BivalTyp

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‘know’

Argument frame:

X (know) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. knows M .

Predicate label Ru:

знать

Argument frame Ru:

X (знать) Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. знает М .

Abaza dər

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatíma	murád	də-l-də́r-əj-d
pn	pn	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -know- prs - dcl
‘Fatima knows Murad.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ṣ̂e

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

pŝaŝe-m	č̣ʼale-r	j-e-ṣ̂e
girl- obl	guy- abs	3 sg . erg - dyn -know
‘The girl knows the guy.’

Aghul ʜa-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-s	ʜa-a	meʜemed
pn - dat	know- prs	pn
‘Aslan knows Muhammad.’

Alik Kryz ats'ayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan-iz	rasul	ats'ar-e
pn - dat	pn	know- prs . m
‘Terlan knows Rasul.’

Archi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	moħommad	sini
pn - dat	pn	know
‘Pasha knows Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +yaṭṭə

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

+Ašur	+bədday=əl	švav-u
pn	know. prog =3 m	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur knows his neighbor.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar ɬaze

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	aħmad	ɬa-la
pn - loc	pn	know- ipf
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani tanımaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	Rǝsul-u	tanı-yır
pn	pn - acc	know- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

Bambara dɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bɛ	Fántà	dɔ́n
pn	ipfv	pn	know
‘Seku knows Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese conhecer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	conhec-e	Miguel
pn ( m )	know_someone-3 sg . prs	pn ( m )
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’

Catalan conèixer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	coneix	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	know.3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere knows Marc.’

Chirag b-uχːu

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS

X: SUPER

Y: ABS

Locus: X

ʡa̰li-l-i	rasul	uχːu-le
pn - obl - super	pn ( abs )	( m . sg )know- prs . dur .3
‘Ali knows Rasul.’

Czech znát

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zná	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr knows Michal.’

Danish kende

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kende-r	Marie
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Peter knows Marie.’

Dutch kennen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	ken-t	Marie
pn (С)	know-3 sg	pn (С)
‘Piet knows Marie.’

Eastern Maninka lɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	Fántà	lɔ́n.
pn	aor . tr	pn	know
‘Seku knows Fanta.’

English know

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	knows	Mary.

Estonian tundma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	tunne-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter knows Maret.’

Finnish tuntea

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tunt-ee	Mati-n
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka knows Matti.’

Forest Enets tɛne

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	nɛ-jʔ	tɛnee-za
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	woman- nom . sg .1 sg	know( ipfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend knows my wife’.

French connaître

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	connaît	Michel
pn ( m )	know_someone. prs .3 sg	pn ( m )
‘Paul knows Michel.’

Georgian Ø-i-cn-ob-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	Ø-i-cn-ob-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	do 3- ver : s -know- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre knows Masho.’
Note: This verb refers to animate themes.

German kennen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	kenn-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	know- prs .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl knows Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle kɔ́lɔŋ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pépèe	è	Hèhee	kɔ́lɔŋ
pn	3 sg . b	pn	know
‘Pepee knows Hehee.’

Icari Dargwa w=ah-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS

X: SUPLAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-lij	Nadir	uχː-u
pn - suplat	pn . abs	( m )know: ipf - hab
‘Islam knows Nadir.’

Irish bí aithne

Valency pattern: aige_ar

X: aige

Y: ar

Locus: XY

Tá	aithne	aige	Pól	air	Mháire.
be. prs	knowledge	at	pn	on	pn
‘Pól knows Máirel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian conoscere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	conosc-e	Maria
pn ( m )	know_someone-3 sg . prs	pn ( f )
‘Leo knows Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	ʡašura	r-al-a
pn - erg	pn	f -know. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad knows Ashura.’

Kalderash Romani źanel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	źan-el	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	know- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša knows Marijka.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	maˁhaˁmad	aˁʁ-aˁ
pn - dat	pn ( abs )	know- prs
‘Fatima knows Mahamad.’

Karata biʔaɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕalja	aħmat’	w-uʔ-idja
pn . dat	pn	m -know- ipf
‘Ali knows Ahmat.’

Kaytag Dargwa wahara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	miša	v-arh-u
pn - erg	pn	m -know. ipf - evt
‘Petja knows Misha.’

Kazakh bil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-nï	bіl-edі
pn	pn - acc	know- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya knows Masha.’

Kazym Khanty wǫti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	wǫ-λ-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	know- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja knows Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǂan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s-a	a	ǂan
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	aux	know
‘Peter knows Maria.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

Khwarshi j/iq'a

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

šamile-l	c'aq'	k'ʷet'	j-iq'e-he	fatima
pn - dat	very	well	ii -know- prs	pn
‘Shamil knows Fatima very well.’

Kina Rutul hac’ara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	hac’a-r=a	ramazan
pn - obl - dat	1.know. ipfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul knows Ramazan.’

Kumyk tanɨmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	rasul-nu	tanɨ-j
pn	pn - acc	know-3 sg
‘Muhammad knows Rasul.’

