‘fight’
| Argument frame: |
X
(fight) with
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(‘Look out of the window!’ ‘What’s happening?’) ‘
P.
is fighting with
M.
’
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
драться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(драться) с
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(— Посмотри во двор. — А что там?).
П.
дерется с
М
.
|
Abaza
[aba-]ḳə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SOC
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| rasúl |
murád |
d-j-ába-ḳ-əj-ṭ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
soc
-fight-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul is fighting with Murad.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
je-zewe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
bzeǯʼaṣ̂e-me |
ja-zawe |
|
guy-
abs
|
hooligan-
obl
.
pl
|
3
pl
.
io
+
dat
-fight
|
| ‘The guy is fighting with the hooligans.’ |
Aghul
uqː.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-qaj |
uqː.a-a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
fight.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is fighting with Muhammad.’ |
Akhvakh (Northern)
buqquruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| patħudi |
w-uqq-ero |
gudi |
musa-k’ena |
|
pn
|
m
-hit-
ipf
.
ptcp
.
m
|
m
.
cop
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Pathudi is fighting with Musa.’ |
Andi (Zilo)
<w>-aχː.o-j
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
aħmadi=lojɡu |
w-aχː.o-j |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
pn
=
com
|
m
-fight.
pst
-
pf
|
| ‘Ali and Ahmad are fighting.’ |
Arabic (Northern Syrian)
kāwən
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Aḥmad |
yəkāwən |
Mḥammad |
|
pn
|
fight.
ipf
.3
m
|
pn
|
| ‘Ahmad fights with Muhammad.’ |
Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth)
ġ.w.š
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ma |
| Locus: Y |
| Shadi |
ʿam |
bitġāwaš |
maʿ |
Reem |
|
pn
|
prog
|
fight.
prs
.3
m
.
sg
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Shadi is fighting with Reem.’ |
Arabic (standard)
tašāǧara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_maaGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: maaGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Badr-un |
yatašāǧaru |
maʕa |
Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
fight.
ipf
.3
m
|
with
|
pn
-
gen
|
| ‘Badr is fighting with Maryam.’ |
Archi
anχː as
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_COM
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| paša-mu |
anχː |
a-r-ši |
i |
moħommad-li-ɬːu |
|
pn
-
obl
.
m
(
erg
)
|
fight
|
4.do-
ipfv
-
advz
|
4.be
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
| ‘Pasha is fighting with Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṗaləš
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
+ṗlaš=əl |
mən |
švav-u |
|
pn
|
fight.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Ashur is fighting with his neighbor.’ |
| Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Avar
baʁize
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_gun
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: gun |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
w-aʁ-ule-w |
w-ugo |
aħmad |
gun |
|
pn
|
m
-fight-
ipf
.
ptcp
-
m
|
m
-
cop
|
pn
|
with
|
| ‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’ |
Azerbaijani
dalaşmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ile
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ile |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan |
Rǝsul-la |
dalaş-ır |
|
pn
|
pn
-with
|
fight-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’ |
| Note: The suffix "-la" is a contracted form of the postposition "ilǝ". |
Bafut
ntô
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ni
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ni |
| Locus: Y |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
ntô |
nɨ̀ |
sùù |
|
pn
|
sm
|
fight
|
with1
|
pn
|
| ‘Ambe is fighting with Suh.’ |
Bambara
kɛ̀lɛ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
Fùséni |
kɛ̀lɛ |
|
pn
|
prog
|
pn
|
fight
|
| ‘Seku fights Fuseyni.’ |
Belarusian
bicca
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Alieś |
b-jec-ca |
z |
Vasil-jom |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
beat(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Ales is fighting with Vasil.’ |
Budugh
da'vʕa süʔü
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_zin
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: zin |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ır |
rosul-uzun |
da'vʕa |
süʔü-ra'vi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-with
|
fight(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
prog
|
| ‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Bulgarian
бия се
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: s |
| Locus: Y |
| Петър |
се |
бие |
с |
Михаил |
|
pn
|
refl
|
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Petar is fighting with Mihail.’ |
Catalan
barallar-se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
s'està |
barall-ant |
amb |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
-be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
fight-
ger
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is fighting with Marc.’ |
Chechen
liet-ash AGR-u
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
Nadir-ax |
liet-ash |
v-u |
|
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
lat
|
fight-
cvb
.
