‘upset’
| Argument frame: |
X
(upset)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
greatly upset
M
. (He told her that he had spent all the money.)
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
огорчать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(огорчать)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
очень огорчил
М
. (Он сказал, что потратил все деньги).
|
Abaza
Y-gʷə X-s
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| murád |
zaréma |
l-gʷə |
d-a-s-ṭ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-heart
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-beat(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad upset Zarema.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
gʷə xe-ʁe.č̣ʼə
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_NominalPossessor
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NominalPossessor |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-m |
ə-gʷ |
x-jə-ʁe-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
|
guy-
obl
|
girl-
obl
|
3
sg
.
pr
-heart
|
loc
:
among
-3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-exit-
pst
|
| ‘The guy greatly upset the girl.’ |
| Note: Lit. ‘This guy removed the girl’s heart’. |
Aghul
pašman q’.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
meʜemed |
pašman |
q’.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
|
sad
|
do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan greatly upset Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
pert aric
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
rasul |
pert |
ar-id |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
|
irritated
|
do.
pfv
-
aor
.
m
|
| ‘Terlan greatly upset Rasul.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
SUP.EL_GEN
|
| X: SUP.EL |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| paša-tː-iš |
marin-ni-n |
ikʼʷ |
aqˁu |
|
pn
-
sup
-
el
|
pn
-
obl
-
gen
|
heart
|
4.break.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha greatly upset Marina.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
mapyəš ləbba
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: Y |
| a |
naša |
+raba |
ləbb=ət |
baxt-u |
muppəš-lə |
|
dem
1.
sg
|
person(
m
)
|
many
|
heart(
m
)=
rel
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
leave.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
| ‘This man greatly upset his wife.’ |
Avar
rek’eq’ɬizabize
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
rek’eq’ɬ-izaw-una |
aħmad |
|
pn
-
erg
|
regret-
caus
.
m
-
ipf
|
pn
|
| ‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’ |
Azerbaijani
məyus etmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
Rǝsul-u |
çox |
mǝyus |
et-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
very
|
sad
|
do-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’ |
Bambara
dòn
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sékù |
dòn-na |
Fántà |
gàsi` |
lá |
|
pn
|
enter-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
guilt\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Seku made Fanta sad.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
ficar chateado
|
Valency pattern:
com_SBJ
|
| X: com |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Miguel |
fic-ou |
muito |
chate-ad-o |
com |
Pedro |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
get-3
sg
.
pst
|
very
|
annoy-
ptcp
-
m
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Miguel got very upset with Pedro.’ |
Catalan
molestar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
molest-ar |
molt |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
bother-
inf
|
a_lot
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere greatly upset Marc.’ |
Chirag
ʡadab b-arq’i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
babaj |
ʡadab |
r-arq’-ib-le |
|
pn
-
erg
|
mother(
abs
)
|
upset
|
f
.
sg
-do:
pf
-
aor
-
res
.
prs
.3
|
| ‘Ali upset his mother.’ |
Czech
rozesmutnit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
rozesmutni-l |
Michal-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
make_sad(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr upset Michal.’ |
Danish
gøre oprørt
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
gjorde |
Marie |
meget |
oprør-t |
|
pn
|
make.
pst
|
pn
|
very
|
upset-
ptcp
.
pst
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter greatly upset Marie.’ |
Dutch
teleurstellen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
Marie |
teleur-ge-stel-d |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
to.loss-
ptcp
-set-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet upset Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
jùsumakása
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Fónba |
kà |
Sékù |
jùsumakása |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
pn
|
distress
|
| ‘Fomba saddened Seku.’ |
English
upset
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
greatly |
upset |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
pahaseks tegema
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
teg-i |
Mareti |
väga |
pahase-ks |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
make-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
gen
|
very
|
upset-
transl
|
| ‘Peeter made Maret very upset.’ |
Finnish
suututtaa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
suututt-i |
Mati-n |
pahanpäiväisesti |
|
pn
.
nom
|
upset-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
badly
|
| ‘Pekka greatly upset Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
chagriner
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
beaucoup |
chagriné |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
much
|
make_sad.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul greatly upset Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-a-c'q'en-in-eb-s (PRS/FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-m |
mašo-s |
ʒalian |
Ø-a-c'q'en-in-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
very
|
io
3-
caus
-break-
caus
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre greatly upset Masho.’ |
German
enttäuschen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
enttäusch-te |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
upset-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl upset Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
ɲɛ́i pǎa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pépèe |
àa |
Hɛ́ni |
ɲɛ́i |
páa |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
pn
|
face
|
kill
|
| ‘Pepee upset Heni.’ |
Icari Dargwa
pašman=r=ih-aq-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
Madina |
c'aˤq'-il |
pašman=r=ih-aq-ub |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
abs
|
very-
adv
|
disappointment=
f
=
lv
:
pf
-
caus
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’ |
Irish
gortaigh
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Ghortaigh |
Pól |
Máire |
g’ mór. |
|
pst
/cause_pain
|
pn
|
pn
|
strongly
|
| ‘Pól greatly upset Máire.’ |
Italian
rendere triste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
reso |
molto |
trist-e |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
make.
