‘read’
| Argument frame: | X (read) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. read an interesting book . |
| Predicate label Ru: | читать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (читать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. прочитал интересную книгу . |
Abaza pχ’a
| Valency pattern: ABS_IO |
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| a-phʷə́spa | k’tap–ǯ’aš’áqʷa-ḳ | d-á-pχ’a-ṭ |
| def -girl | book–interesting- indf | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io -read( aor )- dcl |
| ‘The girl read an interesting book.’ | ||
Aghul ruχ.u-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | sa | iǯe | kitab | ruχ.u-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | one | good | book | read. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan read a good book.’ | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata | +kri-la | +spay | ctava |
| girl( f ) | read. pst - ls .3 f | good | book( m ) |
| ‘The girl read a good book.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | l-eu | um | livro | interessante |
| pn ( m ) | read-3 sg . pst | indf | book( m ) | interesting |
| ‘Pedro read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Catalan llegir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | lleg-ir | un | llibre | interessant |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | read- inf | indf . sg . m | book( m ) | interesting( m ) |
| ‘Pere read an interesting book.’ | ||||||
Czech přečíst
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | přečet-l | zajímav-ou | knih-u |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | interesting- f . acc . sg | book( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr read an interesting book.’ | |||
Danish læse
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | læs-te | en | interessant | bog |
| pn | read- pst | indf . sg | interesting. c . sg | book( c ) |
| ‘Peter read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Dutch lezen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | een | interessant | boek | ge-lez-en |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | art . indf | interesting | book( n ) | ptcp -read- ptcp |
| ‘Piet read an interesting book.’ | |||||
Estonian lugema
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | luge-s | huvitava | raamatu |
| pn . sg . nom | read- pst .3 sg | interesting. sg . gen | book. sg . gen |
| ‘Peeter read an interesting book.’ | |||
Finnish lukea
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | luk-i | mielenkiintoisen | kirja-n |
| pn . nom | read- pst .3 sg | interesting. gen | book- gen |
| ‘Pekka read an interesting book.’ | |||
Forest Enets tota
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | pazu-da | tota-za |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | paper- obl . sg .3 sg | count( pfv )-3 sg . so sg |
| ‘My friend read the letter’. | |||
German lesen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | las | ein | interessant-es | Buch |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | read. pst .3 sg | indf [ n . acc . sg ] | interesting- n . acc . sg | book[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Italian leggere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | letto | un | libr-o | interessant-e |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | read. pst . ptcp | indf . sg . m | book- sg . m | interesting- sg . m |
| ‘Leo read an interesting book.’ | |||||
Kazakh oq
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | qïzïqtï | kіtap | oq-ïdï |
| pn | interesting | book | read- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya read an interesting book.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty λǔŋǝtti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | kinška-j-ǝλ | λǔŋt-ǝs-λe |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | book- ep - poss .3 sg | read- pst -3 sg . so |
| ‘Petja read an interesting book.’ | ||
Latin lego
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| puer | leg-it | epistul-am | inscript-am | patr-i | su-o |
| boy( m ). nom . sg | read[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | letter( f )- acc . sg | write. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . sg . f | father( m )- dat . sg | one’s_own- dat . sg . m |
| ‘The boy read a letter written to his father.’ | |||||
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. VI, 3, 8) | |||||
Modern Hebrew kara
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | kara | sefer | meanjen |
| pn | read[ pst .3 sg . m ] | book | interesting |
| ‘Pinchas read an interesting book.’ | |||
Nanai xola-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | ərdəŋgə | daŋgsa-wa | xola-xa-ni |
| pn | womderful | book- obl | read- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia read an interesting book.’ | |||
Nivkh jurud
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | pitɣəŋ | j-uru-d |
| pn | book | 3 sg -read- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik read a book.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å lese
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | les-te | en | interessant | bok |
| pn | read- pst | indf . m . sg | interesting | book |
| ‘Per read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Polish przeczytać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ann-a | przeczyta-ł-a | ciekaw-ą | książk-ę |
| pn - nom . sg | read: pfv - pst - f .3 sg | interesting- f . acc . sg | book- acc . sg |
| ‘Anna read an interesting book.’ | |||
Russian pročitatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | pročita-l | interesn-uju | knig-u |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | interesting- f . acc . sg | book( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja read an interesting book.’ | |||
Rutul q’ɨle hɨɁɨr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | q’ɨle | hɨɁɨ-r | ɢalin-dɨ | kitab |
| pn - erg | read | 4.do. pfv - cvb | thick- attr | book( nom ) |
| ‘Rasul read a thick book.’ | ||||
Serbian pročitao
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | pročita-o | interesantn-u | knjig-u |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | прочитать- part . perf .М. sg | интересный- acc . sg . f | книга- acc . sg |
| ‘Петар прочитал интересную книгу.’ | ||||
Shughni x̌êydow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Karamšo=yi | aǰoyīb | kitob | x̌êyd |
| pn =3 sg | interesting | book | read. pst |
| ‘Karamsha read an interesting book.’ | |||
Skolt Saami lookkâd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | looǥǥ-i | miõllǩiõʹssi | ǩeeʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | read- pst .3 sg | interesting | book. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete read an interesting book.’ | |||
Slovenian prebrati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a | je | prebra-l-a | zanimiv-o | knjig-o |
| pn - nom . sg | aux .3 sg | read: pfv - lpt - f . sg | interesting- acc . sg . f | book- acc . sg |
| ‘Ana read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Spanish leer
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | leí-do | un | libro | interesante |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | read- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . m | book[ sg . m ] | interesting[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Pedro read an interesting book.’ | |||||
Swedish att läsa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | läs-te | en | intressant | bok |
| pn | read- pst | indf . c . sg | interesting. indf . sg | book |
| ‘Björn read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Turkish okumak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | ilginç | bir | kitap | oku-du |
| pn | interesting | one | book | read- pst |
| ‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Ulcha taun-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | səbǯińul | daŋsa-wa | taun-či-ni |
| male | child | interesting | book- acc | read- pst -3 sg |
| ‘The boy read an interesting book.’ | ||||
Zilo Andi baʔ.i
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di | baʔ.i | interesni | χutʃa |
| pn - erg | read. pst ( aor ) | interesting | book[ inan 2][ nom ] |
| ‘Patimat has read an interesting book.’ | |||