sim
|
v
-be.
prs
|
| ‘Islam is fighting with Nadir.’ |
Chinese (Mandarin)
dǎjià
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: he |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
hé |
Lǐsì |
dǎjià |
|
pn
|
prog
|
with
|
pn
|
fight
|
| ‘Zhangsan is fighting with Lisi.’ |
Chirag
b-italsːi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡa̰le |
rasul-li-cːille |
italsː-le |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
(
m
.
sg
)fight-
prs
.
dur
.3
|
| ‘Ali is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Croatian
tući se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Per-o |
se |
tuče |
s |
Miš-om |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
hit.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Pero is fighting with Mišo.’ |
Czech
prát se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
pere |
s |
Michal-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is fighting with Michal.’ |
Danish
slås
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
er |
oppe |
at |
slås |
med |
Marie |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
up
|
to
|
fight.
inf
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter is up to fight with Marie.’ |
Dargwa (Itsari)
ha-B-ik-araj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_ILL.COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: ILL.COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
Nadir-ri-cːilli |
he-jč-ib=ca-w |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
up
-(
m
)fight.
pfv
-
aor
=
cop
-
m
|
| ‘Islam is fighting with Nadir.’ |
Dargwa (Kadar)
ask-es / usk-es
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_AD
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad |
rasu-j-ču |
usk-u-le |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
ad
|
fight-
prs
-
cvb
|
| ‘Muhammad is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Dargwa (Kaytag)
č:ivihara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INTER |
| Locus: Y |
| Petja |
č:ivih-aˁv=ca |
Miša-c:i |
|
pn
|
m
.fight.
pf
-
pret
=
cop
(3)
|
pn
-
inter
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’ |
Dargwa (Kubachi)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| gal |
w-išħiχ-uˤl=saw |
jusːi-l-cːila |
|
boy
|
m
-fight.
pfv
-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
girl-
obl
-
com
|
| ‘The boy is fighting with a girl.’ |
Dargwa (Tsudakhar)
b-aˤħ-iz/b-irħ-iz
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
rursːi-ja |
irħ-ule=saj |
|
boy
|
girl-
super
(
lat
)
|
(
m
)fight.
pfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is fighting with a girl.’ |
Dargwa (Tsugni)
b-iħ-i / b-irħ-i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ |
rursːi-cːala |
w-irħ-ule=caj |
|
boy
|
girl-
com
|
m
-fight.
pfv
-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is fighting with a girl.’ |
Dutch
vechten
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
vecht |
met |
Marie |
|
pn
(С)
|
fight.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(С)
|
| ‘Piet is fighting with Marie.’ |
Enets (Forest)
tarur
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xane-da |
taruŋa |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
fight(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is fighting with Vasja’. |
English
fight
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: with |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
fighting |
with |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
tülitsema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
tülitse-b |
Mareti-ga |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Peeter is fighting with Maret.’ |
Finnish
tapella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkanssa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENkanssa |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
tappel-ee |
Mati-n |
kanssa |
|
pn
.
nom
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
with
|
| ‘Pekka is fighting with Matti’ |
French
se battre
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contre
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: contre |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
s’ |
est |
battu |
contre |
Michel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
fight.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
against
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul fought with Michel.’ |
Gban
gɔ̰̏ gò
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ye
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ye |
| Locus: Y |
| Zá̰ |
ɛ́ |
gɔ̰̏ |
gò |
Mɔ̰̈bì |
yɛ̋ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
\
pst
|
fight
|
buy[
pfv
.
hod
]
|
pn
|
with
|
| ‘Zan fought with Monbi.’ |
Georgian
Ø-čxub-ob-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SOC
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT.SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s-tan |
Ø-čxub-ob-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
-
pstp
:
soc
|
s
3-fight-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is fighting with Masho.’ |
German
sich prügeln
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_mitDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: mitDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
prügel-t |
sich |
mit |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
thrash-
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
with
|
pn
[
dat
.3
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is fighting with Marie.’ |
Hebrew (modern)
rav
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_im
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: im |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
rav |
im |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
fight[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is fighting with Menachem.’ |
Hindi
laṛnā
|
Valency pattern:
DIR_ABL
|
| X: DIR |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pratīk |
Mohan |
se |
laṛ |
rah-ā |
hɛ |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
abl
|
fight
|
dur
-
m
.
