‘love (tea)’
| Argument frame: |
X
(love)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
loves
tea
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
любить#чай#
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(любить)
Y
(чай/яблоки)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
любит
чай
.
|
Abaza
bzəj ba
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| zaréma |
č’aj |
bzəj |
jə-l-b-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
tea
|
good
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-see-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Zarema loves tea.’ |
Adyghe
jə-č̣ʼese
|
Valency pattern:
POSS_ABS
|
| X: POSS |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| pŝaŝe-m |
čʼajə-r |
jə-č̣ʼas |
|
девушка-
obl
|
чай-
abs
|
3
sg
.
pr
+
poss
-любимый
|
| ‘Девушка любит чай.’ |
Aghul
kːan-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
čaj |
kːan-e-f-e |
|
pn
-
dat
|
tea
|
love-
ptcp
-
nmlz
-
cop
|
| ‘Aslan loves tea.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
xoš atə
|
Valency pattern:
BARE_men
|
| X: BARE |
| Y: men |
| Locus: XY |
| ayyé |
baxta |
xoš-o |
bitay=əla |
mən |
+čay |
|
dem
3.
f
|
woman(
f
)
|
happiness(
f
)-
p
.3
f
|
come.
prog
=3
f
|
from
|
tea(
m
)
|
| ‘This woman loves tea.’ |
Bambara
bɛ́/tɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fe
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fe |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɛ́ |
wòro` |
fɛ̀ |
|
pn
|
be
|
cola_nuts\
art
|
by
|
| ‘Seku likes cola nuts.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
adorar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ador-a |
chá |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
|
tea(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro loves tea.’ |
Catalan
agradar
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| al |
Pere |
li |
agrad-a |
el |
te |
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dat
.3
sg
|
like-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
tea(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere loves tea.’ |
Czech
mít rád
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
má |
rád |
čaj |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
glad
|
tea(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr loves tea.’ |
Danish
elske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
elske-r |
te |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
tea(
c
).
sg
|
| ‘Peter loves tea.’ |
Dutch
houden
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
houd-t |
van |
thee |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
love-3
sg
|
from
|
tea(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet loves tea.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dúman
|
Valency pattern:
nye_SBJ
|
| X: nye |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Tɛ́` |
dúman |
Sékù |
ɲɛ́. |
|
tea\
art
|
pleasant
|
pn
|
before
|
| ‘Seku loves tea.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predication. |
English
love
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
armastama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
armasta-b |
tee-d |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
tea-
part
|
| ‘Peeter loves tea.’ |
Finnish
pitää
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
pit-ää |
tee-stä |
|
pn
.
nom
|
like-
prs
.3
sg
|
tee-
ela
|
| ‘Pekka loves tea.’ |
Forest Enets
kɔmita
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
kare |
kɔmita |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
fish
|
like(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend likes fish’. |
French
aimer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
aime |
les |
pomme-s |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
like.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
pl
|
apple(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Paul loves apples.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-q'var-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
Ø-u-q'var-s |
čai-Ø |
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-love-
s
3
sg
|
tea-
nom
|
| ‘Petre loves tea.’ |
German
lieben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
lieb-t |
Tee |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
tea[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl loves tea.’ |
Irish
is breá
|
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
| X: le |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Is |
breá |
le |
Pól |
tae. |
|
cop
.
prs
|
pleasant
|
with
|
pn
|
tea
|
| ‘Pól loves tea.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
piacere
|
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
| X: a |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Leo |
piac-e |
il |
tè |
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
like-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
tea.
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo loves tea.’ |
Kalderash Romani
plaćal
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| le |
Murš-as |
plaća-n |
le |
phab-a |
|
art
.
m
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
like-
prs
.3
pl
|
art
.
pl
|
apple-
nom
.
