BivalTyp

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‘break’

Argument frame:

X (break) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. broke a stick .

Predicate label Ru:

ломать

Argument frame Ru:

X (ломать) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. сломал палку .

Abaza qə-ĉ̣a

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

á-č’ḳʷən	a-labá	qə-j-ĉ̣á-d
def -boy	def -stick	loc -3 sg . m . erg -break( aor )- dcl
‘The boy broke the stick.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ze.pə-č̣ʼə.č̣ʼə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

č̣ʼale-m	bešʼə-r	ze-p-jə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ
guy- obl	stick- abs	rec . io - loc : tip -3 sg . erg -break- elat - pst
‘The guy broke the stick.’

Aghul arʕ.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	t’ul	arʕ.u-ne
pn ( erg )	branch	break. pf - aor
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

Alik Kryz qhaçayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	k'ina	qhaça-c
pn - erg	wood	break- aor . n
‘Terlan broke a stick.’

Archi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	kʼuħan	aqˁu
pn - obl ( erg )	stick	4.break. pfv
‘Pasha broke a stick.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +šaməṭ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

yala	kesa	+šməṭ-lə
boy( m )	wood( m )	break. pst - ls .3 m
‘The boy broke a stick.’

Avar bekize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’il	b-ek-ana
pn - erg	stick	n -break- aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

Azerbaijani sındırmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	çubuğu	sın-dır-dı
pn	stick. acc	break- caus - pst (3)
‘Aslan broke the stick.’

Bambara kári

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	bére`	kári
pn	pfv . tr	stick\ art	break
‘Seku broke a stick.’

Brazilian Portuguese quebrar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	quebr-ou	o	bastão
pn ( m )	break-3 sg . pst	def . m	stick( m )
‘Pedro broke the stick.’

Catalan trencar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	trenc-ar	un	pal
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	break- inf	indf . sg . m	stick( m )
‘Pere broke a stick.’

Chirag b-a̰bʁi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ʡa̰li-le	χːamul	b-a̰bʁ-ib
pn - erg	stick( abs )	n . sg -break: pf - aor .3
‘Ali broke a stick.’

Czech zlomit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zlomi-l	tyč
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr broke a stick.’

Danish brække

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	brække-de	en	pind
pn	break- pst	indf . sg	stick( c )
‘Peter broke a stick.’

Dutch breken

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	de	stok	ge-brok-en
pn ( c )	have.3 sg	art . def . c	stick(С)	ptcp -break- ptcp .
‘Piet broke the stick.’

Eastern Maninka dɔ́kadi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	gbéleke`	dó	dɔ́kadi.
pn	prf	stick\ art	indf	break
‘Seku has broken a stick.’

English break

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	broke	a	stick.

Estonian murdma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	murd-is	pulga
pn . sg . nom	break- pst .3 sg	stick. sg . gen
‘Peeter broke a stick.’

Finnish katkoa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	katko-i	oksa-n
pn . nom	break- pst .3 sg	branch- gen
‘Pekka broke a branch.’

Forest Enets mɔree

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	pɛ	mɔj	mɔree
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	wood	branch	break( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend broke a wooden stick’.

French casser

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	cassé	un	bâton
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	break. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . m	stick( m )
‘Paul broke a stick.’

Georgian ga-Ø-t'ex-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	ǯox-i	ga-Ø-t'ex-a
pn - erg	stick- nom	prv :outward- do 3-break. tr - s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre broke a stick.’

German zerbrechen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	zerbrach	ein-en	Stock
pn [ nom . sg ]	break. pst .3 sg	indf - m . acc . sg	stick[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl broke a stick.’

Guinean Kpelle hǔ yálí

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hwáahúɣû	àa	gbɔ́ŋ̀	hǔ	yáli
pn	3 sg . prf	stick	interior	break
‘Hwahughu broke the stick.’

Icari Dargwa b=elq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	dirxːa	b=elq'-un
pn - erg	stick. abs	n =break: pf - aor
‘Islam broke a stick.’

Irish bris

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Do=bhris	Pól	an	maide.
pst =break	pn	def	branch
‘Pól broke the stick.’

