‘encounter’
Argument frame: |
X
(encounter)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
encountered
M.
(accidentally, on the street). =
P.
ran into
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
встречаться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(встречаться) с
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
встретился с
М.
(случайно, на улице).
|
Abaza
[p-]č̣a-ŝá
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCpca
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOCp |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
murád |
d-ʕa-j-p.č̣a-ŝá-ṭ |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-
cisl
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
loc
-fall(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Rasul ran into Murad.’ |
Adyghe
ʔʷə-č̣ʼe
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.FRONT
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOC.FRONT |
Locus: Y |
pŝaŝe-r |
policejske-m |
ʔʷə-č̣ʼa-ʁ |
девушка-
abs
|
полицейский-
obl
|
loc
:
front
-встретить-
pst
|
‘Девушка встретилась с полицейским.’ |
Aghul
alčarx.u-
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
meʜemed |
alčarx.u-ne |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
meet.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan ran into Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
tapək
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
X: SBJ |
Y: men |
Locus: Y |
yala |
tpək-lə |
mən |
švava |
boy(
m
)
|
meet.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
from
|
neighbour(
m
)
|
‘The boy ran into his neughbor.’ |
Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Bambara
bɛ̀n
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
Fántà |
bɛ̀n |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
meet
|
‘Seku encountered Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
encontrar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
X: SBJ |
Y: com |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
encontr-ou |
com |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
meet-3
sg
.
pst
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’ |
Catalan
trobar-se
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
es |
va |
trob-ar |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
meet-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere ran into Marc.’ |
Czech
potkat se
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
se |
potka-l |
s |
Michal-em |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
meet(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petr encountered Michal.’ |
Danish
støde ind
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
stød-te |
ind |
i |
Marie |
pn
|
collide-
pst
|
into
|
in
|
pn
|
‘Peter ran into Marie.’ |
Dutch
tegenkomen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
kwam |
Marie |
tegen |
pn
(С)
|
come.
pst
|
pn
(С)
|
against
|
‘Piet encountered Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bɛ̀n
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
|
X: SBJ |
Y: di |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
bɛ̀n-da |
Fónbà |
dí. |
pn
|
meet-
aor
.
intr
|
pn
|
with
|
‘Seku met Fomba.’ |
English
encounter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
kohtama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
kohta-s |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
encounter-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter encountered Maret.’ |
Finnish
tavata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
tapa-si |
Mati-n |
pn
.
nom
|
encounter-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
‘Pekka encountered Matti’ |
Forest Enets
dʲazuta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-da |
dʲazuta |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
come_across(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend met Vasja’. |
French
rencontrer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
rencontré |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
meet.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul encountered Marie.’ |
Georgian
še-Ø-xvd-eb-a (FUT)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
še-Ø-xvd-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
:inward-
io
3-meet-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre encountered Masho.’ |
German
treffen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
traf |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
encounter.
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl encountered Marie.’ |
Irish
buail
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Do=bhuail |
Pól |
le |
Mícheal. |
pst
=meet
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Pól encountered Mícheal.’ |
Italian
incontrare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
incontrato |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
meet.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo encountered Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dikhəlpe
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
dikh-ľ-a-pe |
la |
Marijk-asa |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
encounter-
pst
-3
sg
-
refl
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Murša encountered Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
kezdes
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-men |
kezde-s-tі |
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
encounter-
rec
-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya encountered Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫjtantti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMpila |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-əλ |
piλ-a |
wǫjtantə-s |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
with-
dat
|
meet-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja encountered Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
šamile-l |
dandi |
ukkaj-ja |
di-ja |
es |
pn
-
dat
|
против
|
встретить-
pst
.
w
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
1
|
брат(
i
)
|
‘Шамиль встретил моего брата.’ |
Note: Presumably, the dative case on the X argument is not dependent on the use of the adverb (?) dandi ‘against’ and they do not form a constituent. |
Kina Rutul
giˁχɨˁr
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
ramazan |
giˁ-χɨˁ-r |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pv
-1.meet.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘Rasul ran into Ramazan.’ |
Latin
incurro
Valency pattern:
NOM_inACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: inACC |
Locus: Y |
in |
me |
incurr-it |
Rom-a |
veni-ens |
Curio |
me-us |
in
|
i
.
acc
|
encounter[
prf
]-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
r
ome(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
come-
prs
.
ptcp
.
act
.