sg
|
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Prateek is fighting with Mohan.’ |
Indonesian (standard)
ber-kelahi
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dengan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: dengan |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmad |
ber-kelahi |
dengan |
Ali |
|
pn
|
ber
-fight
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Ahmad is fighting with Ali.’ |
Irish
bruíon
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
bruíon |
le |
Máire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
fight.
nmlz
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is fighting with Máire.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
litigare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
sta |
litig-ando |
con |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
stay.
prs
.3
sg
|
fight-
ger
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo is fighting with Maria.’ |
Karata
torč’č’anɬa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
aħmat’-i-k’el |
torč’č’-indja |
idja |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
strike-
ipf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali is fighting with Ahmat.’ |
Kazakh
töbeles
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Mixail-men |
töbele-s-іp |
žatïr |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
fight-
rec
-
cvb
|
lie.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is fighting with Michael.’ |
Khanty (Kazym)
kŭlaśti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-en |
piλ-a |
kŭlaś-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
with-
dat
|
fight-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Vasja.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǃkham
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kha
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kha |
| Locus: Y |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s |
ǀkha |
ra |
ǃkham |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
with
|
ipfv
|
fight
|
| ‘Peter is fighting with Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
j/eheja
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil |
ehe-he |
tušmale=ge |
|
pn
(
i
)
|
[
i
]fight-
prs
|
enemy.
o
=
com
|
| ‘Shamil is fighting with an enemy.’ |
Kpelle (Guinean)
kpìlêŋ kɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Pépèe |
dà |
Hèhee |
dàá |
kpìléŋ̀ |
gɔ́ |
|
pn
|
3.and
|
pn
|
3
pl
.
prf
|
battle
|
fight
|
| ‘Pepee has fought with Hehee.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Kryz (Alik)
davʕa varic
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir |
rasul-zina |
davʕa |
yi-raʕacu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
ins
|
quarrel(
f
)
|
do.
ipfv
-
prog
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Kryz (Ismayilli)
voxunic
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
rasul-a |
q'ina |
volxan-e |
|
pn
|
pn
-
iness
|
ins
|
fight.
ipf
-
prs
.
m
|
| ‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Kryz (proper)
davʕa varic
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_GENqan
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: GENqan |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ir |
rasul-q'an |
davʕa |
vi-ra |
ʕacu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-with
|
battle(
f
)
|
f
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in.
f
|
| ‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Kumyk
tutušmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMbulan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMbulan |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
mahammat |
bulan |
tut-uš-a |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
fight-
rec
-3
sg
|
| ‘Rasul is fighting with Muhammad.’ |
Kurdish (Sorani)
beʂer̂ hatin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_legel
|
| X: SBJ.INTR |
| Y: legel |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
legeɫ |
Arîwan-î |
be-ʂer̂ |
d-ê |
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
-
obl
|
to-fight
|
come.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is fighting with Ariwan.’ |
| Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
şer kirin (tr)
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
|
| X: SBJ.INTR |
| Y: biOBLre |
| Locus: Y |
| zilam |
bi |
jin-ê |
re |
şer |
di-k-e |
|
man
|
with
|
woman-
obl
.
f
|
to
|
fighting
|
prs
-do.
ipfv
-3
sg
|
| ‘The man fights with the woman.’ |
Lak (Quba)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Maħammad |
il-la-j |
ur |
Rasul-du-šːal |
|
pn
|
1.reach-
ipfv
-
cvb
.
ipfv
|
1.be.
prs
.3
p
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
| ‘Mohammad is fighting with Rasul.’ |
Latin
luctor
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_cumABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: cumABL |
| Locus: Y |
| cum |
mortu-is |
non |
nisi |
larv-as |
lucta-ri |
|
with
|
dead-
abl
.
pl
|
not
|
if_not
|
evil_ghost(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
fight[
prs
]-
inf
.
