‘tell’
| Argument frame: | X (tell) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. told M. : (‘Call me this evening.’) |
| Predicate label Ru: | говорить |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (говорить) Y -у |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. сказал М. : ("Приходи ко мне в гости"). |
Abaza hʷa
| Valency pattern: ERG_IO |
| X: ERG |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma | zaréma | j-l-á-l-hʷa-ṭ: | sas-rá | s-pnə | b-ʕa-j |
| pn | pn | 3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . f . io - dat -3 sg . f . erg -say( aor )- dcl | guest- nml | 1 sg . io -to | 2 sg . f . abs - cisl -come( imp ) |
| ‘Fatima told Zarema: «Come to my place!».’ | |||||
| Note: The absolutive slot corresponds to the content of speech. | |||||
Aghul p.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | meʜemed.i-s | p.u-ne… |
| pn ( erg ) | pn - dat | tell. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan told Muhammad: (‘...’)’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic tanə
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | tuni-l | ka | +xor-u | atə | bet-u | arxa |
| pn | say. pst - ls .3 m | to | friend( m )- p .3 m | come. prs | house( m )- p .3 m | guest( m ) |
| ‘Ashur told his friend: “Call me this evening.”’ | ||||||
Brazilian Portuguese dizer
| Valency pattern: SBJ_para |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: para |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | disse | para | Miguel: «…» |
| pn ( m ) | say.3 sg . pst | towards | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro told Miguel: ‘…’.’ | |||
Catalan dir
| Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | va | dir | al | Marc… |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | say. inf | to. def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere told Marc: …’ | |||||
| Note: Cf. "en Pere li va dir" | |||||
Czech říct
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | řek-l | Michal-ovi: | "…" |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- dat . sg | "…" |
| ‘Petr told Michal "…".’ | |||
Danish sige
| Valency pattern: SBJ_til |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | sagde | til | Marie: ... |
| pn | say. pst | to | pn |
| ‘Peter told Marie: ...’ | |||
Dutch zeggen
| Valency pattern: SBJ_tegen |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: tegen |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | zei | tegen | Marie |
| pn (С) | say. pst | against | pn (С) |
| ‘Piet told Marie: ...’ | |||
Estonian ütlema
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | ütles | Mareti-le: ... |
| pn . sg . nom | say- pst .3 sg | pn - all |
| ‘Peeter said to Maret: ...’ | ||
Finnish sanoa
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | san-oi | Mati-lle: |
| pn . nom | say- pst .3 sg | pn - all |
| ‘Pekka told Matti: ...’ | ||
Forest Enets man
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | mana-ʃ | genka-xo-da: | mɛ-ko-nʲiʔ | to-nʲi-d | mɛziza-ʃ |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | say( pfv )-3 sg . s . pst | pn - dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg | chum- dat - obl . sg .1 sg | come( pfv )- sbjv -2 sg . s | be_on_visit( ipfv )- cvb |
| ‘My friend told to Genka: “Come to my place to stay as a guest”’. | ||||||
German sagen
| Valency pattern: NOM_zuDAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zuDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| “komm | zu-m | Besuch”, | sag-te | Karl | zu | Marie |
| come. imp | to- dem . m . dat . sg | visit[ dat . sg ] | say- pst .3 sg | pn [ nom . sg ] | to | pn [ dat . sg ] |
| ‘Karl told Marie: “Come to visit”.’ | ||||||
Italian dire
| Valency pattern: SBJ_a |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | ha | detto | a | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | say. pst . ptcp | to | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo told Maria.’ | ||||
Kazakh ayt
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ɣa | ayt-tï |
| pn | pn - dat | say- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya told Masha: ...’ | ||
Kazym Khanty lŏpti
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en-a | lŏp-ǝs: … |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat | tell- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja told Maša: ...’ | ||
