‘lose (game)’
Argument frame: |
X
(lose) to
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. played chess with M.)
P.
lost to
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
проиграть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(проиграть)
Y
-у
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. играл с М. в шахматы).
П.
проиграл
М
.
|
Abaza
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
tje-ḳʷe
Valency pattern:
LOC.TOP_ABS
|
X: LOC.TOP |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
tje-ḳʷa-ʁ |
girl-
abs
|
guy-
obl
|
loc
:
top
-go-
pst
|
‘The guy lost to the girl.’ |
Aghul
aq x.u-
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.ELAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER.ELAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
meʜemed.i-l-as |
aq |
x.u-ne |
pn
|
pn
-
super
-
elat
|
down
|
become.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan lost to Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
uduzmiş xhiyic
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
terlan |
rasul-iz |
uduzmiş |
xhiy-id |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
lose
|
be.
pfv
-
aor
.
m
|
‘Terlan lost to Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Archi
o-qːʼˁas
Valency pattern:
NOM_COMP
|
X: NOM |
Y: COMP |
Locus: Y |
paša |
marin-ni-χur |
uqːʼˁa |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
comp
|
1.lose.
pfv
|
‘Pasha lost to Marina.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+makrəm
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ka |
Locus: Y |
+Ašur |
+mukrəm-lə |
ka |
axun-u |
pn
|
lose.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
to
|
brother(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘Ashur lost to his brother.’ |
Avar
q’eze
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUBEL
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUBEL |
Locus: Y |
ʕali |
q’-una |
aħmad-i-ƛ’a |
pn
|
lose-
ipf
|
pn
-
obl
-
subel
|
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’ |
Azerbaijani
uduzmaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: Y |
Aslan |
Rǝsul-a |
uduz-du |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
lat
|
lose-
pst
(3)
|
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’ |
Bafut
wó
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mbo
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mbo |
Locus: Y |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
lɨ́ |
wó |
m̀bô |
sùù |
pn
|
sm
|
p
1
|
fail
|
for
|
pn
|
‘Ambe lost to Suh.’ |
Bambara
cɛ̀
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
ye |
dùgumasara` |
cɛ̀ |
marasibɔ` |
lá |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
defeat\
art
|
collect
|
cards\
art
|
in
|
‘Segu lost in cards.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is not overtly expressed. |
Brazilian Portuguese
perder
Valency pattern:
SBJ_para
|
X: SBJ |
Y: para |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
perd-eu |
para |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
lose-3
sg
.
pst
|
towards
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’ |
Budugh
uduzmi yıxhar
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
rosul-uz |
uduzmi |
saxha-ci |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
losing
|
(
m
)be.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Catalan
perdre
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
|
X: SBJ |
Y: contra |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
va |
perdre |
contra |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
lose.
inf
|
towards
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere lost to Marc.’ |
Chirag
pas b-uχi
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
ʡa̰le |
rasul-l-i |
pas |
uχ-ub |
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
lose
|
(
m
.
sg
)become:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
‘Ali lost to Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Czech
prohrát
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
prohrá-l |
s |
Michal-em |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petr lost to Michal.’ |
Danish
tabe
Valency pattern:
SBJ_til
|
X: SBJ |
Y: til |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
tab-te |
til |
Marie |
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
to
|
pn
|
‘Peter lost to Marie.’ |
Dutch
verliezen
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
X: SBJ |
Y: van |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
heeft |
verlor-en |
van |
Marie |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
lose-
ptcp
|
from
|
pn
(
c
)
|
‘Piet lost to Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bè
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
bára |
bè. |
pn
|
prf
|
fall
|
‘Seku has lost.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. |
English
lose
Valency pattern:
SBJ_to
|
X: SBJ |
Y: to |
Locus: Y |
Estonian
kaotama
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ALL |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
kaota-s |
Mareti-le |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
all
|
‘Peeter lost to Maret.’ |
Finnish
hävitä
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ALL |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
hävi-si |
Mati-lle |
pn
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
all
|
‘Pekka lost to Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
mɔtelta
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
genka-xa-nʲiʔ |
tʃasi-jʔ |
mɔtelta-u |
i
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.1
sg
|
watch-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
lose(
pfv
)-1
sg
.