Latin nosco

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

qui	Rom-ae	nov-era-t	nemin-em
which. nom . sg	r ome( f )- dat . sg	know- plup . ind - act .3 sg	nobody- acc . sg
‘... one who knew nobody in Rome’
Note: (Cic. Rosc. 76)

Laz o-čin-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	Fatma-Ø	Ø-i-čin-am-s
pn - b - erg	pn - nom	do 3- ver : s -know- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim knows Fatma.’

Mandarin Chinese liǎojiě

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	liǎojiě	Lǐsì
pn	know	pn
‘Zhangsan knows Lisi.’

Mano dɔ̄

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

lɛ́ɛ̀	ŋ̄	dɔ̄
3 sg . ipfv	1 sg	know: ipfv
‘S/he knows me.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-li-ze	w-alh-an	Musa
pn - obl - cont ( lat )	m -know: ipfv - hab	pn
‘Pajzula knows Musa.’

Mingrelian Ø-i-čin-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-i-čin-en-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	s 3- ver : s -recognize- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo (personally) knows Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew makir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	makir	et	Menaχem
pn	know[ ptcp . sg . m ]	do	pn
‘Pinchas knows Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul hac'ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	q'urban	hac'a-ra
pn - obl - dat	pn	m .know. ipf - hab
‘Murad knows Kurban.’

Nanai saa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	saa-ri-ni
pn	pn - obl	know- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’

Nivkh jajmd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	Ajsana	j-ajm-d
pn	pn	3 sg -know- ind
‘Kaskazik knows Ajsana.’

Northern Akhvakh beq’uruɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	musa	woq’-ero	gudi
pn - dat	pn	m .know- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop
‘Patahi knows Musa.’

Northern Mansi wāji

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

am	wāj-l-um	ti	ōjka-riɕ
i	know-3 sg . o -1 sg . s	this	old_man- dim
‘I know this old man.’

Northern Yukaghir kurilˈī=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	kurilˈī-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	know- tr .3 sg
‘Semien knows Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å kjenne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	kjenne-r	Ola
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Per knows Ola.’

Polish znać

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Józef	zna	Adam-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	know: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Józef knows Adam.’

Russian znatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	zna-et	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	know( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja knows Maša.’

Serbian poznavati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	poznaje	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	know. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar knows Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul hac'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	hac'ɨ-j	karam
pn - dat	m .know. pf - aor . m	pn
‘Basir knows Karam.’

Shughni fāmtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed	Saida	fām-t
pn	pn	know-3 sg
‘Ahmed knows Saida.’

Skolt Saami tobddâd

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	tåbdd	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	know. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete knows Maria’

Slovak poznať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pozná	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter knows Marek.’

Slovenian poznati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pozna	Pavl-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	know: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Peter knows Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish nasîn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	Sakar-î	de-nas-ê
pn	pn - obl	ind -know. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa knows Sakar.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Southern Rutul hats’ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	natig	hats'a-r
pn - obl - dat	pn	m .know. ipf - prs
‘Murad knows Natig.’

Spanish conocer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	conoc-e	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	know- prs .3 sg	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro knows Maria.’

Standard Arabic ʕarafa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-u-n	yaʕrifu	Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef	know. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr knows Maryam.’

Svan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maizer-Ø	gegi-s	x-o-tr-a
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : o -know
‘Maizer knows Gegi.’

Swedish att känna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	känn-er	Maja
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Björn knows Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

Kilala	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
knows	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (pseudo-verb). The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on similarity on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

Telugu teliyu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	telusu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	be_known
‘Praveen knows Mahesh.’
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula.

Tsakhur qhıvaats’iy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	aydın	qhıvaats’a-na
pn - obl - aff	pn	( m )know. ipf - h
‘Murad knows Aydin.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-aχ-iz/b-alχ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-li-z	unra	r-alχ-a
boy- obl - dat	neighbor	f -know. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The boy knows his (female) neighbor.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-aχ-i / b-alχ-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

durħaˤ-j	zumra	r-alχ-a
boy- dat	neighbor	f -know. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The boy knows his (female) neighbor.’

Turkish tanımak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	tanı-yor
pn	pn - acc	know- prs
‘Mehmet knows Filiz.’

Turoyo oḏəʕ

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_DO.LS

X: SBJ.SS

Y: DO.LS

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	k-oḏəʕ	Yuḥanən
pn	prs -know. ipfv .3 m	pn
‘Gabriyel knows Yuḥanən.’

Ulcha sā-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

bi	nam	piktə-wə-n	sā-ri-ji
i	s/he	child- acc -3 sg	know- prs -1 sg
‘I know his/her child.’

Uzbek bilmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-ni	bil-a-di
pn	pn - acc	know- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja knows Maša.’

West Central Oromo beeka

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	boontuu	beek-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	know-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa knows Bontu.’

Zilo Andi ts’inn-e

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ali-<j>o	ts’inn-e	marjam
pn - aff < f >	know- hab	pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Ali knows Mariam.’