Latin dico
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| haec | nobis | Attal-us | dix-it, | natur-a | omn-ibus | dix-it |
| this. acc . sg . n | we. dat | pn ( m )- nom . sg | say[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | nature( f )- nom . sg | each- dat . pl | say[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg |
| ‘Attalus told it to us, and the nature told it to everyone.’ | ||||||
| Note: (Sen. Ep. 110, 20) | ||||||
Modern Hebrew amar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | amar | le | Menaχem |
| pn | say[ pst .3 sg . m ] | to | pn |
| ‘Pinchas told Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai un-
| Valency pattern: NOM_DIR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-či | uŋ-ki-ni |
| pn | pn - dir | tell- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia told Masha: ...’ | ||
Nivkh xеrd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | xеr-d | ɲе-rχ | pʰr̥ə-r̥ | cʰma-ja |
| pn | pn | + | tell- ind | 1 sg - dat / add | come- cvb _ nar | visit- imp .2 sg |
| ‘Kaskazik told Ajsana: “Come and visit me!”’ | ||||||
Norwegian Bokmål å si
| Valency pattern: SBJ_til |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| «kom | på | besøk» | sa | Per | til | Ola |
| «come. imp | on | visit» | say. pst | pn | to | pn |
| ‘Per told Ola: "Come and visit".’ | ||||||
Polish powiedzieć
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Franek | powiedzia-ł | Anc-e |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | tell: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Franek told Anka.’ | ||
Russian skazatʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | skaza-l | Maš-e | prixod-i | ko | mne | v | gost-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- dat . sg | come( ipfv )- imp . sg | to | i . dat | in | guest( m )- acc 2. pl |
| ‘Petja told Maša: come to my place.’ | |||||||
Rutul huxur
| Valency pattern: ERG_APUD |
| X: ERG |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | huxu-r | ramazan-da |
| pn - erg | 4.tell. pfv - cvb | pn - apud |
| ‘Rasul told Ramazan.’ | ||
Serbian rekao
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | je | reka-o | Marij-i |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | сказать- part . perf . m . sg | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Петар сказал Марии.’ | |||
Shughni lůvdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim=i | Lola-yard | lůd: | te | tar | čīd-aθ |
| pn =3 sg | pn - lat | say. pst | go. imper | eq | house- adv |
| ‘Azim told Lola: go home.’ | |||||
Skolt Saami ceäʹlǩǩed
| Valency pattern: NOM_ILL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | cieʹlǩ-i | Märjj-a: |
| pn . sg . nom | say- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . ill |
| ‘Pete told Maria: “...”.’ | ||
Slovenian povedati
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | je | poveda-l | An-i |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | tell: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Peter told Ana.’ | |||
Spanish decir
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | ha | dich-o | a | María: | ven | a | ver-me |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | tell- ptcp : prf | ndir . obj | pn [ sg . f ] | come. imp | to | see. inf - dir . obj .1 sg |
| ‘Pedro told Maria: come to my place!’ | |||||||
Swedish att säga
| Valency pattern: SBJ_till |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: till |
| Locus: Y |
| “Kom | på | besök”, | sade | Björn | till | Maja |
| come. imp | on | visit | say. pst | pn | to | pn |
| ‘Björn told Maja: “Come and visit”.’ | ||||||
Turkish demek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-e | de-di | ki, | “Misafirliğ-e | gel-Ø!” |
| pn | pn - dat | say- pst | that | visit- dat | come- imp |
| ‘Mehmet told Filiz: “Come to visit me”’. | |||||
Ulcha wən-
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| xusə | piktə | əktə | piktə-ti | wən-či-n: | ńimər-u | min-ti! |
| male | child | female | child- lat | say- pst -3 sg | visit- imp | i - lat |
| ‘The boy told the girl: come and visit me!’ | ||||||
Zilo Andi rutɬ.i:
| Valency pattern: ERG_INST |
| X: ERG |
| Y: INST |
| Locus: Y |
| ali-di | umarħadʒi-qχi | rutɬ.i: “…” |
| pn - erg | pn - inst | say. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali said to Umargaji: “…”’ | ||