‘read’
| Argument frame: |
X
(read)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
read
an interesting book
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
читать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(читать)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
прочитал
интересную книгу
.
|
Abaza
pχ’a
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| a-phʷə́spa |
k’tap–ǯ’aš’áqʷa-ḳ |
d-á-pχ’a-ṭ |
|
def
-girl
|
book–interesting-
indf
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-read(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The girl read an interesting book.’ |
Adyghe
je-ǯʼe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r |
txəλ–ʁeṣ̂eʁʷenə-m |
je-ǯʼa-ʁ |
|
девушка-
abs
|
книга–интересный-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-читать-
pst
|
| ‘Девушка прочитала интересную книгу.’ |
Aghul
ruχ.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
sa |
iǯe |
kitab |
ruχ.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
one
|
good
|
book
|
read.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan read a good book.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+karə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
+kri-la |
+spay |
ctava |
|
girl(
f
)
|
read.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
good
|
book(
m
)
|
| ‘The girl read a good book.’ |
Bambara
kàlan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
lɛ́tɛrɛ` |
kàlan |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
letter\
art
|
read
|
| ‘Seku read a letter.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ler
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
l-eu |
um |
livro |
interessante |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
read-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
|
book(
m
)
|
interesting
|
| ‘Pedro read an interesting book.’ |
Catalan
llegir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
lleg-ir |
un |
llibre |
interessant |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
read-
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
interesting(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere read an interesting book.’ |
Czech
přečíst
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
přečet-l |
zajímav-ou |
knih-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
read(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr read an interesting book.’ |
Danish
læse
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
læs-te |
en |
interessant |
bog |
|
pn
|
read-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
interesting.
c
.
sg
|
book(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter read an interesting book.’ |
Dutch
lezen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
interessant |
boek |
ge-lez-en |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
interesting
|
book(
n
)
|
ptcp
-read-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet read an interesting book.’ |
Eastern Maninka
kàran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
kàfa |
nàfama` |
kàran. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
book
|
useful\
art
|
read
|
| ‘Seku read an interesting book.’ |
English
read
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
read |
an |
interesting |
book. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
lugema
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
luge-s |
huvitava |
raamatu |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
read-
pst
.3
sg
|
interesting.
sg
.
gen
|
book.
sg
.
gen
|
| ‘Peeter read an interesting book.’ |
Finnish
lukea
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
luk-i |
mielenkiintoisen |
kirja-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
read-
pst
.3
sg
|
interesting.
gen
|
book-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka read an interesting book.’ |
Forest Enets
tota
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
pazu-da |
tota-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
paper-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
count(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend read the letter’. |
French
lire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
lu |
un |
livre |
intéressant |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
read.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
interesting.
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Paul read an interesting book.’ |
Georgian
c'a-Ø-i-k'itx-av-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
saint'ereso-Ø |
c'ign-i |
c'a-Ø-i-k'itx-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
interesting-
nom
|
book-
nom
|
prv
:away-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-read-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre read an interesting book.’ |
German
lesen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
las |
ein |
interessant-es |
Buch |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
read.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
interesting-
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
book[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl read an interesting book.’ |
Irish
léigh
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=léigh |
Pól |
leabhar |
an-shuimiúil. |
|
pst
=read
|
pn
|
book
|
int
-interesting
|
| ‘Pól read an interesting book.’ |
Italian
leggere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
letto |
un |
libr-o |
interessant-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
read.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book-
sg
.
m
|
interesting-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo read an interesting book.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dinel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
din-ď-a |
knišk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
read-
pst
-3
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša read a book.’ |
Kazakh
oq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
qïzïqtï |
kіtap |
oq-ïdï |
|
pn
|
interesting
|
book
|
read-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya read an interesting book.’ |
Kazym Khanty
λǔŋǝtti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
kinška-j-ǝλ |
λǔŋt-ǝs-λe |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
book-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
read-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
| ‘Petja read an interesting book.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| šamil-i |
c'alid-da |
tamašaja-b |
hĩše |
|
pn
-
erg
|
читать-
pst
.
w
|
удивительный-
iii
|
книга(
iii
)
|
| ‘Шамиль прочитал интересную книгу.’ |
Kina Rutul
q’ɨle hɨɁɨr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
q’ɨle |
hɨɁɨ-r |
ɢalin-dɨ |
kitab |
|
pn
-
erg
|
read
|
4.do.
pfv
-
cvb
|
thick-
attr
|
book(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul read a thick book.’ |
Latin
lego
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| puer |
leg-it |
epistul-am |
inscript-am |
patr-i |
su-o |
|
boy(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
read[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
letter(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
write.
prf
.
ptcp
.