pl
|
| ‘Murša loves apples.’ |
Kazakh
žaqsï kör
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
šay-dï |
žaqsï |
kör-edі |
|
pn
|
tea-
acc
|
good
|
see-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya loves tea.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| di-l |
c'aq' |
go:qa |
k'ora |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
dat
|
очень
|
любить\
gnt
|
сыр
|
| ‘Я очень люблю сыр.’ |
Kina Rutul
qɨgara
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s |
q-ɨga-r=a |
čej |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
re
-4.love.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
tea(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul loves tea.’ |
Latin
amo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Bacch-us |
ama-t |
flor-es |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
love[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
flower(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Bacchus loves the flowers.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Fasti. V, 345) |
Mandarin Chinese
xǐ'ài
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
xǐ'ài |
chá |
|
pn
|
love
|
tea
|
| ‘Zhangsan loves tea.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
čai-Ø |
Ø-u-ʔor-s. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
tea-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-love-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo loves tea.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ohev
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ohev |
te |
|
pn
|
love[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
tea
|
| ‘Pinchas loves tea.’ |
Nanai
uləsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
čaj-wa |
uləsi-ni |
|
pn
|
tea-
obl
|
love.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia loves tea.’ |
Nivkh
ezmud
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
cʰaj |
+ |
smо-d |
|
pn
|
tea
|
+
|
like-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik loves tea.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
amуdˈī=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ilǝ |
sаmnаldаŋnˈǝ-lǝ |
mǝr |
аmudˈī-m |
|
deer
|
mushroom-
acc
|
aff
|
like-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘The deer likes mushrooms.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å elske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
elske-r |
te |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
tea
|
| ‘Per loves tea.’ |
Polish
lubić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Michał |
lubi |
herbat-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
tea-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Michał loves tea.’ |
Russian
ljubitʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
ljub-it |
čaj |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
love(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
tea(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja loves tea.’ |
Serbian
voleti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
voli |
čaj |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
like.
prs
.3
sg
|
tea.
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar loves tea.’ |
Shughni
žīwǰdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i |
čoy |
žīwǰ |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
tea
|
love
|
| ‘Azim loves tea.’ |
Skolt Saami
tuʹǩǩeed
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
tuʹǩǩad |
čee-st |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
like.
prs
.3
sg
|
tea-
sg
.
loc
|
| ‘Pete likes tea.’ |
Slovak
mať rád
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
má |
rád |
čaj |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
glad
|
tea(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter loves tea.’ |
Slovenian
imeti rad
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
ima |
rad-a |
čaj |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
have:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
happy-
f
.
sg
|
tea[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Ana loves tea.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ḧez lêbûn
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: le |
| Locus: XY |
| Hîwa |
ḧez=î |
zor |
le |
ça-ye |
|
pn
|
joy=3
sg
.
pc
|
very
|
from
|
tea-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa loves tea.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
gustar
|
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
| X: NDIR.OBJ |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Pedro |
le |
gust-a |
el |
té |
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
like-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
tea[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro loves tea.’ |
Swedish
att älska
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
älska-r |
te |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
tea
|
| ‘Björn loves tea.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
| X: UND |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Mahilig |
sa |
tsaa |
si |
Pedro |
|
like
|
dat
|
tea
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro loves tea’ |
| Note: RG suggested to align this structure with the PV constructions (hence, ‘Pedro’ is viewed as an UND). RG: I am actually now thinking if the ma- should be considered as STATPV in non-realis perfective (which supports the PV alignment).” |
Telugu
iṣṭamu + COP
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ante
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ante |
| Locus: XY |
| pravīṇ-ki |
ṭī |
aṁṭē |
iṣṭamu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
tea(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_is
|
liking(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Praveen loves tea.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
sevmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
çay |
sev-er |
|
pn
|
tea
|
love-
aor
|
| ‘Mehmet loves tea.’ |
Ulcha
uləsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
čaj-wa |
uləs-i-ni |
|
father
|
tea-
acc
|
love-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father loves tea.’ |
Uzbek
yaxši qormoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
čoy |
yaxši |
qor-a-di |
|
pn
|
tea
|
well
|
see-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja loves tea.’ |
West Central Oromo
dʒaallata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
ʃaajii |
dʒaallat-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
tea.
abs
|
love-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa loves tea.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒiʔ.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pat’imati-<b>o |
dʒiʔ.i-r |
tʃaj |
|
pn
-
aff
<
inan
1>
|
like.
pst
-
prog
|
tea[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat likes tea.’ |