so
sg
|
‘I lost my watch to Genka’. |
French
perdre
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contre
|
X: SBJ |
Y: contre |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
a |
perdu |
une |
partie |
d’ |
échec-s |
contre |
Michel |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
game(
f
)
|
of
|
chess-
pl
|
against
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Paul lost a game of chess to Michel.’ |
Georgian
c'a-Ø-a-g-eb-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT.SOC |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-m |
mašo-s-tan |
č'adrak'-ši |
[tamaš-i] |
c'a-Ø-a-g-o |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
-
pstp
:
soc
|
chess-
pstp
:
iness
|
[game-
nom
]
|
prv
:away-
io
3-
ver
:
n
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre lost to Masho at chess.’ |
Note: “The game” can be omitted. |
German
verlieren
Valency pattern:
NOM_gegenACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: gegenACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
hat |
gegen |
Marie |
verloren |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
against
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lose.
ptcp
2
|
‘Karl lost to Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
yée pɛ́li
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Pépèe |
yée |
àa |
pɛ́li |
Hèhee |
ɓà |
pn
|
hand
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
be_able
|
pn
|
on1
|
‘Hehee lost to Pepee.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Icari Dargwa
gu=w=w=ih-araj
Valency pattern:
ABS_ELAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: ELAT |
Locus: Y |
Islam |
Nadir-ri-r |
gu=w=w=ih-ub |
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
obl
-
elat
|
sub
=
ess
=
m
=be-
aor
|
‘Islam lost to Nadir.’ |
Irish
caill
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Chaill |
sé |
le |
Mary. |
pst
/lose
|
he
|
with
|
pn
|
‘He lost to Máire.’ |
Italian
perdere
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
ha |
perso |
con |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo lost to Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
č'ur-CL-uh-es / č'ur-CL-ur-es
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
meħamad |
č'ur-0-uh-ub |
rasu-j-s |
pn
|
lose-
m
-become.
pfv
-
pret
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
‘Muhammad lost to Rasul.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xasarəl
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
xasar-ď-a |
la |
Marijk-akə |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
lose-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Murša lost to Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
maˁhˁame.da-z |
proigrat |
ʁa-x-nu |
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
dat
|
lose
|
pf
-(
h
.
sg
)become-
pst
|
‘Rasul lost Mahamad.’ |
Karata
beʁanɬa
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT
|
X: NOM |
Y: CONT |
Locus: Y |
ʕali |
aħmat’-i-č’o |
w-oʁ-an |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
cont
|
m
-lose-
pf
|
‘Ali lost to Ahmat.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
kalgana
Valency pattern:
NOM_ANTEL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ANTEL |
Locus: Y |
petja |
miša-sar |
kalg-un |
pn
|
pn
-
antel
|
remain.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Petja lost to Misha.’ |
Kazakh
utïl-ïp qal
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ɣa |
ut-ïl-ïp |
qal-dï |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
lose-
pass
-
cvb
|
remain-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya lose to Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
nŏχ pitti + PASS
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-en-ǝn |
nŏχ |
pit-s-a |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
loc
|
upward
|
fall-
pst
-
pass
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja lost to Vasja.’ |
Note: This is a passive construction. |
Khoekhoe
ǂnai
Valency pattern:
SBJ_!oa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: !aoa |
Locus: Y |
Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s |
ǃoa |
go |
ǂnai |
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
to
|
rpst
|
lose
|
‘Peter lost to Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
j/iʁʷa
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
|
X: ABS |
Y: CONT |
Locus: Y |
da |
šamil-qo |
šaχmate-za-l |
iʁ-ʁa |
1
sg
.
abs
|
pn
-
cont
|
chess-
pl
.
o
-
dat
|
[
i
]lose-
pst
.
w
|
‘I lost to Shamil at chess.’ |
Kina Rutul
jawa jišira
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP.EL |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
jawa |
jiši-r=a |
asijet-ɨ-la |
pn
(
nom
)
|
weak
|
1.become.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
‘Rasul lost to Asijat.’ |
Kumyk
utulmaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
basir |
musa-ʁa |
ut-ul-d-u |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
win-
pass
-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Basir lost to Musa.’ |
Latin
vinco + PASS
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
vict-us |
ergo |
est |
magis |
etiam |
consili-o |
Thimistocl-i, |
quam |
arm-is |
Graeci-ae |
win.
prf
.
ptcp
.
pass
-
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
consequently
|
be.
prs
.