Italian rompere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	rotto	il	baston-e
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	break. pst . ptcp	def . sg . m	stick- sg . m
‘Leo broke the stick.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	t'erxa	b-urʡ-ib
pn - erg	stick	n -break. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad broke a stick.’

Kalderash Romani phagəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	phag-ľ-a	ə	řaj
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	break- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	stick[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša broke a stick.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

mahamad-ǯi	marʁ	ʁ-uˁ<b>ʁ-uˁ-nu
pn - erg	stick( abs )	pf -< n . sg >break- pst
‘Mahamad broke a stick.’

Karata biʔwaaɬa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-l	c’ule	b-iʔw-a
pn - erg	stick	n -break- pf
‘Ali broke a stick.’

Kaytag Dargwa belq’wana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	mirğaˁ	b-elq’-un
pn - erg	stick	n -break. pf - aor
‘Petja broke a stick.’

Kazakh sïndïr

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	tayaq-tï	sïndïr-dï
pn	stick- acc	break- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya broke a stick.’

Kazym Khanty mǫrǝtti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jǔχ	šǫpa	mǫrǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	tree	across	break- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja broke a stick in half.’

Khoekhoe khôa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	hai-b-a	go	khôa
pn -3 m . sg	decl	stick-3 m . sg - obl	rpst	break
‘Peter broke a stick.’

Khwarshi j/icaχa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

šamil-i	l-ica-χ-χa	k'ant'a
pn - erg	iv -break- caus - pst . w	stick( iv )
‘Shamil broke a stick.’

Kina Rutul q’at’ hɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	t’at’al	q’at’	hɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	stick( nom )	half	4. lv . pfv - cvb
‘Rasul broke a stick.’

Kumyk sɨndɨrmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

rasul	tajaq-nɨ	sɨndɨr-d-ɨ
pn	stick- acc	break- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul broke the stick.’

Latin frango

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Apollo	inde	ram-um	freg-it	et	in	caput	imposu-it
pn ( m ). nom . sg	after_that	branch( m )- acc . sg	break[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg	and	in	head( n ). acc . sg	put[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Apollo broke a branch and placed it on his head.’
Note: (Hyginus. Fabulae. 203, 1)

Laz o-t'ax-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	k'et'-i	me-Ø-t'ax-u
pn - b - erg	stick- nom	prv - do 3-break- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim broke a stick.’

Mandarin Chinese nòng duàn

Valency pattern: SUB_ba

X: SBJ

Y: ba

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	bǎ	gùnzi	nòng	duàn	le
pn	ba	stick	make	broken	pfv
‘Zhangsan broke a stick.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial.

Mano wí

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ō	vɛ́ɛ́lɛ́	tɔ́ɔ̄	wí
3 pl . pst	glass	dem . prox . vis	break
‘They broke this glass.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	b-urʡ-aˤq-ib	derxa
pn - obl - erg	n -break: pfv - caus - pst	stick
‘Pajzula broke a stick.’

Mingrelian gino-Ø-t'ax-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	č'in-i	ge-gno-Ø-t'ax-(u)
pn - erg	stick- nom	pfv - prv - do 3-break-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo broke a stick.’

Modern Hebrew ʃavar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	ʃavar	makel
pn	break[ pst .3 sg . m ]	stick
‘Pinchas broke a stick.’

Mukhad Rutul q'at' hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gaˤrij	q'at'	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	branch	break	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad broke a stick.’

Nanai bojali-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	moka-mba	boja.le-ха-ni
pn	small_tree- obl	break. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia broke a stick.’

Nivkh zоsqt

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	cʰχar̥	zоsq-t
pn	tree	break- ind
‘Kaskazik broke a stick.’

Northern Akhvakh biq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	č’uli	b-iq’w-ari
pn - erg	stick	n -break- aor
‘Patahi broke a stick.’

Northern Mansi sakwatas

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pajel	sakwat-as	tow
pn	break- pst .3 sg	branch
‘Pasha broke a branch.’

