‘break’
| Argument frame: | X (break) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. broke a stick . |
| Predicate label Ru: | ломать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (ломать) Y |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. сломал палку . |
Abaza qə-ĉ̣a
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-č’ḳʷən | a-labá | qə-j-ĉ̣á-d |
| def -boy | def -stick | loc -3 sg . m . erg -break( aor )- dcl |
| ‘The boy broke the stick.’ | ||
Aghul arʕ.u-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | t’ul | arʕ.u-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | branch | break. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan broke a stick.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +šaməṭ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| yala | kesa | +šməṭ-lə |
| boy( m ) | wood( m ) | break. pst - ls .3 m |
| ‘The boy broke a stick.’ | ||
Brazilian Portuguese quebrar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | quebr-ou | o | bastão |
| pn ( m ) | break-3 sg . pst | def . m | stick( m ) |
| ‘Pedro broke the stick.’ | |||
Catalan trencar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | trenc-ar | un | pal |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | break- inf | indf . sg . m | stick( m ) |
| ‘Pere broke a stick.’ | |||||
Czech zlomit
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | zlomi-l | tyč |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | stick( f )[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Petr broke a stick.’ | ||
Danish brække
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | brække-de | en | pind |
| pn | break- pst | indf . sg | stick( c ) |
| ‘Peter broke a stick.’ | |||
Dutch breken
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | de | stok | ge-brok-en |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | art . def . c | stick(С) | ptcp -break- ptcp . |
| ‘Piet broke the stick.’ | ||||
Estonian murdma
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | murd-is | pulga |
| pn . sg . nom | break- pst .3 sg | stick. sg . gen |
| ‘Peeter broke a stick.’ | ||
Finnish katkoa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | katko-i | oksa-n |
| pn . nom | break- pst .3 sg | branch- gen |
| ‘Pekka broke a branch.’ | ||
Forest Enets mɔree
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | pɛ | mɔj | mɔree |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | wood | branch | break( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend broke a wooden stick’. | ||||
German brechen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | brach | ein-en | Stock |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | break. pst .3 sg | indf - m . acc . sg | stick[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl broke a stick.’ | |||
Italian rompere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | rotto | un | baston-e |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | break. pst . ptcp | indf . sg . m | stick- sg . m |
| ‘Leo broke the stick.’ | ||||
Kazakh sïndïr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | tayaq-tï | sïndïr-dï |
| pn | stick- acc | break- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya broke a stick.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty mǫrǝtti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | jǔχ | šǫpa | mǫrǝt-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | tree | across | break- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja broke a stick in half.’ | |||
Latin frango
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Apollo | inde | ram-um | freg-it | et | in | caput | imposu-it |
| pn ( m ). nom . sg | after_that | branch( m )- acc . sg | break[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | and | in | head( n ). acc . sg | put[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg |
| ‘Apollo broke a branch and placed it on his head.’ | |||||||
| Note: (Hyginus. Fabulae. 203, 1) | |||||||
Modern Hebrew ʃavar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | ʃavar | makel |
| pn | break[ pst .3 sg . m ] | stick |
| ‘Pinchas broke a stick.’ | ||
Nanai bojali-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | moka-mba | boja.le-ха-ni |
| pn | small_tree- obl | break. pfv - pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia broke a stick.’ | ||
Nivkh zоsqt
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | cʰχar̥ | zоsq-t |
| pn | tree | break- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik broke a stick.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å ødelegge
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | ødela | stokk-en |
| pn | break. pst | stick- def . m . sg |
| ‘Per broke a stick.’ | ||
Polish złamać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Jan | złama-ł | lask-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | break: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | stick- acc . sg |
| ‘Jan broke a stick.’ | ||
Russian slomatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | sloma-l | palk-u |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | stick( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja broke a stick.’ | ||
Rutul q’at’ hɨɁɨr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | t’at’al | q’at’ | hɨɁɨ-r |
| pn - erg | stick( nom ) | half | 4. lv . pfv - cvb |
| ‘Rasul broke a stick.’ | |||
Serbian polomio
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | polomi-o | štap |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | сломать- part . perf . m . sg | палка. acc . sg |
| ‘Петар сломал палку.’ | |||
Shughni virix̌tow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i | wi | sêx | virux̌-t |
| pn =3 sg | d 3. m . sg . obl | stick | break- pst |
| ‘Azim broke a stick.’ | |||
Skolt Saami tuäjjad
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | tuäja-i | sueʹbb |
| pn . sg . nom | break- pst .3 sg | stick. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete broke a stick.’ | ||
Slovenian zlomiti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | je | zlomi-l | palčk-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | break: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | stick- acc . sg |
| ‘Peter broke a stick.’ | |||
Spanish romper
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | roto | un | palo |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | break. ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . m | stick[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Pedro broke the stick.’ | ||||
Swedish att knäcka
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | knäck-te | en | pinne |
| pn | break- pst | indf . c . sg | stick |
| ‘Björn broke a stick.’ | |||
Turkish kırmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | dal-ı | kır-dı |
| pn | branch- acc | break- pst |
| ‘Mehmet broke a stick.’ | ||
Ulcha kiŋdali-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | mō-wa | kiŋdala-xa-ni |
| male | child | tree- acc | break- pst -3 sg |
| ‘The boy broke a stick.’ | |||
Zilo Andi <r>-iqχ-onɬ.i
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di | ts’ur | r-iqχ-onɬ.i |
| pn - erg | stick[ inan 2][ nom ] | inan 2-break- caus . pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali broke the stick.’ | ||