BivalTyp

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‘know’

Argument frame:

X (know) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. knows M .

Predicate label Ru:

знать

Argument frame Ru:

X (знать) Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. знает М .

Abaza dər

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatíma	murád	də-l-də́r-əj-d
pn	pn	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -know- prs - dcl
‘Fatima knows Murad.’

Adyghe ṣ̂e

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

pŝaŝe-m	č̣ʼale-r	j-e-ṣ̂e
девушка- obl	парень- abs	3 sg . erg - dyn -знать
‘Девушка знает парня.’

Aghul ʜa-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-s	ʜa-a	meʜemed
pn - dat	know- prs	pn
‘Aslan knows Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +yaṭṭə

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

+Ašur	+bədday=əl	švav-u
pn	know. prog =3 m	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur knows his neighbor.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Bambara dɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bɛ	Fántà	dɔ́n
pn	ipfv	pn	know
‘Seku knows Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese conhecer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	conhec-e	Miguel
pn ( m )	know_someone-3 sg . prs	pn ( m )
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’

Catalan conèixer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	coneix	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	know.3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere knows Marc.’

Czech znát

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zná	Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr knows Michal.’

Danish kende

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	kende-r	Marie
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Peter knows Marie.’

Dutch kennen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	ken-t	Marie
pn (С)	know-3 sg	pn (С)
‘Piet knows Marie.’

Eastern Maninka lɔ́n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	Fántà	lɔ́n.
pn	aor . tr	pn	know
‘Seku knows Fanta.’

English know

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	knows	Mary.

Estonian tundma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	tunne-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter knows Maret.’

Finnish tuntea

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tunt-ee	Mati-n
pn . nom	know- prs .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka knows Matti.’

Forest Enets tɛne

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	nɛ-jʔ	tɛnee-za
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	woman- nom . sg .1 sg	know( ipfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend knows my wife’.

French connaître

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	connaît	Michel
pn ( m )	know_someone. prs .3 sg	pn ( m )
‘Paul knows Michel.’

Georgian Ø-i-cn-ob-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	Ø-i-cn-ob-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	do 3- ver : s -know- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre knows Masho.’
Note: This verb refers to animate themes.

German kennen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	kenn-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	know- prs .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl knows Marie.’

Irish bí aithne

Valency pattern: aige_ar

X: aige

Y: ar

Locus: XY

Tá	aithne	aige	Pól	air	Mháire.
be. prs	knowledge	at	pn	on	pn
‘Pól knows Máirel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian conoscere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	conosc-e	Maria
pn ( m )	know_someone-3 sg . prs	pn ( f )
‘Leo knows Maria.’

Kalderash Romani źanel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	źan-el	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	know- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša knows Marijka.’

Kazakh bil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-nï	bіl-edі
pn	pn - acc	know- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya knows Masha.’

Kazym Khanty wǫti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	wǫ-λ-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	know- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja knows Maša.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

šamile-l	c'aq'	k'wet'	žiq'e-he	fatima
pn - dat	очень	хорошо	знать- prs	pn
‘Шамиль очень хорошо знает Фатиму.’

Kina Rutul hac’ara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	hac’a-r=a	ramazan
pn - obl - dat	1.know. ipfv - cvb =be	pn ( nom )
‘Rasul knows Ramazan.’

Latin nosco

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

qui	Rom-ae	nov-era-t	nemin-em
which. nom . sg	r ome( f )- dat . sg	know- plup . ind - act .3 sg	nobody- acc . sg
‘... one who knew nobody in Rome’
Note: (Cic. Rosc. 76)

Mandarin Chinese liǎojiě

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	liǎojiě	Lǐsì
pn	know	pn
‘Zhangsan knows Lisi.’

Mingrelian Ø-i-čin-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-i-čin-en-s.
pn - nom	pn - dat	s 3- ver : s -recognize- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo (personally) knows Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew makir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	makir	et	Menaχem
pn	know[ ptcp . sg . m ]	do	pn
‘Pinchas knows Menachem.’

Nanai saa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	saa-ri-ni
pn	pn - obl	know- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia knows Masha.’

Nivkh jajmd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	Ajsana	j-ajm-d
pn	pn	3 sg -know- ind
‘Kaskazik knows Ajsana.’

Northern Mansi wāji

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

am	wāj-l-um	ti	ōjka-riɕ
i	know-3 sg . o -1 sg . s	this	old_man- dim
‘I know this old man.’

Northern Yukaghir kуrilˈī=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	kurilˈī-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	know- tr .3 sg
‘Semien knows Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å kjenne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	kjenne-r	Ola
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Per knows Ola.’

Polish znać

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Józef	zna	Adam-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	know: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Józef knows Adam.’

Russian znatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	zna-et	Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	know( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja knows Maša.’

Serbian poznavati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	poznaje	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	know. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar knows Maria.’

Shughni fāmtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed	Saida	fām-t
pn	pn	know-3 sg
‘Ahmed knows Saida.’

Skolt Saami tobddâd

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	tåbdd	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	know. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete knows Maria’

Slovak poznať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pozná	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter knows Marek.’

Slovenian poznati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pozna	Pavl-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	know: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Peter knows Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish nasîn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	Sakar-î	de-nas-ê
pn	pn - obl	ind -know. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa knows Sakar.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Spanish conocer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	conoc-e	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	know- prs .3 sg	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro knows Maria.’

Swedish att känna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	känn-er	Maja
pn	know- prs	pn
‘Björn knows Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Kilala	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
knows	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Note: This construction is classified as a ACT_UND pattern based on the assumption that it can be viewed like a PV, although there is no voice morphology in this structure.

Telugu teliyu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	telusu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	be_known
‘Praveen knows Mahesh.’
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula.

Turkish tanımak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	tanı-yor
pn	pn - acc	know- prs
‘Mehmet knows Filiz.’

Ulcha sā-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

bi	nam	piktə-wə-n	sā-ri-ji
i	s/he	child- acc -3 sg	know- prs -1 sg
‘I know his/her child.’

Uzbek bilmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-ni	bil-a-di
pn	pn - acc	know- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja knows Maša.’

West Central Oromo beeka

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	boontuu	beek-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	know-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa knows Bontu.’

Zilo Andi ts’inn-e

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ali-<j>o	ts’inn-e	marjam
pn - aff < f >	know- hab	pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Ali knows Mariam.’