nom
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
my-
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
‘My Curio, coming from Rome, ran into me.’ |
Note: ( Cic. Ep. ad Att. 2, 12, 2) |
Mandarin Chinese
yùjiàn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
yùjiàn |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
meet
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan encountered Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
še-Ø-xvad-un-Ø (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
anučia-s |
ke-še-Ø-xvad-(u). |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
-
prv
-
io
3-meet-(
s
3
sg
.
pst
)
|
‘Chelo met Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
nitkal
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
nitkal |
be |
Menaχem |
pn
|
bump.into[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
in
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas encountered Menachem.’ |
Nanai
baači-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
Maša-ǯi |
baače-la-xa-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
meet-
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia encountered Masha.’ |
Nivkh
vord
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
оr-d |
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
encounter-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik encountered Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
kasalaxtas
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMjot |
Locus: Y |
ēkwa |
kāsal-axt-as |
āji-te |
jot |
woman
|
see-
refl
-
pst
.3
sg
|
daughter-
poss
.3
sg
|
with
|
‘The woman encountered her daughter (accidently).’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nˈinū=
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
nˈi-nū-ŋi |
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
recp
-find-
tr
.3
pl
|
‘Semien encountered Akulina.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a single comitative NP . |
Norwegian Bokmål
å møte
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
møt-te |
Ola |
pn
|
meet-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Per encountered Ola.’ |
Polish
spotkać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Paweł |
spotka-ł |
Mart-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
encounter:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Paweł encountered Marta.’ |
Russian
vstretitʹsja
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
vstreti-l-sja |
s |
Maš-ej |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
meet(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petja encountered Maša.’ |
Serbian
sresti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
sre-o |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
meet.
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar encountered Maria.’ |
Shughni
wīntow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Ahmat=i |
Azim |
půnd-ti |
wīn-t |
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
road-
sup
|
see-
pst
|
‘Ahmat encountered Azim on the road.’ |
Skolt Saami
teeivõõttâd
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
teeivõõđ-i |
Määrja-in |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
encounter-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
‘Pete encountered Maria’ |
Slovak
stretnúť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
streto-l |
Mark-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
meet(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter encountered Marek.’ |
Slovenian
srečati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pavel |
je |
sreča-l |
An-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
meet:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Pavel ran into Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
tûʂ bûn
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Hîwa |
le |
bazar-ê |
lepir̂da |
tûʂ-î |
Zanko-î |
bû-Ø |
pn
|
from
|
market-
loc
|
accidentally
|
encounter-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
|
be.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa accidentally encounterd Zanko on the street.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
encontrarse
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
se |
ha |
encontra-do |
con |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
aux
.
|
3
sg
|
encounter-
ptcp
:
prf
|
with
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro encountered Maria.’ |
Swedish
att träffa på
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
träffa-de |
på |
Maja |
pn
|
meet-
pst
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Björn encountered Maja.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
Na-ka-salubong |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
potpv
-
com
-
pfv
.encounter
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’ |
Note: ??? Think about the COM marker. Initially, this form was interpreted as Naka-salubong (POTAV-PFV.encounter). However, the choice of the more logical interpretation (POTPV-COM) was based on “the noun marker interpretation, and not due to uninfluenced voice-marker on the verb judgement”). Alternative is a construction where X and Y are encoded as conjoined NPs: “Nag-ka-salubong sina Pedro at Miguel” [AV-COM-PFV.encounter 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro encountered Miguel’. |
Telugu
kaliyu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
anukōkuṁḍā |
kalisāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
accidentally
|
unite.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen accidentally met Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
rastlamak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Filiz-e |
rastla-dı |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
come_across-
pst
|
‘Mehmet encountered Filiz’. |
Ulcha
ačala-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
um |
ńī-wə |
ačal-xa |
one
|
human-
acc
|
meet-
pst
|
‘[This boy] encountered a person.’ |
Note: This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
ko’rib qolmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
ko’r-ib |
qol-di |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
see-
cvb
|
leave-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja encountered Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗufa
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
tolaa-tti |
ɗuf-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
loc
|
come-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa encountered Tolaa.’ |
Zilo Andi
badi <w>-ukː.u
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
X: AFF |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-<w>o |
badi |
aliħadʒi |
w-ukː.u |
pn
-
aff
<
m
>
|
forth
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
m
-fall.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali met Aligaji’ |