‘know’
| Argument frame: | X (know) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. knows M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | знать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (знать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. знает М . |
Abaza dər
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatíma | murád | də-l-də́r-əj-d |
| pn | pn | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -know- prs - dcl |
| ‘Fatima knows Murad.’ | ||
Aghul ʜa-
| Valency pattern: DAT_ABS |
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s | ʜa-a | meʜemed |
| pn - dat | know- prs | pn |
| ‘Aslan knows Muhammad.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +yaṭṭə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| +Ašur | +bədday=əl | švav-u |
| pn | know. prog =3 m | neighbour( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘Ashur knows his neighbor.’ | ||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. | ||
Brazilian Portuguese conhecer
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | conhec-e | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | know_someone-3 sg . prs | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro knows Miguel.’ | ||
Catalan conèixer
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | coneix | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | know.3 sg . prs . ind | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere knows Marc.’ | ||||
Czech znát
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | zná | Michal-a |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | pn ( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr knows Michal.’ | ||
Danish kende
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | kende-r | Marie |
| pn | know- prs | pn |
| ‘Peter knows Marie.’ | ||
Dutch kennen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | ken-t | Marie |
| pn (С) | know-3 sg | pn (С) |
| ‘Piet knows Marie.’ | ||
Estonian tundma
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | tunne-b | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | know- prs .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter knows Maret.’ | ||
Finnish tuntea
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | tunt-ee | Mati-n |
| pn . nom | know- prs .3 sg | pn - gen |
| ‘Pekka knows Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets tɛne
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | nɛ-jʔ | tɛnee-za |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | woman- nom . sg .1 sg | know( ipfv )-3 sg . so sg |
| ‘My friend knows my wife’. | |||
German kennen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | kenn-t | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | know- prs .3 sg | pn [ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl knows Marie.’ | ||
Italian conoscere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | conosc-e | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | know_someone-3 sg . prs | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo knows Maria.’ | ||
Kazakh bil
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | Maša-nï | bіl-edі |
| pn | pn - acc | know- prs 2.3 sg |
| ‘Petya knows Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty wǫti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en | wǫ-λ-λe |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg | know- npst -3 sg . so |
| ‘Petja knows Maša.’ | ||
Latin nosco
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| qui | Rom-ae | nov-era-t | nemin-em |
| which. nom . sg | r ome( f )- dat . sg | know- plup . ind - act .3 sg | nobody- acc . sg |
| ‘... one who knew nobody in Rome’ | |||
| Note: (Cic. Rosc. 76) | |||
Modern Hebrew makir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | makir | et | Menaχem |
| pn | know[ ptcp . sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas knows Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai saa-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | Maša-wa | saa-ri-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | know- npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia knows Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh jajmd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | j-ajm-d |
| pn | pn | 3 sg -know- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik knows Ajsana.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å kjenne
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | kjenne-r | Ola |
| pn | know- prs | pn |
| ‘Per knows Ola.’ | ||
Polish znać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Józef | zna | Adam-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | know: ipfv . prs .3 sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Józef knows Adam.’ | ||
Russian znatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | zna-et | Maš-u |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | know( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | pn ( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja knows Maša.’ | ||
Rutul hac’ara
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s | hac’a-r=a | ramazan |
| pn - obl - dat | 1.know. ipfv - cvb =be | pn ( nom ) |
| ‘Rasul knows Ramazan.’ | ||
Serbian poznaje
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | poznaje | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | знать. prs .3 sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Петар знает Марию.’ | ||
Shughni fāmtow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed | Saida | fām-t |
| pn | pn | know-3 sg |
| ‘Ahmed knows Saida.’ | ||
Skolt Saami tobddâd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | tåbdd | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | know. prs .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete knows Maria’ | ||
Slovenian poznati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | pozna | Pavl-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | know: ipfv . prs .3 sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Peter knows Pavel.’ | ||
Spanish conocer
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | conoc-e | a | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | know- prs .3 sg | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro knows Maria.’ | |||
Swedish att känna
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | känn-er | Maja |
| pn | know- prs | pn |
| ‘Björn knows Maja.’ | ||
Turkish tanımak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | Filiz-i | tanı-yor |
| pn | pn - acc | know- prs |
| ‘Mehmet knows Filiz.’ | ||
Ulcha sā-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| bi | nam | piktə-wə-n | sā-ri-ji |
| i | s/he | child- acc -3 sg | know- prs -1 sg |
| ‘I know his/her child.’ | |||
Zilo Andi ts’inn-e
| Valency pattern: AFF_NOM |
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-<j>o | ts’inn-e | marjam |
| pn - aff < f > | know- hab | pn [ f ][ nom ] |
| ‘Ali knows Mariam.’ | ||