BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘love (tea)’

Argument frame:

X (love) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. loves tea .

Predicate label Ru:

любить#чай#

Argument frame Ru:

X (любить) Y (чай/яблоки)

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. любит чай .

Abaza bzəj ba

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

zaréma	č’aj	bzəj	jə-l-b-ə́j-d
pn	tea	good	3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . f . erg -see- prs - dcl
‘Zarema loves tea.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) jə-č̣ʼese

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS

X: POSS

Y: ABS

Locus: X

pŝaŝe-m	čʼajə-r	jə-č̣ʼas
girl- obl	tea- abs	3 sg . pr + poss -favourite
‘The girl loves tea.’

Aghul kːan-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-s	čaj	kːan-e-f-e
pn - dat	tea	love- ptcp - nmlz - cop
‘Aslan loves tea.’

Alik Kryz xuş xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	çay	xuş	şe-re
pn - dat	tea( n )	good	be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Archi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	čij	ʟʼan	ke-r
pn - dat	tea	want	4.become- ipfv
‘Pasha loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative" + 'become').

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic xoš atə

Valency pattern: BARE_men

X: BARE

Y: men

Locus: XY

ayyé	baxta	xoš-o	bitay=əla	mən	+čay
dem 3. f	woman( f )	happiness( f )- p .3 f	come. prog =3 f	from	tea( m )
‘This woman loves tea.’

Avar boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-e	čaj	b-oƛ’-ula
pn - dat	tea	n -want- ipf
‘Ali loves tea.’

Azerbaijani xoşlamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	çay	xoşla-yır
pn	tea	like- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan loves tea.’

Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe

X: SBJ

Y: fe

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɛ́	wòro`	fɛ̀
pn	be	cola_nuts\ art	by
‘Seku likes cola nuts.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese adorar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ador-a	chá
pn ( m )	love-3 sg . prs	tea( m )
‘Pedro loves tea.’

Catalan agradar

Valency pattern: DAT_SBJ

X: DAT

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

al	Pere	li	agrad-a	el	te
to. def . sg . m	pn ( m )	dat .3 sg	like-3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	tea( m )
‘Pere loves tea.’

Chirag b-ikː-

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS

X: SUPER

Y: ABS

Locus: X

ʡa̰li-l-i	nig	d-ikː-le
pn - obl - super	milk( abs )	n . pl -love: ipf - dur . res .3
‘Ali loves milk.’
Note: Stative predicate.

Czech mít rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	rád	čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr loves tea.’

Danish elske

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	elske-r	te
pn	love- prs	tea( c ). sg
‘Peter loves tea.’

Dutch houden

Valency pattern: SBJ_van

X: SBJ

Y: van

Locus: Y

Piet	houd-t	van	thee
pn ( c )	love-3 sg	from	tea( c )
‘Piet loves tea.’

Eastern Maninka dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ

X: nye

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Tɛ́`	dúman	Sékù	ɲɛ́.
tea\ art	pleasant	pn	before
‘Seku loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

English love

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	loves	tea.

Estonian armastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	armasta-b	tee-d
pn . sg . nom	love- prs .3 sg	tea- part
‘Peeter loves tea.’

Finnish pitää

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pekka	pit-ää	tee-stä
pn . nom	like- prs .3 sg	tee- ela
‘Pekka loves tea.’

Forest Enets kɔmita

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	kare	kɔmita
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	fish	like( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend likes fish’.

French aimer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	aime	les	pomme-s
pn ( m )	like. prs .3 sg	def . pl	apple( f )- pl
‘Paul loves apples.’

Georgian Ø-u-q'var-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

p'et're-s	Ø-u-q'var-s	čai-Ø
pn - dat	io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg	tea- nom
‘Petre loves tea.’

German lieben

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	lieb-t	Tee
pn [ nom . sg ]	love- prs .3 sg	tea[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl loves tea.’

