‘punish’
Argument frame: |
X
(punish)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P.’s son was misbehaving.)
P.
punished
his son
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
наказывать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(наказывать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Сын П. плохо себя вел)
П.
наказал
своего сына
.
|
Abaza
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
tjezər tje-λhe
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOC.TOP
|
X: ERG |
Y: LOC.TOP |
Locus: Y |
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m |
č̣ʼale-m |
tjezər |
tr-jə-λha-ʁ |
teacher-
obl
|
guy-
obl
|
punishment(
abs
)
|
loc
:
top
-3
sg
.
erg
-put-
pst
|
‘The teacher punished the guy.’ |
Aghul
nakːazat q’.u-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
uč.i-n |
gada |
nakːazat |
q’.u-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
self-
gen
|
son
|
<punish>
|
do.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan punished his son.’ |
Alik Kryz
cazalandirmiş ar-ic
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
terlan-ir |
ug |
gada |
cazalandirmiş |
ar-id |
pn
-
erg
|
refl
.
m
(
gen
)
|
boy
|
punish
|
do.
pf
-
aor
.
m
|
‘Terlan punished his son.’ |
Archi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
zari |
un |
nakazat |
u-w-li |
i
.
erg
|
you.
sg
(
nom
)
|
punish[
r
]
|
do.
pfv
-1-
cvb
.
evid
|
‘Я наказал тебя.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+savər
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ka |
Locus: Y |
baxta |
+suvər-ra |
ka |
brat-o |
woman(
f
)
|
swear.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
to
|
girl(
f
)-
p
.3
f
|
‘The woman punished her daughter.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Arguably, the translation is not very accurate. +taləm 'to punish' seems to belong to the same class. |
Azerbaijani
cəzalandırmaq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Aslan |
oğlu-nu |
cǝzalan-dır-dı |
pn
|
son.
pos
3-
acc
|
be_punished-
caus
-
pst
(3)
|
‘Aslan punished his son.’ |
Bambara
ɲàngi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
à |
dén` |
ɲàngi |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
3
sg
|
child\
art
|
punish
|
‘Seku punished his child.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
castigar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
castig-ou |
seu |
filho |
pn
(
m
)
|
punish-3
sg
.
pst
|
poss
.3.
m
|
son(
m
)
|
‘Pedro punished his son.’ |
Catalan
castigar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
castig-ar |
el |
seu |
fill |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
punish-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
poss
.3.
m
.
sg
|
son(
m
)
|
‘Pere punished his son.’ |
Czech
potrestat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
potresta-l |
syn-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
punish(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr punished his son.’ |
Danish
straffe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
straffe-de |
sin |
søn |
pn
|
punish-
pst
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
son(
c
)
|
‘Peter punished his son.’ |
Dutch
straffen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
zijn |
zoon |
ge-straf-t |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
poss
.
c
.3
sg
|
son(
c
)
|
ptcp
-punish-
ptcp
|
‘Piet punished his son.’ |
Eastern Maninka
látɔn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
bára |
kó` |
látɔn |
à |
dén` |
ná |
pn
|
prf
|
matter\
art
|
punish
|
3
sg
|
child\
art
|
at
|
‘Seku has punished his child.’ |
English
punish
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
karistama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
karista-b |
oma |
poega |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
punish-
pst
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
son.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter punished his son.’ |
Finnish
rangaista
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
rankais-i |
poika-a-nsa |
pn
.
nom
|
punish-
pst
.3
sg
|
son-
part
-
poss
.3
sg
|
‘Pekka punished his son.’ |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
punir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
sévèrement |
puni |
son |
fils |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
severely
|
punish.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
one’s.3
sg
.
m
|
son(
m
)
|
‘Paul severely punished his son.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-saǯ-av-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
važ-i |
da-Ø-saǯ-a |
pn
-
erg
|
son-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-punish-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre punished his son.’ |
German
bestrafen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
bestraf-t |
sein-en |
Sohn |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
punish-
prs
.3
sg
|
his-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
son[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is punishing his son.’ |
Icari Dargwa
AGR=ит-иб
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Islam-il |
durħu |
w=it-ib |
pn
-
erg
|
boy.
abs
|
m
=beat:
pf
-
aor
|
‘Islam beat his son.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Irish
cuir piniós
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ar |
Locus: Y |
Chuir |
Pól |
piniós |
air |
a |
mhac. |
pst
/put
|
pn
|
punishment
|
on
|
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
son
|
‘Pól punished his son.’ |
Italian
punire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
punito |
su-o |
figli-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
punish.
pst
.
ptcp
|
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
m
|
son-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo punished his son.’ |
Kalderash Romani
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Kazakh
žaza- ber
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
özіm-nіŋ |
ul-ï-ɣa |
žaza-sï-n |
ber-dі |
pn
|
one’s-
gen
|
son-
poss
3-
dat
|
punishment-
poss
3-
acc
|
give-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya punished his son.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
aś-eλ |
pǒχ-ǝλ |
λǒst-ǝs-λe |
father-
poss
.3
sg
|
son-
poss
.3
sg
|
slap-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
‘Petja slapped his son.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Khwarshi
j/ajƛ'a
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.LAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: CONT.LAT |
Locus: Y |
obu |
ajƛ-ƛa |
uža-qo-l |
father(
i
)
|
[
i
]scorch-
pst
.