Northern Yukaghir salˈɣarǝj=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	tolī-lǝ	sаlˈɣаrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn	stick- acc	break- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien broke a stick.’

Norwegian Bokmål å ødelegge

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	ødela	stokk-en
pn	break. pst	stick- def . m . sg
‘Per broke a stick.’

Polish złamać

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Jan	złama-ł	lask-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	break: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	stick- acc . sg
‘Jan broke a stick.’

Russian slomatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sloma-l	palk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja broke a stick.’

Serbian polomiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	polomi-o	štap
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	break- part . perf . m . sg	stick. acc . sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’

Shinaz Rutul q'at' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	q'at'	hɨʔɨ-r	t'at'al
pn ( erg )	break	n .do. pf - aor	stick
‘Basir broke a stick.’

Shughni virix̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	wi	sêx	virux̌-t
pn =3 sg	d 3. m . sg . obl	stick	break- pst
‘Azim broke a stick.’

Skolt Saami tuäjjad

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	tuäja-i	sueʹbb
pn . sg . nom	break- pst .3 sg	stick. sg . acc
‘Pete broke a stick.’

Slovak zlomiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zlomi-l	paličk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter broke a stick.’

Slovenian zlomiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	zlomi-l	palčk-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	break: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	stick- acc . sg
‘Peter broke a stick.’

Sorani Kurdish ʂikandin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	ʂûɫ-eke=î	ʂikand-Ø
pn	stick- def =3 sg . pc	break. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa broke the stick.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul q'at' hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	k'ar	q'at'	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	stick	cut	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad broke a stick.’

Spanish romper

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	roto	un	palo
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	break. ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . m	stick[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro broke the stick.’

Standard Arabic kasara

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-u-n	kasara	ʕaṣāyat-a-n
pn - nom - indef	break. pf .3 m	stick- acc - indef
‘Badr broke a stick.’

Svan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	pawa-Ø	a-Ø-q'wič
pn - erg	stick- nom	prv : dist - do 3-break
‘Maizer broke a stick.’

Swedish att knäcka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	knäck-te	en	pinne
pn	break- pst	indf . c . sg	stick
‘Björn broke a stick.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-bali	ni	Pedro	ang	patpat
pot . pv . pfv -break	pers . gen	pn	subj	stick
‘Pedro broke a stick.’
Note: Alternative is a POT.AV construction.

Telugu viragakoṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	kaṭṭe-ni	viragakoṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	stick( n ). sg . obl - acc	break. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen broke a stick.’

Tsakhur haq’var haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	čık’	haq’var	haʔu
pn - erg	stick	( n )break. cov	n .do. pf
‘Murad broke a stick.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-urʡ-iz/ʡuʡ=iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	t'irxa	b-urʔ-ub
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	stick	n -break. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy broke a stick.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-aˤč-i / b-aˤlč-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	dirxːa	b-aˤč-un
boy- erg	stick	n -break. pfv ( caus )- pret (3)
‘The boy broke a stick.’

Turkish kırmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	dal-ı	kır-dı
pn	branch- acc	break- pst
‘Mehmet broke a stick.’

Turoyo towər

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	twər-le	u	čugan
pn	break. pfv - ls .3 m	art . m	stick( m )
‘Gabriyel broke the stick.’

Ulcha kiŋdali-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

xusə	piktə	mō-wa	kiŋdala-xa-ni
male	child	tree- acc	break- pst -3 sg
‘The boy broke a stick.’

Uzbek sindirib qo’ymoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	tayoq-ni	sin-dir-ib	qo’y-di
pn	stick- acc	break- caus - cvb	put- pst .3 sg
‘Petja broke a stick.’

West Central Oromo tʃ'aba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	ulee	tʃ'ab-s-e
pn - nom	stick. abs	break- caus -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa broke a stick.’

Zilo Andi <r>-iqχ-onɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ali-di	ts’ur	r-iqχ-onɬ.i
pn - erg	stick[ inan 2][ nom ]	inan 2-break- caus . pst ( aor )
‘Ali broke the stick.’