‘obey’
Argument frame: |
X
(obey)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(M. is a mischievous boy, but)
P.
always listens to / obeys
his mother
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
слушаться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(слушаться)
Y
-a
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. хулиган, плохо себя ведет, а)
П.
слушается
маму
.
|
Abaza
[z-]ʒərʕʷ
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
j-an |
d-lə-z-ʒərʕʷ-ə́j-d |
pn
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-mother
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
ben
-listen-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Rasul obeys his mother.’ |
Adyghe
je-deʔʷə
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
mə |
ŝeweẑəje-r |
jane |
j-e-deʔʷə |
этот
|
мальчик-
abs
|
(3
sg
.
pr
)мать(
obl
)
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-
dyn
-слушать
|
‘Этот мальчик слушается маму.’ |
Aghul
ubur lix.a-
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
baw.a-l |
ubur |
lix.a-a |
pn
(
erg
)
|
mother-
super
|
ear
|
{
super
}put.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan listens to his mother.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+šammə
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ka |
Locus: Y |
yala |
+bəšmay=əl |
ka |
+rabit-u |
boy(
m
)
|
hear.
prog
=3
m
|
to
|
teacher(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘This boy obeys his mother.’ |
Bambara
kólo
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ye
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ye |
Locus: Y |
mùso` |
bɛ |
kólo |
à |
cɛ̀` |
yé |
woman\
art
|
ipfv
|
obey
|
3
sg
|
man\
art
|
as
|
‘A woman obeys her husband.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
obedecer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
obedec-e |
sua |
mãe |
pn
(
m
)
|
obey-3
sg
.
prs
|
poss
.3.
f
|
mother(
f
)
|
‘Pedro obeys his mother.’ |
Catalan
obeir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
sempre |
obeeix |
la |
seva |
mare |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
always
|
obey.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.3.
f
.
sg
|
mother(
f
)
|
‘Pere always obeys his mother.’ |
Czech
poslouchat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
poslouchá |
mamink-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
mother(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr listens to his mother.’ |
Danish
adlyde
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
adlyde-r |
altid |
sin |
mor |
pn
|
obey-
prs
|
always
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
mother(
c
)
|
‘Peter always obeys his mother.’ |
Dutch
luisteren
Valency pattern:
SBJ_naar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: naar |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
luister-t |
naar |
zijn |
moeder |
pn
(
c
)
|
listen-3
sg
|
on
|
poss
.
c
.3
sg
|
mother(
c
)
|
‘Piet listens to his mother.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dàn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
yé |
dàn-na |
à |
ná |
lá. |
pn
|
be
|
limit-
hab
|
3
sg
|
mother
|
at
|
‘Seku obeys his mother.’ |
English
obey
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
kuuletuma
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ALL |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
kuuletu-b |
ema-le |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
obey-
prs
.3
sg
|
mother-
all
|
‘Peeter obeys his mother.’ |
Finnish
totella
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
tottel-ee |
äiti-ä-än |
aina |
pn
.
nom
|
obey-
prs
.3
sg
|
mother-
part
-
poss
.3
sg
|
always
|
‘Pekka always obeys his mother.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲuzire
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ɛɛ-xo-da |
dʲuzire-ubi |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
mother-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
listen(
ipfv
)-
hab
.3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend obeys his mother’. |
French
obéir
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
obéit |
à |
sa |
mère |
pn
(
m
)
|
obey.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
one’s.
sg
.
f
|
mother(
f
)
|
‘Paul obeys his mother.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-morčil-eb-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
deda-s |
q'oveltvis |
Ø-e-morčil-eb-a |
pn
-
nom
|
mother-
dat
|
always
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-submit-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre always obeys his mother.’ |
German
gehorchen
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
gehorch-t |
sein-er |
Mutter |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
obey-
prs
.3
sg
|
his-
f
.
dat
.
sg
|
mother[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl always listens to his mother.’ |
Irish
éist
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Éist-eann |
Pól |
i |
gcónaí |
lena |
mháthair. |
listen-
prs
|
pn
|
always
|
always
|
with.
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
mother
|
‘Pól always listens to his mother.’ |
Italian
obbedire
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
obbedisc-e |
alla |
mamm-a |
pn
(
m
)
|
obey-3
sg
.
prs
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
mom-
sg
.
f
|
‘Leo obeys the mom.’ |
Kalderash Romani
kandel o muj
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
o |
Murš-a |
kand-el |
o |
muj |
pesk-a |
d-ak-o |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
mouth[
acc
.
sg
]
|
one’s-
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
mother-
gen
.
sg
-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
‘Murša always listens to his mother.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Kazakh
tïnda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
ana-sï-n |
tïnda-ydï |
pn
|
mother-
poss
3-
acc
|
listen-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya obeys his mother.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǫλǝntti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ńawrεm |
aŋke-λ-a |
χǫλǝnt-ǝλ |
child
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
listen-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja listens to his mother.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT.LAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONT.LAT |
Locus: Y |
di-lo |
uža |
išat-qo-l |
ahi |
l-a:ha |
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
сын\
erg
|
мать.
o
-
cont
-
lat
|
ухо(
iv
)
|
iv
-ставить\
gnt
|
‘Мой сын слушается мать.’ |
Kina Rutul
ubɨr qassara
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUB
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUB |
Locus: Y |
islam-a |
nin-ɨ-χda |
ubɨr |
q-ass-a=r-a |
pn
-
erg
|
mother-
obl
-
sub
|
ear
|
pv
-1.listen.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be-
pst
|
‘Islam always obeys his mother.’ |
Latin
pareo
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
non |
adeo |
pare-b-imus |
omni-a |
matr-i |
not
|
so_much
|
obey-
fut
.
