‘fight’
| Argument frame: |
X
(fight) with
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(‘Look out of the window!’ ‘What’s happening?’) ‘
P.
is fighting with
M.
’
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
драться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(драться) с
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(— Посмотри во двор. — А что там?).
П.
дерется с
М
.
|
Abaza
[aba-]ḳə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SOC
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| rasúl |
murád |
d-j-ába-ḳ-əj-ṭ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
soc
-fight-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul is fighting with Murad.’ |
Adyghe
je-zewe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
bzeǯʼaṣ̂e-me |
ja-zawe |
|
парень-
abs
|
хулиган-
obl
.
pl
|
3
pl
.
io
+
dat
-драться
|
| ‘Парень дерется с хулиганами.’ |
Aghul
uqː.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-qaj |
uqː.a-a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
fight.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is fighting with Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṗaləš
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
+ṗlaš=əl |
mən |
švav-u |
|
pn
|
fight.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Ashur is fighting with his neighbor.’ |
| Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Bambara
kɛ̀lɛ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
Fùséni |
kɛ̀lɛ |
|
pn
|
prog
|
pn
|
fight
|
| ‘Seku fights Fuseyni.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
brigar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
brig-ando |
com |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
fight-
prog
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’ |
Catalan
barallar-se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
s'està |
barall-ant |
amb |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
-be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
fight-
ger
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is fighting with Marc.’ |
Czech
prát se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
pere |
s |
Michal-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is fighting with Michal.’ |
Danish
slås
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
er |
oppe |
at |
slås |
med |
Marie |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
up
|
to
|
fight.
inf
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter is up to fight with Marie.’ |
Dutch
vechten
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
vecht |
met |
Marie |
|
pn
(С)
|
fight.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(С)
|
| ‘Piet is fighting with Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
kɛ̀lɛ
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sékù |
ní |
Fónbà |
yé |
kɛ̀lɛ` |
lá. |
|
pn
|
and
|
pn
|
be
|
fight\
art
|
at
|
| ‘Seku and Fomba are fighting.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
English
fight
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: with |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
fighting |
with |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
tülitsema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
tülitse-b |
Mareti-ga |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Peeter is fighting with Maret.’ |
Finnish
tapella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkanssa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENkanssa |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
tappel-ee |
Mati-n |
kanssa |
|
pn
.
nom
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
with
|
| ‘Pekka is fighting with Matti’ |
Forest Enets
tarur
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xane-da |
taruŋa |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
fight(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is fighting with Vasja’. |
French
se battre
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contre
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: contre |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
s’ |
est |
battu |
contre |
Michel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
fight.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
against
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul fought with Michel.’ |
Georgian
Ø-čxub-ob-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SOC
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT.SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s-tan |
Ø-čxub-ob-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
-
pstp
:
soc
|
s
3-fight-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is fighting with Masho.’ |
German
sich prügeln
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_mitDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: mitDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
prügel-t |
sich |
mit |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
thrash-
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
with
|
pn
[
dat
.3
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is fighting with Marie.’ |
Irish
bruíon
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
bruíon |
le |
Máire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
fight.
nmlz
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is fighting with Máire.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
azzufarsi
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
si |
azzuff-a |
con |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
fight-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo is fighting with Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
marəlpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
mar-əl-pe |
la |
Marijk-asa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
fight-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is fighting with Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
töbeles
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Mixail-men |
töbele-s-іp |
žatïr |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
fight-
rec
-
cvb
|
lie.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is fighting with Michael.’ |
Kazym Khanty
kŭlaśti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-en |
piλ-a |
kŭlaś-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
with-
dat
|
fight-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil |
ehe-he |
tušmale=ge |
|
pn
(
i
)
|
[
i
]драться-
prs
|
враг.
o
=
com
|
| ‘Шамиль дерется с врагом.’ |
Kina Rutul
kičilqara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
ramazan-ɨ-kan |
kičilqa-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
<1>fight.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is fighting with Ramazan.’ |
Latin
luctor
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_cumABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: cumABL |
| Locus: Y |
| cum |
mortu-is |
non |
nisi |
larv-as |
lucta-ri |
|
with
|
dead-
abl
.