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
more
|
even
|
decision(
n
)-
abl
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
than
|
weapon(
n
)-
abl
.
pl
|
g
reece(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘He was defeated even more by Themistocle’s decision than by the Greek weapons.’ |
Note: (Nepos. Vitae. Them. 4, 5). |
Laz
o-ǯg-in-u
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Käzim-i |
Fatma-s |
ge-Ø-i-ǯg-in-u |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-be_better-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Käzim lost to Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
shū
Valency pattern:
SBJ_gei
|
X: SBJ |
Y: gei |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
shū |
gěi |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
lose
|
for
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan lost to Lisi.’ |
Mano
kɔ̀ bɛ̀ī
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ī |
kɔ̀ |
ē |
bɛ̀ī |
ŋ̄ |
mɔ̀ |
2
sg
|
arm
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
be.able
|
1
sg
|
on
|
‘I lost to you.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.ESS
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.ESS |
Locus: Y |
Islam |
durʡaˤ |
uh-ub |
Nadir-li-če-w |
pn
|
losing
|
m
.become:
pfv
-
aor
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
-
m
(
ess
)
|
‘Islam lost to Nadir.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Mingrelian
c'a-Ø-a-g-en-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_SOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: SOC |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
anučia-c'k'uma |
c'a-Ø-a-g-u |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
|
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
sup
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo lost to Anuchia.’ |
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
ifsid
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
ifsid |
le |
Menaχem |
pn
|
lose[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas lost to Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
gergın
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
murad |
gergı-ri |
pn
|
m
.lose.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad lost.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. |
Nanai
pərə-
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
Maša-du |
pərə-xə-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
lose-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia lost to Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
bituruƛa
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
pataħi |
w-ut-ari |
musa-gune |
pn
|
m
-lose-
aor
|
pn
-
el
|
‘Patahi lost to Musa.’ |
Northern Mansi
patwes
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
am |
pet’a |
jot |
kasǝr-l-as-um, |
taw-e-n |
pat-we-s-um |
1
sg
|
pn
|
com
|
card-
vbz
-
pst
-1
sg
|
3
sg
-
obl
-
lat
|
fall-
pass
-
pst
-1
sg
|
‘I played cards with Peter and lost to him.’ |
Note: This is a passive construction based on an intransitive verb. |
Northern Yukaghir
albǝdˈī=
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt |
аlbǝdˈi-č |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
lose-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien lost to Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å tape
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mot
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mot |
Locus: Y |
Per |
tap-te |
mot |
Ola |
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
towards
|
pn
|
‘Per lost to Ola.’ |
Polish
przegrać
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
Józef |
przegra-ł |
z |
Eugeniusz-em |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Józef lost to Eugeniusz.’ |
Russian
proigratʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
proigra-l |
Maš-e |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petja lost to Maša.’ |
Serbian
izgubiti
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: odGEN |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
je |
izgubi-o |
od |
Marij-e |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
lose-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
from.near
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petar lost to Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
aa gjarkɨ-n
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
basir |
aa |
gjarkɨ-r |
karam-ɨla |
pn
|
low
|
m
.stay_under.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
el
|
‘Basir lost to Karam.’ |
Shughni
na-yêdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
Šamil=i |
as |
Azima |
na-yo-d |
pn
=3
sg
|
el
|
pn
|
neg
-win-
pst
|
‘Shamil lost to Azim.’ |
Skolt Saami
taaʹppjed
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
taaʹppj-i |
Märjj-a |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.beaten-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
ill
|
‘Pete lost to Maria’ |
Slovak
prehrať
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: nadINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
prehra-l |
nad |
Mark-om |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
over
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter lost to Marek.’ |
Slovenian
izgubiti
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
je |
izgubi-l |
s |
Pavl-om |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
lose:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter lost to Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
dor̂andin
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_be
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
be |
Sirwan=î |
dor̂and-Ø |
pn
|
to
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
lose.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa lost to Sirwan.’ |
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. |
Southern Rutul
aˤcuˤz yişin
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
murad |
aydın-ı-s |
aˤcuˤz |
yişi-r |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
weak
|
m
.be.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad lost to Aydin.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
perder
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Pedro |
ha |
perdi-do |
una |
partida |
de |
ajedrez |
con |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
lose-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
game[
sg
.
f
]
|
from
|
chess[
sg
.
m
]
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro lost a game of chess with Maria.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Standard Arabic
ḫasira
Valency pattern:
NOM_maaGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: maaGEN |
Locus: Y |
Aḥmad-u |
ḫasira |
maʕa |
Muḥammad-in |
pn
-
nom
|
lose.
