‘lose (game)’
| Argument frame: | X (lose) to Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (P. played chess with M.) P. lost to M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | проиграть |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (проиграть) Y -у |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. проиграл М . |
Abaza *
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
| * |
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Aghul aq x.u-
| Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT |
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan | meʜemed.i-l-as | aq | x.u-ne |
| pn | pn - super - elat | down | become. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan lost to Muhammad.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +makrəm
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | +mukrəm-lə | ka | axun-u |
| pn | lose. pst - ls .3 m | to | brother( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘Ashur lost to his brother.’ | |||
Brazilian Portuguese perder
| Valency pattern: SBJ_para |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: para |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | perd-eu | para | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | lose-3 sg . pst | towards | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’ | |||
Catalan perdre
| Valency pattern: SBJ_contra |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: contra |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | va | perdre | contra | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | lose. inf | towards | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere lost to Marc.’ | ||||||
Czech prohrát
| Valency pattern: NOM_sINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | prohrá-l | s | Michal-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | with | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr lost to Michal.’ | |||
Danish tabe
| Valency pattern: SBJ_til |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | tab-te | til | Marie |
| pn | lose- pst | to | pn |
| ‘Peter lost to Marie.’ | |||
Dutch verliezen
| Valency pattern: SBJ_van |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | heeft | verlor-en | van | Marie |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | lose- ptcp | from | pn ( c ) |
| ‘Piet lost to Marie.’ | ||||
Estonian kaotama
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | kaota-s | Mareti-le |
| pn . sg . nom | lose- pst .3 sg | pn - all |
| ‘Peeter lost to Maret.’ | ||
Finnish hävitä
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | hävi-si | Mati-lle |
| pn . nom | lose- pst .3 sg | pn - all |
| ‘Pekka lost to Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets mɔtelta
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi | genka-xa-nʲiʔ | tʃasi-jʔ | mɔtelta-u |
| i | pn - dat . sg - obl . sg .1 sg | watch- nom . sg .1 sg | lose( pfv )-1 sg . so sg |
| ‘I lost my watch to Genka’. | |||
German verlieren
| Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: gegenACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | hat | gegen | Marie | verloren |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | have. prs .3 sg | against | pn [ acc . sg ] | lose. ptcp 2 |
| ‘Karl lost to Marie.’ | ||||
Italian perdere
| Valency pattern: SBJ_con |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | ha | perso | con | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | lose. pst . ptcp | with | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo lost to Maria.’ | ||||
Kazakh utïl-ïp qal
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ɣa | ut-ïl-ïp | qal-dï |
| pn | pn - dat | lose- pass - cvb | remain- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya lose to Masha.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty nŏχ pitti + PASS
| Valency pattern: NOM_LOC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | waśa-j-en-ǝn | nŏχ | pit-s-a |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg - loc | upward | fall- pst - pass [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja lost to Vasja.’ | |||
| Note: This is a passive construction. | |||
Latin vinco + PASS
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| vict-us | ergo | est | magis | etiam | consili-o | Thimistocl-i, | quam | arm-is | Graeci-ae |
| win. prf . ptcp . pass - nom . sg . m | consequently | be. prs . ind . act .3 sg | more | even | decision( n )- abl . sg | pn ( m )- gen . sg | than | weapon( n )- abl . pl | g reece( f )- gen . sg |
| ‘He was defeated even more by Themistocle’s decision than by the Greek weapons.’ | |||||||||
| Note: (Nepos. Vitae. Them. 4, 5). | |||||||||
Modern Hebrew ifsid
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | ifsid | le | Menaχem |
| pn | lose[ pst .3 sg . m ] | to | pn |
| ‘Pinchas lost to Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai pərə-
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-du | pərə-xə-ni |
| pn | pn - dat | lose- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia lost to Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh *
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
| * |
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål å tape
| Valency pattern: SBJ_mot |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mot |
| Locus: Y |
| Per | tap-te | mot | Ola |
| pn | lose- pst | towards | pn |
| ‘Per lost to Ola.’ | |||
Polish przegrać
| Valency pattern: NOM_zINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Józef | przegra-ł | z | Eugeniusz-em |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | lose: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | with | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Józef lost to Eugeniusz.’ | |||
Russian proigratʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | proigra-l | Maš-e |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- dat . sg |
| ‘Petja lost to Maša.’ | ||
Rutul jawa jišira
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul | jawa | jiši-r=a | asijet-ɨ-la |
| pn ( nom ) | weak | 1.become. pfv - cvb =be | pn - obl ( sup )- el |
| ‘Rasul lost to Asijat.’ | |||
Serbian izgubio
| Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: odGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | je | izgubi-o | od | Marij-e |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | проиграть- part . perf .М. sg | от | pn - gen . sg |
| ‘Петар проиграл Марии.’ | ||||
Shughni na-yêdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Šamil=i | as | Azima | na-yo-d |
| pn =3 sg | el | pn | neg -win- pst |
| ‘Shamil lost to Azim.’ | |||
Skolt Saami taaʹppjed
| Valency pattern: NOM_ILL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | taaʹppj-i | Märjj-a |
| pn . sg . nom | be.beaten- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . ill |
| ‘Pete lost to Maria’ | ||
Slovenian izgubiti
| Valency pattern: NOM_zINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | je | izgubi-l | s | Pavl-om |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | lose: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | with | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Peter lost to Pavel.’ | ||||
Spanish perder
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Pedro | ha | perdi-do | una | partida | de | ajedrez | con | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | lose- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . f | game[ sg . f ] | from | chess[ sg . m ] | with | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro lost a game of chess with Maria.’ | ||||||||
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. | ||||||||
Swedish att förlora
| Valency pattern: SBJ_mot |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mot |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn | förlora-de | mot | Maja |
| pn | lose- pst | against | pn |
| ‘Björn lost to Maja.’ | |||
Turkish kaybetmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Orhan-a | kaybet-ti |
| pn | pn - dat | lose- pst |
| ‘Mehmet lost to Orhan.’ | ||
Ulcha dabda-
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| təmu | ńī-n | mərgə-n=də | dabda-xa |
| underwater_world | human-3 sg | hero-3 sg = emph | lose_game- pst |
| ‘And the hero of the underwater world's people lost the game.’ | |||
| Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. This example is taken from natural texts. | |||
Zilo Andi <w>-uʁ.an
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali | muħammadi-ʔo | w-uʁ.an |
| pn [ m ][ nom ] | pn - super . lat | m -lose. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali lost to Muhammad.’ | ||