mid
|
| ‘Nobody fights the dead but ghosts.’ |
| Note: (Plin. NH Pr, 31, 5) |
Laz
o-k'red-u
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i |
Mehmet'-k'ala |
Ø-i-k'red-en-Ø |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
|
s
3-
ver
:
s
-fight-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Käzim is fighting with Mehmet'.’ |
Lezgian (Yargun)
k(i)k’in
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUB/POSTgalaz |
| Locus: Y |
| Sahib |
Eldar-a |
galaz |
kikˈi-zva |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
(
sub
/
post
)
|
with
|
fight.
ipfv
-
prs
|
| ‘Sahib is fighting with Eldar.’ |
Macedonian
se kara
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_so
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: so |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
kara |
so |
Maja |
|
pn
|
refl
|
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Petar is fighting with Miša.’ |
Maninka (Eastern)
kɛ̀lɛ
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sékù |
ní |
Fónbà |
yé |
kɛ̀lɛ` |
lá. |
|
pn
|
and
|
pn
|
be
|
fight\
art
|
at
|
| ‘Seku and Fomba are fighting.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Mano
gèlè gɔ̰̄
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| kò |
gbàlà |
mìà |
kóò |
gèlè |
gɔ̰̄ |
|
1
pl
.
ip
|
k
pelle
|
person.
pl
:
cstr
|
1
pl
.
ipfv
|
war
|
fight:
ipfv
|
| ‘We and the Kpelle people fight.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Mansi (Northern)
alxati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMjot |
| Locus: Y |
| pājel |
alxat-i |
kol’a |
jot |
|
pn
|
fight-
npst
.3
sg
|
pn
|
with
|
| ‘Pasha fights with Kolja.’ |
Mehweb
-urʁes
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Pajzula |
urʁ-uwe |
le-w |
Musa-li-ču |
|
pn
|
m
.fight:
ipfv
-
cvb
|
be-
m
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
| ‘Pajzula is fighting with Musa.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-čxup'-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-o-čxup'-u(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-fight-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is fighting with Anuchia.’ |
Nanai
sorimači-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Vasia-ǯi |
sore-mači-či |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
fight-
recp
.
npst
-
p
.3
pl
|
| ‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’ |
Nivkh
vad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
Irgun-ɣin |
va-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
.
sg
|
fight-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is fighting with Irgun.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å slåss
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
slåss |
med |
Ola |
|
pn
|
fight.
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is fighting with Ola.’ |
Oromo (West Central)
wal lola
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSwaddzin
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABSwaddzin |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
tolaa |
waddʒin |
wal |
lol-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
each_other
|
fight-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is fighting with Tola.’ |
Persian
da'avā kardan
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_baNOM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: baNOM |
| Locus: Y |
| ahmad |
bā |
mariam |
da'avā |
mī-kon-ad |
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
argument
|
cont
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmad is fighting with Mariam.’ |
Polish
bić się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Marek |
bije |
się |
z |
Tomasz-em |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
fight:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Maciek is fighting with Tomasz.’ |
Portuguese (Brazilian)
brigar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
brig-ando |
com |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
fight-
prog
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’ |
Romani (Kalderash)
marəlpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
mar-əl-pe |
la |
Marijk-asa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is fighting with Marijka.’ |
Russian
dratʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
der-et-sja |
s |
Miš-ej |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
fight(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Miša.’ |
Rutul (Kina)
kičilqara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
ramazan-ɨ-kan |
kičilqa-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
<1>fight.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is fighting with Ramazan.’ |
Rutul (Mukhad)
kidžitqhın
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
q'urban-ı-xvan |
kidžidılqha-ra |
a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
hpl
.
ipf
.fight-
simul
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad is fighting with Kurban.’ |
Rutul (Shinaz)
kičiqhɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
kičiqha-r |
a |
karam-ɨxvan |
|
pn
|
(
m
)fight.
ipf
-
simul
|
exist
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Basir is fighting with Karam.’ |
Rutul (Southern)
kiç’itxhın
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
natig-a-xhvan |
kiç'irxha-r |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
(
m
).