Guinean Kpelle wɛ́li káa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kwíi	tóù	wɛ́li	káa	Hɛ́ni	ɓâ
white_person	palm\ l	love	be	pn	on1
‘Heni loves pineapples.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Icari Dargwa d=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS

X: SUPLAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-lij	čaˤj	d=ičː-aq-u
pn - suplat	tea. abs	npl =like- caus - hab
‘Islam loves tea.’

Irish is breá

Valency pattern: le_SBJ

X: le

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Is	breá	le	Pól	tae.
cop . prs	pleasant	with	pn	tea
‘Pól loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian piacere

Valency pattern: a_SBJ

X: a

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

a	Leo	piac-e	il	tè
to	pn ( m )	like-3 sg . prs	def . sg . m	tea. sg . m
‘Leo loves tea.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

meħamad-i-s	čaj	dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat	tea	love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad loves tea.’

Kalderash Romani plaćal

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

le	Murš-as	plaća-n	le	phab-a
art . m . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg	like- prs .3 pl	art . pl	apple- nom . pl
‘Murša loves apples.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	meʔli	čaj	kːun-i-b	vu
pn - dat	sweet	tea( abs )	love- part - n . sg	cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad loves sweet tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

Karata ƛ’abaɬaɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕalja	čaj	ƛ’ab-a
pn . dat	tea	love- pf
‘Ali loves tea.’

Kaytag Dargwa dič:aχwara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	č:aˁj	d-ič:uχ-u
pn - datlat	tea( npl )	npl -love. ipf - evt
‘Petja loves tea.’

Kazakh žaqsï kör

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	šay-dï	žaqsï	kör-edі
pn	tea- acc	good	see- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya loves tea.’

Kazym Khanty *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khoekhoe ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	dai-i-a	a	ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg	decl	milk-3 c . sg - obl	aux	love
‘Peter loves milk.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

Khwarshi goqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

di-l	c'aq'	go:qa	k'ora
1 sg . o - dat	very	like\ gnt	cheese
‘I like cheese very much.’

Kina Rutul qɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	q-ɨga-r=a	čej
pn - obl - dat	re -4.love. ipfv - cvb =be	tea( nom )
‘Rasul loves tea.’

Kumyk süjmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	čaj	süj-e
pn	tea	want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves tea.’

Latin amo

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Bacch-us	ama-t	flor-es
pn ( m )- nom . sg	love[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	flower( m )- acc . pl
‘Bacchus loves the flowers.’
Note: (Ov. Fasti. V, 345)

Laz k'ai o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Käzim-i-s	čai-Ø	k'ai	d-Ø-a-c'on-en-Ø
pn - b - dat	tea- nom	good	prv - io 3- ver : sup -like- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim likes tea greatly.’

Mandarin Chinese xǐ'ài

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	xǐ'ài	chá
pn	love	tea
‘Zhangsan loves tea.’

Mano nāā

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka

X: SBJ

Y: ka

Locus: Y

ŋ́ŋ̀	nàà	ī	ká
1 sg . ipfv	love: ipfv	2 sg	with
‘I love you.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	d-ig-an	čaj
pn - dat	npl -want: ipfv - hab	tea[ r ]
‘Islam loves tea.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	čai-Ø	Ø-u-ʔor-s
pn - dat	tea- nom	io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Chelo loves tea.’

Modern Hebrew ohev

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	ohev	te
pn	love[ ptcp . sg . m ]	tea
‘Pinchas loves tea.’

Mukhad Rutul jıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	čej	jıga-d	i
pn - obl - dat	tea	n .want. ipf - attr	( n ) cop
‘Murad loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (close to a headless relative clause).

Nanai uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	čaj-wa	uləsi-ni
pn	tea- obl	love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves tea.’

Nivkh ezmud

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	cʰaj	+	smо-d
pn	tea	+	like- ind
‘Kaskazik loves tea.’

Northern Akhvakh kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	čeje	kw-ini
pn - dat	tea	like- ipf
‘Patahi loves tea.’

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir amudˈī=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ilǝ	sаmnаldаŋnˈǝ-lǝ	mǝr	аmudˈī-m
deer	mushroom- acc	aff	like- tr .3 sg
‘The deer likes mushrooms.’

