BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘lose (game)’

Argument frame: X (lose) to Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. played chess with M.) P. lost to M .
Predicate label Ru: проиграть
Argument frame Ru: X (проиграть) Y -у
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. проиграл М .

Abaza *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Adyghe tje-ḳʷe

Valency pattern: LOC.TOP_ABS
X: LOC.TOP
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pŝaŝe-r č̣ʼale-m tje-ḳʷa-ʁ
девушка- abs парень- obl loc : top -идти- pst
‘Парень проиграл девушке.’

Aghul aq x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-l-as aq x.u-ne
pn pn - super - elat down become. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost to Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +makrəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
+Ašur +mukrəm-lə ka axun-u
pn lose. pst - ls .3 m to brother( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur lost to his brother.’

Bambara cɛ̀

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù ye dùgumasara` cɛ̀ marasibɔ` lá
pn pfv . tr defeat\ art collect cards\ art in
‘Segu lost in cards.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is not overtly expressed.

Brazilian Portuguese perder

Valency pattern: SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro perd-eu para Miguel
pn ( m ) lose-3 sg . pst towards pn ( m )
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’

Catalan perdre

Valency pattern: SBJ_contra
X: SBJ
Y: contra
Locus: Y
en Pere va perdre contra en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind lose. inf towards def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere lost to Marc.’

Czech prohrát

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petr prohrá-l s Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr lost to Michal.’

Danish tabe

Valency pattern: SBJ_til
X: SBJ
Y: til
Locus: Y
Peter tab-te til Marie
pn lose- pst to pn
‘Peter lost to Marie.’

Dutch verliezen

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
Piet heeft verlor-en van Marie
pn ( c ) have.3 sg lose- ptcp from pn ( c )
‘Piet lost to Marie.’

Eastern Maninka bè

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù bára bè.
pn prf fall
‘Seku has lost.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

English lose

Valency pattern: SBJ_to
X: SBJ
Y: to
Locus: Y
Peter lost to Mary.

Estonian kaotama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter kaota-s Mareti-le
pn . sg . nom lose- pst .3 sg pn - all
‘Peeter lost to Maret.’

Finnish hävitä

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Pekka hävi-si Mati-lle
pn . nom lose- pst .3 sg pn - all
‘Pekka lost to Matti.’

Forest Enets mɔtelta

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
modʲi genka-xa-nʲiʔ tʃasi-jʔ mɔtelta-u
i pn - dat . sg - obl . sg .1 sg watch- nom . sg .1 sg lose( pfv )-1 sg . so sg
‘I lost my watch to Genka’.

French perdre

Valency pattern: SBJ_contre
X: SBJ
Y: contre
Locus: Y
Paul a perdu une partie d’ échec-s contre Michel
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg lose. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . f game( f ) of chess- pl against pn ( m )
‘Paul lost a game of chess to Michel.’

Georgian c'a-Ø-a-g-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT.SOC
X: ERG
Y: DAT.SOC
Locus: Y
p'et're-m mašo-s-tan č'adrak'-ši [tamaš-i] c'a-Ø-a-g-o
pn - erg pn - dat - pstp : soc chess- pstp : iness [game- nom ] prv :away- io 3- ver : n -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre lost to Masho at chess.’
Note: “The game” can be omitted.

German verlieren

Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC
X: NOM
Y: gegenACC
Locus: Y
Karl hat gegen Marie verloren
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg against pn [ acc . sg ] lose. ptcp 2
‘Karl lost to Marie.’

Irish caill

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Chaill sé le Mary.
pst /lose he with pn
‘He lost to Máire.’

Italian perdere

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo ha perso con Maria
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs lose. pst . ptcp with pn ( f )
‘Leo lost to Maria.’

Kalderash Romani xasarəl

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
o Murš-a xasar-ď-a la Marijk-akə
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg lose- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - dat . sg
‘Murša lost to Marijka.’

Kazakh utïl-ïp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ut-ïl-ïp qal-dï
pn pn - dat lose- pass - cvb remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lose to Masha.’

Kazym Khanty nŏχ pitti + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en-ǝn nŏχ pit-s-a
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg - loc upward fall- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost to Vasja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
da šamil-qo šaχmate-za-l iʁ-ʁa
1 sg . abs pn - cont шахматы- pl . o - dat [ i ]проиграть- pst . w
‘Я проиграл Шамилю в шахматы.’