pf
.3
m
|
with
|
pn
-
gen
|
‘Ahmad lost to Muhammad.’ |
Svan
deš x-ä-c'r-e (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
maizer-Ø |
gegi-s |
deš |
a-x-c'ind-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
neg
.
pot
|
prv
:
dist
-
io
3-win-
pst
|
‘Maizer failed to win against Gegi.’ |
Note: CV. There is no dedicated lexical item meaning ‘lose (a game).’ |
Swedish
att förlora
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mot
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mot |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
förlora-de |
mot |
Maja |
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
against
|
pn
|
‘Björn lost to Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
na-talo |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
<
pfv
>
stem
-lose[
av
]
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’ |
Telugu
ōḍipōvu
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
ōḍipōyāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
be_defeated.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen lost to Mahesh.’ |
Tsakhur
avur aхviy
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPEREL
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPEREL |
Locus: Y |
aˁli |
ehmed-ıle |
avu-r |
aхu |
pn
|
pn
-
superel
|
under-
h
|
(
m
)stay.
pf
|
‘Murad lost to Ahmed.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
gub ha-b-ič-iz/ha-b-irč-iz
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.ABL2
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.ABL2 |
Locus: Y |
uršːi |
gu-wa |
w-ajč-ib |
juldaš-li-jа-kar |
boy
|
sub
-
m
.
lat
|
m
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
friend-
obl
-
super
-
abl
2
|
‘The boy lost to his friend.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
gu-b-b-iχ-i / gu-b-b-irχ-i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB.ESS
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUB.ESS |
Locus: Y |
durħaˤ |
tatːi-gu-w |
gu-w-w-iχ-ub |
boy
|
father-
sub
-
m
.
ess
|
sub
-
m
.
ess
-
m
-be.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The boy lost to his father.’ |
Turkish
kaybetmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-a |
kaybet-ti |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
lose-
pst
|
‘Mehmet lost to Orhan.’ |
Turoyo
xoṣər
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7am
|
X: SBJ.SS |
Y: 7am |
Locus: Y |
Šabo |
xaṣər |
ʕam |
i |
Maryam |
pn
|
lose.
pfv
.3
m
|
with
|
art
.
f
|
pn
|
‘Shabo lost to Maryam.’ |
Twi
di nkoguo
Valency pattern:
SBJ_wo
|
X: SBJ |
Y: wo |
Locus: Y |
Kofi |
di-i |
nkoguo |
wᴐ |
nanabarima |
pn
|
handle-
pst
|
failure
|
at<have(3
sg
.
prs
)
|
grandfather
|
‘Kofi lost to grandfather.’ |
Note: CV |
Ulcha
dabda-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
təmu |
ńī-n |
mərgə-n=də |
dabda-xa |
underwater_world
|
human-3
sg
|
hero-3
sg
=
emph
|
lose_game-
pst
|
‘And the hero of the underwater world's people lost the game.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
yutqazmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ga |
yutqaz-di |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja lost to Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
moʔa + PASS
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
tolaa-ɗaan |
moʔ-am-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
ins
|
win-
pass
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa lost to Tola.’ |
Wolof
ñàkk
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ak
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ak |
Locus: Y |
dama |
damyée |
ak |
Omar |
ak |
Sàmba |
ma |
gañe |
Omar |
wantee |
ma |
ñàkk |
ak |
Sàmba |
f
oc
v
.s
i
:1
sg
|
play.checkers
|
with
|
pn
|
and
|
pn
|
s
i
:1
sg
|
beat
|
pn
|
but
|
s
i
:1
sg
|
lose
|
and
|
pn
|
‘I played checkers with Omar and Sàmba, I beat Omar but I lost to Sàmba.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Sahib |
Eldar-a-z |
meǧlub |
xha-na |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
defeated
|
become.
pfv
-
aor
|
‘Sahib lost to Eldar.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_vera.PSTP.de.PSTP
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: vera.PSTP.de.PSTP |
Locus: Y |
oxɨr-i |
vɛra=ajɛ=də |
vindi |
kɛrd |
pn
-
m
.
obl
|
front.from=3
sg
.
f
.
obl
=at
|
lost
|
do.
pst
|
‘Oxir lost to her.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-uʁ.an
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
muħammadi-ʔo |
w-uʁ.an |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
m
-lose.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali lost to Muhammad.’ |