‘know’
Argument frame: |
X
(know)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
knows
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
знать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(знать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
знает
М
.
|
Abaza
dər
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
fatíma |
murád |
də-l-də́r-əj-d |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-know-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Fatima knows Murad.’ |
Adyghe
ṣ̂e
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
pŝaŝe-m |
č̣ʼale-r |
j-e-ṣ̂e |
девушка-
obl
|
парень-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-знать
|
‘Девушка знает парня.’ |
Aghul
ʜa-
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
ʜa-a |
meʜemed |
pn
-
dat
|
know-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Aslan knows Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+yaṭṭə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
+Ašur |
+bədday=əl |
švav-u |
pn
|
know.
prog
=3
m
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘Ashur knows his neighbor.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
dɔ́n
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bɛ |
Fántà |
dɔ́n |
pn
|
ipfv
|
pn
|
know
|
‘Seku knows Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
conhecer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
conhec-e |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
know_someone-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’ |
Catalan
conèixer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
coneix |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
know.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere knows Marc.’ |
Czech
znát
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
zná |
Michal-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
know(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr knows Michal.’ |
Danish
kende
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
kende-r |
Marie |
pn
|
know-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Peter knows Marie.’ |
Dutch
kennen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
ken-t |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
know-3
sg
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet knows Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lɔ́n
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
kà |
Fántà |
lɔ́n. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
pn
|
know
|
‘Seku knows Fanta.’ |
English
know
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
tundma
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
tunne-b |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
know-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter knows Maret.’ |
Finnish
tuntea
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
tunt-ee |
Mati-n |
pn
.
nom
|
know-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
‘Pekka knows Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
tɛne
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-jʔ |
tɛnee-za |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
know(
ipfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
‘My friend knows my wife’. |
French
connaître
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
connaît |
Michel |
pn
(
m
)
|
know_someone.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Paul knows Michel.’ |
Georgian
Ø-i-cn-ob-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
Ø-i-cn-ob-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
do
3-
ver
:
s
-know-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre knows Masho.’ |
Note: This verb refers to animate themes. |
German
kennen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
kenn-t |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
know-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl knows Marie.’ |
Irish
bí aithne
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
|
X: aige |
Y: ar |
Locus: XY |
Tá |
aithne |
aige |
Pól |
air |
Mháire. |
be.
prs
|
knowledge
|
at
|
pn
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pól knows Máirel.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
conoscere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
conosc-e |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
know_someone-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo knows Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
źanel
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
źan-el |
la |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
know-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Murša knows Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
bil
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-nï |
bіl-edі |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
know-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya knows Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
wǫ-λ-λe |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
know-
npst
-3
sg
.
so
|
‘Petja knows Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
šamile-l |
c'aq' |
k'wet' |
žiq'e-he |
fatima |
pn
-
dat
|
очень
|
хорошо
|
знать-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Шамиль очень хорошо знает Фатиму.’ |
Kina Rutul
hac’ara
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
hac’a-r=a |
ramazan |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
1.know.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul knows Ramazan.’ |
Latin
nosco
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
qui |
Rom-ae |
nov-era-t |
nemin-em |
which.
nom
.
sg
|
r
ome(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
know-
plup
.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
nobody-
acc
.
sg
|
‘... one who knew nobody in Rome’ |
Note: (Cic. Rosc. 76) |
Mandarin Chinese
liǎojiě
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
liǎojiě |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
know
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan knows Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-i-čin-en-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-i-čin-en-s. |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
s
3-
ver
:
s
-recognize-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo (personally) knows Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
makir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
makir |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
know[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas knows Menachem.’ |
Nanai
saa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
saa-ri-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
know-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia knows Masha.’ |
Nivkh
jajmd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
j-ajm-d |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
-know-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik knows Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
wāji
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
am |
wāj-l-um |
ti |
ōjka-riɕ |
i
|
know-3
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
|
this
|
old_man-
dim
|
‘I know this old man.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
kуrilˈī=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
kurilˈī-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
know-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien knows Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å kjenne
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
kjenne-r |
Ola |
pn
|
know-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Per knows Ola.’ |
Polish
znać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Józef |
zna |
Adam-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
know:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Józef knows Adam.’ |
Russian
znatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
zna-et |
Maš-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
know(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja knows Maša.’ |
Serbian
poznavati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
poznaje |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
know.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar knows Maria.’ |
Shughni
fāmtow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Ahmed |
Saida |
fām-t |
pn
|
pn
|
know-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed knows Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
tobddâd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
tåbdd |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
know.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete knows Maria’ |
Slovak
poznať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
pozná |
Mark-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
know(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter knows Marek.’ |
Slovenian
poznati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
pozna |
Pavl-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
know:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter knows Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
nasîn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
Sakar-î |
de-nas-ê |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-know.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa knows Sakar.’ |
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
conocer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
conoc-e |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
know-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro knows Maria.’ |
Swedish
att känna
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
känn-er |
Maja |
pn
|
know-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Björn knows Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
Kilala |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
knows
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’ |
Note: This construction is classified as a ACT_UND pattern based on the assumption that it can be viewed like a PV, although there is no voice morphology in this structure. |
Telugu
teliyu
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pravīṇ-ki |
maheṣ |
telusu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
be_known
|
‘Praveen knows Mahesh.’ |
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula. |
Turkish
tanımak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
tanı-yor |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
know-
prs
|
‘Mehmet knows Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
sā-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
bi |
nam |
piktə-wə-n |
sā-ri-ji |
i
|
s/he
|
child-
acc
-3
sg
|
know-
prs
-1
sg
|
‘I know his/her child.’ |
Uzbek
bilmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
bil-a-di |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
know-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja knows Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
beeka
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
boontuu |
beek-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
know-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa knows Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
ts’inn-e
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
X: AFF |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-<j>o |
ts’inn-e |
marjam |
pn
-
aff
<
f
>
|
know-
hab
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
‘Ali knows Mariam.’ |