‘encounter’
| Argument frame: | X (encounter) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. encountered M. (accidentally, on the street). = P. ran into M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | встречаться |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (встречаться) с Y -ом |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. встретился с М. (случайно, на улице). |
Abaza [p-]č̣a-ŝá
| Valency pattern: ABS_LOCpca |
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOCp |
| Locus: Y |
| rasúl | murád | d-ʕa-j-p.č̣a-ŝá-ṭ |
| pn | pn | 3 sg . h . abs - cisl -3 sg . m . io - loc -fall( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Rasul ran into Murad.’ | ||
Aghul alčarx.u-
| Valency pattern: DAT_ABS |
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s | meʜemed | alčarx.u-ne |
| pn - dat | pn | meet. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan ran into Muhammad.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic tapək
| Valency pattern: SBJ_men |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| yala | tpək-lə | mən | švava |
| boy( m ) | meet. pst - ls .3 m | from | neighbour( m ) |
| ‘The boy ran into his neughbor.’ | |||
| Note: Some speakers use preposition am. | |||
Brazilian Portuguese encontrar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_com |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | encontr-ou | com | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | meet-3 sg . pst | with | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’ | |||
Catalan trobar-se
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | es | va | trob-ar | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | refl .3 sg | go.3 sg . prs . ind | meet- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere ran into Marc.’ | ||||||
Czech potkat se
| Valency pattern: NOM_sINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | se | potka-l | s | Michal-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | refl . acc | meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | with | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr encountered Michal.’ | ||||
Danish støde ind
| Valency pattern: SBJ_i |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: i |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | stød-te | ind | i | Marie |
| pn | collide- pst | into | in | pn |
| ‘Peter ran into Marie.’ | ||||
Dutch tegenkomen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | kwam | Marie | tegen |
| pn (С) | come. pst | pn (С) | against |
| ‘Piet encountered Marie.’ | |||
Estonian kohtama
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | kohta-s | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | encounter- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter encountered Maret.’ | ||
Finnish tavata
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | tapa-si | Mati-n |
| pn . nom | encounter- pst .3 sg | pn - gen |
| ‘Pekka encountered Matti’ | ||
Forest Enets dʲazuta
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | vasʲa-da | dʲazuta |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | pn - obl . sg .3 sg | come_across( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend met Vasja’. | |||
German treffen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | traf | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | meet. pst .3 sg | pn [ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl encountered Marie.’ | ||
Italian incontrare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | incontrato | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | meet. pst . ptcp | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo encountered Maria.’ | |||
Kazakh kezdes
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-men | kezde-s-tі |
| pn | pn - ins | encounter- rec - pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya encountered Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty wǫjtantti
| Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila |
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | waśa-j-əλ | piλ-a | wǫjtantə-s |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .3 sg | with- dat | meet- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja encountered Vasja.’ | |||
Latin incurro
| Valency pattern: NOM_inACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: inACC |
| Locus: Y |
| in | me | incurr-it | Rom-a | veni-ens | Curio | me-us |
| in | i . acc | encounter[ prf ]- ind . act .3 sg | r ome( f )- abl . sg | come- prs . ptcp . act . nom . sg | pn ( m ). nom . sg | my- nom . sg . m |
| ‘My Curio, coming from Rome, ran into me.’ | ||||||
| Note: ( Cic. Ep. ad Att. 2, 12, 2) | ||||||
Modern Hebrew nitkal
| Valency pattern: SBJ_be |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | nitkal | be | Menaχem |
| pn | bump.into[ pst .3 sg . m ] | in | pn |
| ‘Pinchas encountered Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai baači-
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-ǯi | baače-la-xa-ni |
| pn | pn - ins | meet- pfv - pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia encountered Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh vord
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | оr-d |
| pn | pn | + | encounter- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik encountered Ajsana.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å møte
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | møt-te | Ola |
| pn | meet- pst | pn |
| ‘Per encountered Ola.’ | ||
Polish spotkać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Paweł | spotka-ł | Mart-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | encounter: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Paweł encountered Marta.’ | ||
Russian vstretitʹsja
| Valency pattern: NOM_sINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | vstreti-l-sja | s | Maš-ej |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl | with | pn ( f )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petja encountered Maša.’ | |||
Rutul giˁχɨˁr
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s | ramazan | giˁ-χɨˁ-r |
| pn - obl - dat | pn ( nom ) | pv -1.meet. pfv - cvb |
| ‘Rasul ran into Ramazan.’ | ||
Serbian sreo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | sre-o | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | встретить. part . perf . m . sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Петар встретил Марию.’ | |||
Shughni wīntow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmat=i | Azim | půnd-ti | wīn-t |
| pn =3 sg | pn | road- sup | see- pst |
| ‘Ahmat encountered Azim on the road.’ | |||
Skolt Saami teeivõõttâd
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | teeivõõđ-i | Määrja-in |
| pn . sg . nom | encounter- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . com |
| ‘Pete encountered Maria’ | ||
Slovenian srečati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pavel | je | sreča-l | An-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | meet: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Pavel ran into Ana.’ | |||
Spanish encontrarse
| Valency pattern: SBJ_con |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | se | ha | encontra-do | con | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | refl .3 sg | aux . | 3 sg | encounter- ptcp : prf | with pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro encountered Maria.’ | |||||
Swedish att träffa på
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | träffa-de | på | Maja |
| pn | meet- pst | on | pn |
| ‘Björn encountered Maja.’ | |||
| Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device). | |||
Turkish rastlamak
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-e | rastla-dı |
| pn | pn - dat | come_across- pst |
| ‘Mehmet encountered Filiz’. | ||
Ulcha ačala-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| um | ńī-wə | ačal-xa |
| one | human- acc | meet- pst |
| ‘[This boy] encountered a person.’ | ||
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. | ||
Zilo Andi badi <w>-ukː.u
| Valency pattern: AFF_NOM |
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-<w>o | badi | aliħadʒi | w-ukː.u |
| pn - aff < m > | forth | pn [ m ][ nom ] | m -fall. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali met Aligaji’ | |||