pl
|
not
|
if_not
|
evil_ghost(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
fight[
prs
]-
inf
.
mid
|
| ‘Nobody fights the dead but ghosts.’ |
| Note: (Plin. NH Pr, 31, 5) |
Mandarin Chinese
dǎjià
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: he |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
hé |
Lǐsì |
dǎjià |
|
pn
|
prog
|
with
|
pn
|
fight
|
| ‘Zhangsan is fighting with Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-čxup'-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-o-čxup'-u(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-fight-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is fighting with Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
rav
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_im
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: im |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
rav |
im |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
fight[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is fighting with Menachem.’ |
Nanai
sorimači-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Vasia-ǯi |
sore-mači-či |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
fight-
recp
.
npst
-
p
.3
pl
|
| ‘Petia is fighting with Vasia.’ |
Nivkh
vad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
Irgun-ɣin |
va-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
.
sg
|
fight-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is fighting with Irgun.’ |
Northern Mansi
alxati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMjot |
| Locus: Y |
| pājel |
alxat-i |
kol’a |
jot |
|
pn
|
fight-
npst
.3
sg
|
pn
|
with
|
| ‘Pasha fights with Kolja.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
lajnу=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
lаjnu-nu-j |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
fight-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is fighting with Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å slåss
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
slåss |
med |
Ola |
|
pn
|
fight.
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is fighting with Ola.’ |
Polish
bić się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Marek |
bije |
się |
z |
Tomasz-em |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
fight:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Maciek is fighting with Tomasz.’ |
Russian
dratʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
der-et-sja |
s |
Miš-ej |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
fight(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Miša.’ |
Serbian
tucati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
tuče |
sa |
Mark-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
hit.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is fighting with Mark.’ |
Shughni
δêd čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Naǰiba |
Safina=qati |
δêd |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
|
pn
=
ins
|
quarrel
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Najiba is fighting with Safina.’ |
Skolt Saami
tuärrad
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
lij |
tuärr-men |
Määrja-in |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
fight-
prog
.
ptcp
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
| ‘Pete is fighting with Maria’ |
Slovak
biť sa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sa |
bije |
s |
Mark-om |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is fighting with Marek.’ |
Slovenian
tepsti se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
tepe |
s |
Pavl-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
beat:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is fighting with Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
beʂer̂ hatin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: legel |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
legeɫ |
Arîwan-î |
be-ʂer̂ |
d-ê |
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
-
obl
|
to-fight
|
come.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is fighting with Ariwan.’ |
| Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
pegarse
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Pedro |
y |
Maria |
se |
están |
pega-ndo |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
and
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
refl
.3
pl
|
be_
prog
.
prs
.3
pl
|
stick-
ger
:
prog
|
| ‘Pedro is fighting with Maria.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Swedish
att slåss
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
slåss |
med |
Maja |
|
pn
|
fight.
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is fighting with Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| <In>a~away |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~fight
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is fighting Miguel.’ |
| Note: Alternative is an AV construction where X and Y are expressed in a conjoined NP: “Nag-a~away sina Pedro at Miguel” [AV-IPFV~fight 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’ |
Telugu
goḍavapaḍu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
goḍavapaḍutunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
fight.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is fighting with Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
dövüşmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
çocuk-la |
dövüş-üyor |
|
pn
|
boy-
com
|
fight-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is fighting with a boy.’ |
Ulcha
sormači-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-ǯi |
sor-mač-i-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
ins
|
fight-
rec
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy is fighting with the girl.’ |
Uzbek
urašmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Miša |
bilan |
ura-š-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
fight-
recp
-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is fighting with Miša.’ |
West Central Oromo
wal lola
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSwaddzin
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABSwaddzin |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
tolaa |
waddʒin |
wal |
lol-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
each_other
|
fight-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is fighting with Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-aχː.o-j
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
aħmadi=lojɡu |
w-aχː.o-j |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
pn
=
com
|
m
-fight.
pst
-
pf
|
| ‘Ali and Ahmad are fighting.’ |