ipf
.quarrel-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is fighting with Natig.’ |
Saami (Skolt)
tuärrad
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
lij |
tuärr-men |
Määrja-in |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
fight-
prog
.
ptcp
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
| ‘Pete is fighting with Maria’ |
Serbian
tucati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
tuče |
sa |
Mark-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
hit.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is fighting with Mark.’ |
Shughni
δêd čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM.CL_INS
|
| X: NOM.CL |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Naǰiba |
Safina=qati |
δêd |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
|
pn
=
ins
|
quarrel
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Najiba is fighting with Safina.’ |
Slovak
biť sa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sa |
bije |
s |
Mark-om |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is fighting with Marek.’ |
Slovenian
tepsti se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
tepe |
s |
Pavl-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
beat:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is fighting with Pavel.’ |
Spanish
pegarse
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Pedro |
y |
Maria |
se |
están |
pega-ndo |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
and
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
refl
.3
pl
|
be_
prog
.
prs
.3
pl
|
stick-
ger
:
prog
|
| ‘Pedro is fighting with Maria.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Svan
Ø-i-q'aːr-iel (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-Ø |
gegi-caxän |
Ø-i-q'aːr-iel |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
soc
|
s
3-
ver
:
s
-fight-
vpl
|
| ‘Maizer is fighting with Gegi.’ |
Swedish
att slåss
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
slåss |
med |
Maja |
|
pn
|
fight.
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is fighting with Maja.’ |
Tabasaran (Kandyk)
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST.DIR
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: POST.DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| fatima |
maˁhaˁmad.a-q-ǯi |
kič’i<r>χ-na |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
post
-
dir
|
<
h
.
sg
>fight-
res
|
| ‘Fatima got into a fight with Mahamad.’ |
Tagalog
awayin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| <in>a~away |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~fight
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’ |
Telugu
goḍavapaḍu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
goḍavapaḍutunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
fight.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is fighting with Mahesh.’ |
Tsakhur
saˁyхiy
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
aydın-ı-kva |
vo-r |
siyхaˁ |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
cop
-
h
|
m
.fight.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad is fighting with Aydin.’ |
Tswana
lwa
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Ø-katse |
e-lw-a |
le-Ø-ntša |
|
sg
-cat(9)
|
s
i
:cl9-fight-
fv
|
com
-
sg
-dog(9)
|
| ‘The cat is fighting with a dog.’ |
Turkish
dövüşmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
çocuk-la |
dövüş-üyor |
|
pn
|
boy-
com
|
fight-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is fighting with a boy.’ |
Turoyo
mqatəl
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7am
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: 7am |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
mqate-le |
ʕam |
Yuḥanən |
|
pn
|
fight.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel fought with Yuḥanən.’ |
Twi
ko
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Kofi |
ne |
nana |
re-ko |
|
pn
|
with
|
grandfather
|
prog
-fight
|
| ‘Kofi and his grandfather are fighting.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Udmurt
žugiśki̮ni̮
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet'a |
Miša-jen |
žugiśk-je |
|
pn
.
nom
|
pn
-
ins
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’ |
Ukrainian
bytysja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr-o |
bj-et’-sja |
z |
Marij-eju |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
fight(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petro is fighting with Mariya.’ |
Ulcha
sormači-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-ǯi |
sor-mač-i-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
ins
|
fight-
rec
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy is fighting with the girl.’ |
Uzbek
urašmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Miša |
bilan |
ura-š-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
fight-
recp
-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Miša.’ |
Wolof
xeex
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ak
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ak |
| Locus: Y |
| war-uloo |
xeex |
ak |
moom |
|
must-
prf
.
neg
.s
i
:2
sg
|
fight
|
with
|
3
sg
|
| ‘You should not fight with him.’ |
Yukaghir (Northern)
lajnu=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
lаjnu-nu-j |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
fight-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is fighting with Akulina.’ |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_de.PSTP
|
| X: SBJ.INTR |
| Y: de.PSTP |
| Locus: Y |
| oxɨr |
hɛsɛn-i=dɛ |
da-n-o |
pe=ro |
|
pn
|
pn
-
m
.
obl
=at
|
give.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
m
|
each.other=to
|
| ‘Oxir is fighting with Hesen.’ |