Kina Rutul jawa jišira

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP.EL
Locus: Y
rasul jawa jiši-r=a asijet-ɨ-la
pn ( nom ) weak 1.become. pfv - cvb =be pn - obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul lost to Asijat.’

Latin vinco + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
vict-us ergo est magis etiam consili-o Thimistocl-i, quam arm-is Graeci-ae
win. prf . ptcp . pass - nom . sg . m consequently be. prs . ind . act .3 sg more even decision( n )- abl . sg pn ( m )- gen . sg than weapon( n )- abl . pl g reece( f )- gen . sg
‘He was defeated even more by Themistocle’s decision than by the Greek weapons.’
Note: (Nepos. Vitae. Them. 4, 5).

Mandarin Chinese shū

Valency pattern: SBJ_gei
X: SBJ
Y: gei
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān shū gěi le Lǐsì
pn lose for pfv pn
‘Zhangsan lost to Lisi.’

Mingrelian c'a-Ø-a-g-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC
X: ERG
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-c'k'uma c'a-Ø-a-g-u.
pn - erg pn - soc prv - do 3- ver : sup -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost to Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew ifsid

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pinχas ifsid le Menaχem
pn lose[ pst .3 sg . m ] to pn
‘Pinchas lost to Menachem.’

Nanai pərə-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-du pərə-xə-ni
pn pn - dat lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost to Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi patwes

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
am pet’a jot kasǝr-l-as-um, taw-e-n pat-we-s-um
1 sg pn com card- vbz - pst -1 sg 3 sg - obl - lat fall- pass - pst -1 sg
‘I played cards with Peter and lost to him.’
Note: This is a passive construction based on an intransitive verb.

Northern Yukaghir albǝdˈī=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt аlbǝdˈi-č
pn pn - abl lose- intr .3 sg
‘Semien lost to Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å tape

Valency pattern: SBJ_mot
X: SBJ
Y: mot
Locus: Y
Per tap-te mot Ola
pn lose- pst towards pn
‘Per lost to Ola.’

Polish przegrać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Józef przegra-ł z Eugeniusz-em
pn [ nom . sg ] lose: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] with pn - ins . sg
‘Józef lost to Eugeniusz.’

Russian proigratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet-ja proigra-l Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja lost to Maša.’

Serbian izgubiti

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Petar je izgubi-o od Marij-e
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg lose- part . perf . m . sg from.near pn - gen . sg
‘Petar lost to Maria.’

Shughni na-yêdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Šamil=i as Azima na-yo-d
pn =3 sg el pn neg -win- pst
‘Shamil lost to Azim.’

Skolt Saami taaʹppjed

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peâtt taaʹppj-i Märjj-a
pn . sg . nom be.beaten- pst .3 sg pn - sg . ill
‘Pete lost to Maria’

Slovak prehrať

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Peter prehra-l nad Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] over pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter lost to Marek.’

Slovenian izgubiti

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Peter je izgubi-l s Pavl-om
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg lose: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] with pn - ins . sg
‘Peter lost to Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish dor̂andin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa be Sirwan=î dor̂and-Ø
pn to pn =3 sg . pc lose. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa lost to Sirwan.’

Spanish perder

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pedro ha perdi-do una partida de ajedrez con María
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg lose- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . f game[ sg . f ] from chess[ sg . m ] with pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro lost a game of chess with Maria.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Swedish att förlora

Valency pattern: SBJ_mot
X: SBJ
Y: mot
Locus: Y
Björn förlora-de mot Maja
pn lose- pst against pn
‘Björn lost to Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-talo si Pedro kay Miguel
potpv . pfv -lose pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

Telugu ōḍipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō ōḍipōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com be_defeated. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost to Mahesh.’

Turkish kaybetmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a kaybet-ti
pn pn - dat lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost to Orhan.’

Ulcha dabda-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
təmu ńī-n mərgə-n=də dabda-xa
underwater_world human-3 sg hero-3 sg = emph lose_game- pst
‘And the hero of the underwater world's people lost the game.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek yutqazmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ga yutqaz-di
pn pn - dat lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost to Maša.’

West Central Oromo moʔa + PASS

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
obsaa-n tolaa-ɗaan moʔ-am-e
pn - nom pn - ins win- pass -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa lost to Tola.’

Zilo Andi <w>-uʁ.an

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ali muħammadi-ʔo w-uʁ.an
pn [ m ][ nom ] pn - super . lat m -lose. pst ( aor )
‘Ali lost to Muhammad.’