ind
-
act
.1
pl
|
all-
acc
.
pl
.
n
|
mother(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘We won't obey the mother in everything.’ |
Note: (Stat. Ach. I, 660) |
Mandarin Chinese
tīng
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Zhāngsān |
yīxiàng |
tīng |
tā-mǔqīn-de |
huà |
pn
|
always
|
listen
|
he-mother-
de
|
word
|
‘Zhangsan always listens to his mother's words.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
dia-muš-i-s |
iro(t) |
Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
nom
|
mother-
refl
.
poss
-
dat
|
always
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hear-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo obey his mother.’ |
Modern Hebrew
makʃiv
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
tamid |
makʃiv |
le |
ima |
ʃel-o |
pn
|
always
|
listen[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
mother
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
‘Pinchas always listens to his mother.’ |
Nanai
dosiǯa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
əni-mbi |
doseǯa-j-ni |
pn
|
mother-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
listen-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia obeys his mother.’ |
Nivkh
məd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Ajsana |
əmk |
+ |
mə-d |
pn
|
mother
|
+
|
listen-
ind
|
‘Ajsana obeys his mother.’ |
Northern Mansi
xūntli
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
ti |
n’awram |
at |
xūntl-i |
ɕān’-e-n |
this
|
child
|
neg
|
obey-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
|
‘This child doesn’t obey his mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
arū-GEN ban=
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn |
tudǝ |
ǝnˈiǝ |
аrū-gi-n |
bаn-i |
pn
|
3
sg
.
poss
|
mother
|
word-
poss
.3-
gen
|
be-
intr
.3.
sg
|
‘Semien obeys his mother.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å adlyde
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
adlyde-r |
mamma-en |
sin |
pn
|
obey-
prs
|
mother-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
poss
.
refl
.
f
.
sg
|
‘Per obeys his mother.’ |
Polish
słuchać się
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Ann-a |
słucha |
się |
mam-y |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
listen:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
mummy-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Anna obeys her mother.’ |
Russian
slušatʹsja
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
sluša-et-sja |
mam-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
listen(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
mum(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja listens to his mother.’ |
Serbian
slušati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
sluša |
mam-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
listen.
prs
.3
sg
|
mother-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar obeys his mother.’ |
Shughni
niɣix̌tow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Lola |
xu |
nān |
niɣůɣ̌-d |
pn
|
refl
|
mother
|
listen-3
sg
|
‘Lola obeys his mother.’ |
Skolt Saami
jäkktõõllâd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
pâi |
jäkktââll |
suu |
jieʹnn |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
always
|
obey.
prs
.3
sg
|
3
sg
.
gen
|
mother.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete always obeys his mother.’ |
Slovak
poslúchať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
vždy |
poslúcha |
svoj-u |
matk-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
always
|
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
mother(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter always listens to his mother.’ |
Slovenian
ubogati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
uboga |
mam-o |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
obey:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
mother-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Ana obeys her mother.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
be qise kirdin
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Hîwa |
hemîʂe |
be |
qise-î |
dayk=î |
de-k-a |
pn
|
always
|
to
|
talking-
izf
|
mother=3
sg
.
pc
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa always obeys his mother.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
obedecer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
obedec-e |
a |
la |
madre |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
obey-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
mother[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro obeys his mother.’ |
Swedish
att lyda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
lyd-er |
alltid |
sin |
mamma |
pn
|
obey-
prs
|
always
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
mother
|
‘Björn always listens to his mother.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
S<um>u~sunod |
palagi |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
nanay |
niya |
<
av
>
ipfv
~obey
|
adv
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
mother
|
3.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother.’ |
Note: Although ‘his mother’ is animate, the DAT marker used is the “inanimate” one; with a person name like Miguel “kay” would be used. Alternative is the PV construction that looks exactly like ACT_UND pattern: “S<in>u~sunod palagi ni Pedro ang nanay niya” [<PV>IPFV~obey ADV PERS.GEN PN SUBJ mother 3.SG.GEN] ‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother’. |
Telugu
viṇu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
pravīṇ |
eppuḍū |
tana |
amma |
māṭa |
viṁṭāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
always
|
own
|
mother(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
word(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
listen.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen always listens to his mother’s words.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Turkish
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Mehmet |
anne-si-nin |
söz-ü-nü |
dinli-yor |
pn
|
mother-
p
.3-
gen
|
word-
p
.3-
acc
|
listen-
prs
|
‘Mehmet obeys his mother.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Ulcha
dosoǯi-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
xusə |
piktə |
ən-bi |
xəsə-wə-n |
dosoǯ-i-ni |
male
|
child
|
mother-
refl
.
sg
|
word-
acc
-3
sg
|
listen-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘The boy listens to his mother (lit. his mother’s words).’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate and Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Uzbek
tiŋlamoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
ona-si-ni |
tiŋla-y-di |
pn
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
acc
|
listen-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja listens to his mother.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗagaʔa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
jeroo |
hunda |
haaɗa |
isaa |
ɗagaʔ-a |
pn
-
nom
|
time
|
all
|
mother.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
|
hear-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa always listens to his mother.’ |
Zilo Andi
antʃː.i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
baba-ʔo |
antʃː.i |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
mother-
super
.
lat
|
listen.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali obeys his mother.’ |