pass
-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
father(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
one’s_own-
dat
.
sg
.
m
|
| ‘The boy read a letter written to his father.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. VI, 3, 8) |
Mandarin Chinese
dú
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
dú |
le |
yī-běn |
yǒuqù-de |
shū |
|
pn
|
read
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
interesting-
de
|
book
|
| ‘Zhangsan read an interesting book.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-k'itxul-en-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
saint'ereso |
c'ing-i |
c'-Ø-e-k'itx-(u). |
|
pn
-
erg
|
interesting
|
book-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-read-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo read an interesting book.’ |
| Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
kara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
kara |
sefer |
meanjen |
|
pn
|
read[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
book
|
interesting
|
| ‘Pinchas read an interesting book.’ |
Nanai
xola-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
ərdəŋgə |
daŋgsa-wa |
xola-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
womderful
|
book-
obl
|
read-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia read an interesting book.’ |
Nivkh
jurud
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
j-uru-d |
|
pn
|
book
|
3
sg
-read-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik read a book.’ |
Northern Mansi
lowin’tas
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
jomas |
nēpak |
lowin’t-as-um |
|
1
sg
|
good
|
book
|
read-
pst
-1
sg
|
| ‘I read a good book.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
čуŋ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
kinigǝ-lǝ |
аmudˈī-rǝŋ |
čuŋ-u-m |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
like-
cnv
|
read-0-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien read the book with interest.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lese
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
les-te |
en |
interessant |
bok |
|
pn
|
read-
pst
|
indf
.
m
.
sg
|
interesting
|
book
|
| ‘Per read an interesting book.’ |
Polish
przeczytać
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ann-a |
przeczyta-ł-a |
ciekaw-ą |
książk-ę |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
read:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
|
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna read an interesting book.’ |
Russian
pročitatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
pročita-l |
interesn-uju |
knig-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
read(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja read an interesting book.’ |
Serbian
pročitati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
pročita-o |
interesantn-u |
knjig-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
read-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
interesting-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar read an interesting book.’ |
Shughni
x̌êydow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Karamšo=yi |
aǰoyīb |
kitob |
x̌êyd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
interesting
|
book
|
read.
pst
|
| ‘Karamsha read an interesting book.’ |
Skolt Saami
lookkâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
looǥǥ-i |
miõllǩiõʹssi |
ǩeeʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
read-
pst
.3
sg
|
interesting
|
book.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete read an interesting book.’ |
Slovak
prečítať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
prečíta-l |
zaujímav-ú |
knih-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
read(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter read an interesting book.’ |
Slovenian
prebrati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
je |
prebra-l-a |
zanimiv-o |
knjig-o |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
read:
pfv
-
lpt
-
f
.
sg
|
interesting-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana read an interesting book.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
xiwêndinewe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
kitêb-êk-î |
sirinc |
r̂akêʂ=î |
xiwênd-Ø-ewe |
|
pn
|
book-
def
-
izf
|
attention
|
puller=3
sg
.
pc
|
read.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
|
| ‘Hiwa read an interesting book.’ |
Spanish
leer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
leí-do |
un |
libro |
interesante |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
read-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
book[
sg
.
m
]
|
interesting[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro read an interesting book.’ |
Swedish
att läsa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
läs-te |
en |
intressant |
bok |
|
pn
|
read-
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
interesting.
indf
.
sg
|
book
|
| ‘Björn read an interesting book.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Naka-basa |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
isa-ng |
nakakatuwa-ng |
libro |
|
potav
.
pfv
-read
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
one-
lin
|
interesting-
lin
|
book
|
| ‘Pedro read an interesting book’ |
| Note: An alternative word for ‘interesting’ is nakakawili. |
Telugu
caduvu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
oka |
maṁci |
pustakānni |
cadivāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
one
|
good
|
book(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
read.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen read a good book.’ |
Turkish
okumak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
ilginç |
bir |
kitap |
oku-du |
|
pn
|
interesting
|
one
|
book
|
read-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’ |
Ulcha
taun-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
səbǯińul |
daŋsa-wa |
taun-či-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
interesting
|
book-
acc
|
read-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy read an interesting book.’ |
Uzbek
o’qimoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
qiziq |
kitob |
o’qi-di |
|
pn
|
interesting
|
book
|
read-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja read an interesting book.’ |
West Central Oromo
dubbisa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
kitaaba |
bajeessa |
dubbis-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
book.
abs
|
good
|
read-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa read a good book.’ |
Zilo Andi
baʔ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di |
baʔ.i |
interesni |
χutʃa |
|
pn
-
erg
|
read.
pst
(
aor
)
|
interesting
|
book[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat has read an interesting book.’ |