Norwegian Bokmål å elske

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	elske-r	te
pn	love- prs	tea
‘Per loves tea.’

Polish lubić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Michał	lubi	herbat-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	love: ipfv . prs .3 sg	tea- acc . sg
‘Michał loves tea.’

Russian ljubitʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ljub-it	čaj
pn ( m )- nom . sg	love( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja loves tea.’

Serbian voleti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	voli	čaj
pn . nom . sg	like. prs .3 sg	tea. acc . sg
‘Petar loves tea.’

Shinaz Rutul begemiš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	begemiš	ij	čej
pn - dat	like. cov	cop	tea
‘Basir loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni žīwǰdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	čoy	žīwǰ
pn =3 sg	tea	love
‘Azim loves tea.’

Skolt Saami tuʹǩǩeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Peâtt	tuʹǩǩad	čee-st
pn . sg . nom	like. prs .3 sg	tea- sg . loc
‘Pete likes tea.’

Slovak mať rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	rád	čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter loves tea.’

Slovenian imeti rad

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

An-a	ima	rad-a	čaj
pn - nom . sg	have: ipfv . prs .3 sg	happy- f . sg	tea[ acc . sg ]
‘Ana loves tea.’

Sorani Kurdish ḧez bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_le

X: EXT

Y: le

Locus: XY

Hîwa	ḧez=î	zor	le	ça-ye
pn	joy=3 sg . pc	very	from	tea-be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul qhıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	çey	qhıga-r
pn - obl - dat	tea	( n )love. ipf - prs
‘Murad loves tea.’

Spanish gustar

Valency pattern: NDIR.OBJ_SBJ

X: NDIR.OBJ

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

a	Pedro	le	gust-a	el	té
ndir . obj	pn [ sg . m ]	he. ndir . obj	like- prs .3 sg	art . def . sg . m	tea[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro loves tea.’

Standard Arabic Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-u-n	yuḥibbu	š-šāy-a
pn - nom - indef	love. ipf .3 m	def -tea- acc
‘Badr loves tea.’

Svan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

maizer-s	čai-Ø	x-a-lät'
pn - dat	tea- nom	io 3- ver : sup -love
‘Maizer loves tea.’

Swedish att älska

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	älska-r	te
pn	love- prs	tea
‘Björn loves tea.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

Mahilig	sa	tsaa	si	Pedro
like. adj	dat	tea	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro loves tea’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective). The Y-argument can only be signalled by DAT.

Telugu iṣṭamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	ṭī	aṁṭē	iṣṭamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	tea( n ). sg . nom	that_is	liking( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur ıkkıykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	čey	ıkkan
pn - obl - dat	tea	n .want. ipf
‘Murad loves tea.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-ikː-aq-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	čaj	d-ikː-aq-u
boy- dat	tea	npl -like/want- caus - hab . prs 3
‘The boy loves tea.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-ič:-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

durħaˤ-j	čaˤj	d-ikː-u
boy- dat	tea	npl -like- hab . prs 3
‘The boy loves tea.’

Turkish sevmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	çay	sev-er
pn	tea	love- aor
‘Mehmet loves tea.’

Turoyo roḥəm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	ko-roḥəm	i	tiyo
pn	prs -love. ipfv .3 m	art . f	tea( f )
‘Gabriyel loves tea.’

Ulcha uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ama	čaj-wa	uləs-i-ni
father	tea- acc	love- prs -3 sg
‘Father loves tea.’

Uzbek yaxši qormoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	čoy	yaxši	qor-a-di
pn	tea	well	see- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja loves tea.’

West Central Oromo dʒaallata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	ʃaajii	dʒaallat-a
pn - nom	tea. abs	love-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa loves tea.’

Zilo Andi dʒiʔ.i-r

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pat’imati-<b>o	dʒiʔ.i-r	tʃaj
pn - aff < inan 1>	like. pst - prog	tea[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘Patimat likes tea.’