BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘encounter’

Argument frame:

X (encounter) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. encountered M. (accidentally, on the street). = P. ran into M .

Predicate label Ru:

встречаться

Argument frame Ru:

X (встречаться) с Y -ом

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. встретился с М. (случайно, на улице).

Abaza [p-]č̣a-ŝá

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCpca

X: ABS

Y: LOCp

Locus: Y

rasúl	murád	d-ʕa-j-p.č̣a-ŝá-ṭ
pn	pn	3 sg . h . abs - cisl -3 sg . m . io - loc -fall( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul ran into Murad.’

Adyghe ʔʷə-č̣ʼe

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.FRONT

X: ABS

Y: LOC.FRONT

Locus: Y

pŝaŝe-r	policejske-m	ʔʷə-č̣ʼa-ʁ
девушка- abs	полицейский- obl	loc : front -встретить- pst
‘Девушка встретилась с полицейским.’

Aghul alčarx.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-s	meʜemed	alčarx.u-ne
pn - dat	pn	meet. pf - aor
‘Aslan ran into Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic tapək

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

yala	tpək-lə	mən	švava
boy( m )	meet. pst - ls .3 m	from	neighbour( m )
‘The boy ran into his neughbor.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

Bambara bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	Fántà	bɛ̀n
pn	pfv . tr	pn	meet
‘Seku encountered Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese encontrar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com

X: SBJ

Y: com

Locus: Y

Pedro	encontr-ou	com	Miguel
pn ( m )	meet-3 sg . pst	with	pn ( m )
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’

Catalan trobar-se

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	es	va	trob-ar	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	refl .3 sg	go.3 sg . prs . ind	meet- inf	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere ran into Marc.’

Czech potkat se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	se	potka-l	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr encountered Michal.’

Danish støde ind

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Peter	stød-te	ind	i	Marie
pn	collide- pst	into	in	pn
‘Peter ran into Marie.’

Dutch tegenkomen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	kwam	Marie	tegen
pn (С)	come. pst	pn (С)	against
‘Piet encountered Marie.’

Eastern Maninka bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɛ̀n-da	Fónbà	dí.
pn	meet- aor . intr	pn	with
‘Seku met Fomba.’

English encounter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	encountered	Mary.

Estonian kohtama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kohta-s	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	encounter- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter encountered Maret.’

Finnish tavata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tapa-si	Mati-n
pn . nom	encounter- pst .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka encountered Matti’

Forest Enets dʲazuta

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	vasʲa-da	dʲazuta
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	pn - obl . sg .3 sg	come_across( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend met Vasja’.

French rencontrer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	rencontré	Marie
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	meet. pst . ptcp . m	pn ( f )
‘Paul encountered Marie.’

Georgian še-Ø-xvd-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	še-Ø-xvd-a
pn - nom	pn - dat	prv :inward- io 3-meet- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre encountered Masho.’

German treffen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	traf	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	encounter. pst .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl encountered Marie.’

Irish buail

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Do=bhuail	Pól	le	Mícheal.
pst =meet	pn	with	pn
‘Pól encountered Mícheal.’

Italian incontrare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	incontrato	Maria
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	meet. pst . ptcp	pn ( f )
‘Leo encountered Maria.’

Kalderash Romani dikhəlpe

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	dikh-ľ-a-pe	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	encounter- pst -3 sg - refl	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša encountered Marijka.’

Kazakh kezdes

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-men	kezde-s-tі
pn	pn - ins	encounter- rec - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya encountered Masha.’

Kazym Khanty wǫjtantti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-əλ	piλ-a	wǫjtantə-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	with- dat	meet- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja encountered Vasja.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

šamile-l	dandi	ukkaj-ja	di-ja	es
pn - dat	против	встретить- pst . w	1 sg . o - gen 1	брат( i )
‘Шамиль встретил моего брата.’
Note: Presumably, the dative case on the X argument is not dependent on the use of the adverb (?) dandi ‘against’ and they do not form a constituent.

Kina Rutul giˁχɨˁr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	ramazan	giˁ-χɨˁ-r
pn - obl - dat	pn ( nom )	pv -1.meet. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul ran into Ramazan.’

Latin incurro

Valency pattern: NOM_inACC

X: NOM

Y: inACC

Locus: Y

in	me	incurr-it	Rom-a	veni-ens	Curio	me-us
in	i . acc	encounter[ prf ]- ind . act .3 sg	r ome( f )- abl . sg	come- prs . ptcp . act . nom . sg	pn ( m ). nom . sg	my- nom . sg . m
‘My Curio, coming from Rome, ran into me.’
Note: ( Cic. Ep. ad Att. 2, 12, 2)

Mandarin Chinese yùjiàn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	yùjiàn	le	Lǐsì
pn	meet	pfv	pn
‘Zhangsan encountered Lisi.’

Mingrelian še-Ø-xvad-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	ke-še-Ø-xvad-(u).
pn - erg	pn - dat	aff - prv - io 3-meet-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo met Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew nitkal

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Pinχas	nitkal	be	Menaχem
pn	bump.into[ pst .3 sg . m ]	in	pn
‘Pinchas encountered Menachem.’

Nanai baači-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	baače-la-xa-ni
pn	pn - ins	meet- pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia encountered Masha.’

Nivkh vord

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	Ajsana	+	оr-d
pn	pn	+	encounter- ind
‘Kaskazik encountered Ajsana.’

Northern Mansi kasalaxtas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot

X: NOM

Y: NOMjot

Locus: Y

ēkwa	kāsal-axt-as	āji-te	jot
woman	see- refl - pst .3 sg	daughter- poss .3 sg	with
‘The woman encountered her daughter (accidently).’

Northern Yukaghir nˈinū=

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ	nˈi-nū-ŋi
pn	pn - com	recp -find- tr .3 pl
‘Semien encountered Akulina.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a single comitative NP .

Norwegian Bokmål å møte

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	møt-te	Ola
pn	meet- pst	pn
‘Per encountered Ola.’

Polish spotkać

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Paweł	spotka-ł	Mart-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	encounter: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	pn - acc . sg
‘Paweł encountered Marta.’

Russian vstretitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vstreti-l-sja	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja encountered Maša.’

Serbian sresti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	sre-o	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	meet. part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar encountered Maria.’

Shughni wīntow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmat=i	Azim	půnd-ti	wīn-t
pn =3 sg	pn	road- sup	see- pst
‘Ahmat encountered Azim on the road.’

Skolt Saami teeivõõttâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peâtt	teeivõõđ-i	Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom	encounter- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . com
‘Pete encountered Maria’

Slovak stretnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	streto-l	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter encountered Marek.’

Slovenian srečati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pavel	je	sreča-l	An-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	meet: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel ran into Ana.’

Sorani Kurdish tûʂ bûn

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Hîwa	le	bazar-ê	lepir̂da	tûʂ-î	Zanko-î	bû-Ø
pn	from	market- loc	accidentally	encounter- izf	pn - obl	be. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa accidentally encounterd Zanko on the street.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Spanish encontrarse

Valency pattern: SBJ_con

X: SBJ

Y: con

Locus: Y

Pedro	se	ha	encontra-do	con	María
pn [ sg . m ]	refl .3 sg	aux .	3 sg	encounter- ptcp : prf	with pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro encountered Maria.’

Swedish att träffa på

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	träffa-de	på	Maja
pn	meet- pst	on	pn
‘Björn encountered Maja.’
Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device).

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-ka-salubong	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
potpv - com - pfv .encounter	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’
Note: ??? Think about the COM marker. Initially, this form was interpreted as Naka-salubong (POTAV-PFV.encounter). However, the choice of the more logical interpretation (POTPV-COM) was based on “the noun marker interpretation, and not due to uninfluenced voice-marker on the verb judgement”). Alternative is a construction where X and Y are encoded as conjoined NPs: “Nag-ka-salubong sina Pedro at Miguel” [AV-COM-PFV.encounter 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro encountered Miguel’.

Telugu kaliyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	anukōkuṁḍā	kalisāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	accidentally	unite. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen accidentally met Mahesh.’

Turkish rastlamak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	rastla-dı
pn	pn - dat	come_across- pst
‘Mehmet encountered Filiz’.

Ulcha ačala-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

um	ńī-wə	ačal-xa
one	human- acc	meet- pst
‘[This boy] encountered a person.’
Note: This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek ko’rib qolmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-ni	ko’r-ib	qol-di
pn	pn - acc	see- cvb	leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja encountered Maša.’

West Central Oromo ɗufa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	tolaa-tti	ɗuf-e
pn - nom	pn - loc	come-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa encountered Tolaa.’

Zilo Andi badi <w>-ukː.u

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ali-<w>o	badi	aliħadʒi	w-ukː.u
pn - aff < m >	forth	pn [ m ][ nom ]	m -fall. pst ( aor )
‘Ali met Aligaji’