w
|
son(
i
)-
cont
-
lat
|
‘Father scorched his son.’ |
Kina Rutul
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Kumyk
taqsɨrlamaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
mahammat |
jaš-in-a |
taqsɨr-la-ʁan |
pn
|
child-3
sg
-
dat
|
guilt-
vblz
-
pf
|
‘Muhammad punished his son.’ |
Latin
punio
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(August-us) |
adulter-os |
mort-e |
aut |
fug-a |
puni-v-it |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lover(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
death(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
or
|
exile(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
punish-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
‘(Augustus) punished the lovers with death or exile.’ |
Note: (Tac. Ann. III, 24) |
Laz
o-beǯγ-u
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Käzim-i-k |
be(r)e-muš-i-s |
Ø-u-beǯγ-am-s. |
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
child-
poss
3-
b
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-shout_loudly-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Käzim is loudly shouting at (his) child.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
chéngfá
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
chéngfá |
le |
tā-de |
érzi |
pn
|
punish
|
pfv
|
he-
de
|
son
|
‘Zhangsan punished his son.’ |
Mano
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Mingrelian
k'in-Ø-a-nčkol-an-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
sk'ua-Ø |
ku-k'n-Ø-a-nčkol-(u) |
pn
-
erg
|
child-
dat
|
aff
-
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-place-(
s
3
sg
.
pst
)
|
‘Chelo put (his) son in the corner.’ |
Note: 1. The meaning ‘in the corner’ is expressed by the preverb k'[i]n[o]-. 2. An alternative predicate is k'untxu-s ki-mk'-a-xvil-u [corner-DAT AFF-PRV-FACT-arrest-S3SG.PST] ‘[Chelo] arrested [(his) son by placing him] in the corner.’ |
Modern Hebrew
heenish
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
heenish |
et |
ha |
ben |
ʃel-o |
pn
|
punish[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
son
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
‘Pinchas punished his son.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
taˤmbuˤh vıʔın
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
murad-a |
džuˤ-dı |
duχarı-s |
taˤmbuˤh |
vıʔı-ri |
pn
-
erg
|
refl
.
h
.
obl
-
gen
|
son.
obl
-
dat
|
punishment(
a
)
|
a
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad punished his son.’ |
Nanai
kəsuli-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
piktə-i |
kəsu.li-xə-ni |
pn
|
child-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
punish.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia punished his son.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
čǝlˈwǝrǝj=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
tudǝ |
uo-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
čǝlˈwǝ-rǝ-j-m |
pn
|
poss
.3
|
child-
acc
|
aff
|
get_bitter_experience-
caus
-
pf
-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien punished his son.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å straffe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
straffe-t |
sønn-en |
sin |
pn
|
punish-
pst
|
son-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
poss
.
refl
.
m
.
sg
|
‘Per punished his son.’ |
Polish
ukarać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Andrzej |
ukara-ł |
sw-ego |
syn-a |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
punish:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
one’s_own-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Andrzej punished his son.’ |
Russian
nakazatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
nakaza-l |
svo-ego |
syn-a |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
punish(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
one’s-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja punished his son.’ |
Serbian
kazniti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
kazni-o |
sv-og |
sin-a |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
punish-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
one’s-
acc
.
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar punished his son.’ |
Shughni
kud δêdow1
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim=i |
xu |
puc |
kud |
δod |
pn
=3
sg
|
refl
|
son
|
dog
|
give.
pst
|
‘Azim punished his son.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovak
potrestať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
potresta-l |
svoj-ho |
syn-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
punish(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
one's-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter punished his son.’ |
Slovenian
kaznovati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
kaznova-l |
sin-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
punish:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter punished his.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
siza dan
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
kur̂-eke=î |
siza |
da-Ø |
pn
|
boy-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
punishment
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa punished his son.’ |
Southern Rutul
ceza vın
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
did-e |
duxarı-s |
ceza |
vı-r |
father-
erg
|
son.
pl
.
obl
-
dat
|
punishment
|
give.
pf
-
indic
|
‘Father punished his son.’ |
Spanish
castigar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
castiga-do |
a |
su |
hijo |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
punish-
ptcp
:
prf
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
one’s[
sg
]
|
son[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro punished his son.’ |
Svan
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
|
|
|
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Swedish
att straffa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
straffa-de |
sin |
son |
pn
|
punish-
pst
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
son
|
‘Björn punished his son.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
P<in>arusah-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
anak |
<
pv
>
pfv
-punish-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
son
|
‘Pedro punished his son.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
šikṣiṁcu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
tana |
koḍuku-ni |
šikṣiṁcāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
own
|
son(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
punish.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen punished his son.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-ebg-i / b-ubg-i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
zumra-li |
durħaˤ |
w-ebg-ub |
neighbor-
erg
|
boy
|
m
-beat.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The neighbor punished his son.’ |
Turkish
cezalandırmak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
oğl-u-nu |
cezalandır-dı |
pn
|
son-
p
.3-
acc
|
punish-
pst
|
‘Mehmet punished his son.’ |
Ulcha
gosila-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ami-ni |
mə̄n |
piktə-ji |
ńī-ǯi |
sori-n |
turgun-dulə-ni |
gosla-xa-ni |
father-3
sg
|
self
|
child-
refl
.
sg
|
person-
ins
|
fight-3
sg
|
cause-
loc
-3
sg
|
criticize-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father scolded his son for a fight with other people.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Uzbek
žazolamoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
o’ɣl-i-ni |
žazola-di |
pn
|
son-
poss
.3
sg
-
acc
|
punish-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja punished his son.’ |
West Central Oromo
adaba
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
nam-ittʃ-i |
mutʃ'aa |
isaa |
adab-e |
man-
def
-
nom
|
son.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
|
punish-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘The man punished his son.’ |
Zilo Andi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |