polish
rządzić
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Eliz-a |
rządzi |
nasz-ą |
wsi-ą |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
govern:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
f
.
ins
.
sg
|
village-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Eliza runs our village.’ |
Russian
rukovoditʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
rukovod-it |
naš-im |
poselk-om |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
govern(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
m
.
ins
.
sg
|
town(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja runs our town.’ |
Serbian
upravljati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
upravlja |
naš-im |
sel-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
govern.
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
ins
.
sg
.
m
|
village-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar runs our town.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
q'ɨxvaldɨ havʔɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ATTR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ATTR |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
iš-dɨ |
kur-di-d |
hamıʔ |
q'ɨxvaldɨ |
vaʔa-v |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
our-
attr
|
village-
obl
-
attr
|
now
|
chiefery(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
a
|
| ‘Basir runs our village.’ |
Shughni
čīx̌tow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
māš |
x̌ār |
čos-t |
|
pn
|
1
pl
|
city
|
look-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim runs our town.’ |
Skolt Saami
vaaldšed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
vaaldaš |
mij |
siid |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
govern.
prs
.3
sg
|
1
pl
.
gen
|
village.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete runs our village.’ |
Slovak
vládnuť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
vládne |
náš-mu |
mest-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
govern(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
city(
n
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter runs our village.’ |
Slovenian
upravljati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
upravlja |
naš-o |
vas |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
govern.
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
village[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Ana runs our village.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ber̂êwe birdin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
ʂare-ke=man |
be-r̂ê-we |
de-b-a |
|
pn
|
city-
def
=1
pl
.
pc
|
to-road-to
|
ind
-take.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa runs our town.’ |
Southern Rutul
q'vaxhvaldı havʔın
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
muˤqh-uˤ-s |
q'vaxh-valdı |
vaʔa-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
village-
obl
-
dat
|
leadership
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad runs our village.’ |
Spanish
gobernar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
gobiern-a |
nuestr-o |
pueblo |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
govern-
prs
.3
sg
|
our-
sg
.
m
|
village[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro runs our town.’ |
Standard Arabic
dāra
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
yudīru |
balad-a-nā |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
direct.
ipf
.3
m
|
settlement-
acc
-
p
.1
pl
|
| ‘Badr runs our settlement.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-Ø |
gušgwej |
sopel-s |
Ø-a-mǝrtäːw-i |
|
pn
-
nom
|
poss
1
pl
.
incl
|
village-
dat
|
do
3-
fact
-govern-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer governs our village.’ |
Swedish
att styra
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
styr |
vår |
stad |
|
pn
|
lead.
prs
|
our
|
town
|
| ‘Björn runs our town.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| P<in>a-mu~munu-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
amin-g |
bayan |
|
caus
<
pv
>
ipfv
~run-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
1.
pl
.
ex
.
dat
-
lin
|
town
|
| ‘Pedro runs our town.’ |
| Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND. |
Telugu
naḍupu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
mā |
paṭṭaṇānni |
naḍuputāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
1
pl
.
excl
.
obl
|
town(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
make_walk.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen runs our town.’ |
Tsakhur
хaˁbvalla havʔıy
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-ee |
yišdi |
gaˁsaˁbaˁ-ys |
хaˁbvalla |
haaʔa |
|
pn
-
erg
|
our.
obl
|
village-
dat
|
leadership(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad runs our village.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
b-ucː-aq-iz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| unra-le |
nišːala |
šːi |
b-ucː-aq-ule=saj |
|
neighbor-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
1
pl
.
gen
|
village
|
n
-operate-
caus
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
|
| ‘The neighbor runs the village.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
χʷal-il + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| zumra |
šːi-la |
χʷal-il=(caj) |
|
neighbor
|
village-
gen
|
big-
atr
.
cntrs
=(
cop
.
m
)
|
| ‘The neighbor runs the village.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Turkish
yönetmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
fabrıka-yı |
yönet-iyor |
|
pn
|
factory-
acc
|
manage-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet runs the factory.’ |
Turoyo
ḥokəm
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: 7al |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
ko-ḥokəm |
ʕal |
i |
walaye |
|
pn
|
prs
-rule.
ipfv
.3
m
|
on
|
art
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel rules over the city.’ |
Ulcha
dālači-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əńə |
detsad-ba |
dālač-i-ni |
|
mother
|
kindergarten-
acc
|
manage-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Mother runs the kindergarten.’ |
Uzbek
bošqarmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
bizarniŋ |
qišlok |
bilan |
bošqar-a-di |
|
pn
|
our
|
village
|
with
|
run-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja runs our town.’ |
West Central Oromo
geggeessa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
magaalaa |
keeɲɲa |
geggeess-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
town.
abs
|
3
pl
.
poss
|
run-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa runs/governs our town.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-etʃ’uχa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INTER |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
hon-tɬi |
w-etʃ’uχa |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
village-
inter
|
m
-big
|
| ‘Ali leads our village.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