pst
.
ptcp
|
very
|
sad-
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo made Maria very sad.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
ʁabundu-r-uk'-aq-ib |
ʡašura |
|
pn
-
erg
|
grieve-
f
-say.
ipfv
-
caus
-
pret
|
pn
|
| ‘Muhammad greatly upset Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xoľarəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
xoľ-ar-ď-a |
la |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
upset-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša greatly upset Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Fatima-ji |
dada.ji-z |
derd |
tuv-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
mother-
dat
|
sadness
|
give-
pst
|
| ‘Fatima upset her mother.’ |
Karata
rak’wa q’waraɬa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: POSS |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-l |
aħmat’-i-b |
rak’wa |
q’war-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
n
|
heart
|
bite-
pf
|
| ‘Ali greatly upset Ahmat.’ |
| Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Kaytag Dargwa
abik:ulaqaχara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DATLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| petja-l |
c’aq’-li |
miša-j |
abik:ulaqiχ-iv |
|
pn
-
erg
|
power-
erg
|
pn
-
datlat
|
upset.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Petja greatly upset Misha.’ |
Kazakh
renžіt
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-nï |
qattï |
renž-іt-tі |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
strongly
|
upset-
caus
-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya upset Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khoekhoe
ǁaixa kai
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
buruxase |
Maria-s-a |
ge |
ǁaixa |
kai |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
amazingly
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
pst
|
upset
|
cause
|
| ‘Peter greatly upset Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
q'ʷarid j/uwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| uža |
q'ʷarid |
j-uj-ja |
išu |
|
son\
erg
|
sad
|
ii
-make-
pst
.
w
|
mother
|
| ‘The son has upset the mother.’ |
Kina Rutul
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Kumyk
göngün buzmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| musa |
patimat-nɨ |
göng-ün |
buz-d-u |
|
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
soul-3
sg
.
acc
|
spoil-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Musa greatly upset Patimat.’ |
Latin
contristo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| contrista-v-it |
haec |
sententi-a |
Balb-um |
|
upset-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
this.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
decision(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘This decision upset Balbus.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 8, 9, 5) |
Laz
o-č'-u
|
Valency pattern:
ABL_DAT
|
| X: ABL |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: XY |
| Käzim-i-s |
Fatma-šen |
gu(r)-i |
Ø-a-č'-un-Ø |
|
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
pn
-
abl
|
heart-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-ache-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Fatma makes Käzim’s heart ache.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
xīnfán
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_rang
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: rang |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
ràng |
Lǐsì |
hěn |
xīnfán |
|
pn
|
make
|
pn
|
very
|
upset
|
| ‘Zhangsan greatly upset Lisi.’ |
| Note: Here, "ràng" is treated as an argument-marking device, but its status is controversial. |
Mano
kɛ̄ yéŋ̀zɛ̀
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| ē |
ŋ̄ |
kɛ̄ |
yéŋ̀zɛ̀ |
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
1
sg
|
do
|
unhappy
|
| ‘S/he upset me.’ |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-ini |
wahaj-le |
pašman |
d-aq'-ib |
Madina |
|
pn
-
erg
|
bad-
advz
|
sad
|
f
-do:
pfv
-
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k |
anučia-s |
mangaro(t) |
Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-ap-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
greatly
|
io
3-
caus
-upset-
r
.
ext
-
caus
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo greatly upset Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hirgiz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
hirgiz |
meod |
et |
Mirjam |
|
pn
|
upset[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
much
|
do
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas greatly upset Miriam.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
pašmal hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
q'urban |
pašmal |
hıʔı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
|
sad
|
m
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad greatly upset Kurban.’ |
Nanai
orkila opowan-
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Petia |
Maša |
do-ni |
orke-la |
o-powaŋ-ki-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
|
inside-
p
.3
sg
|
bad-
adv
|
become-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
rak’wa baq’q’weloot’uruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: POSS |
| Locus: Y |
| pataħi-de |
čaka |
rak’wa |
b-aq’q’weloot’-ari |
madina-ƛƛi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
very
|
heart
|
n
-dry.
caus
-
aor
|
pn
-
gen
|
| ‘Patahi greatly upset Madina.’ |
Northern Mansi
xotkantmaltas
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pīj |
ɕān’-e |
takiɕ |
xot-kantm-alt-as-t-e |
|
son
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
|
strongly
|
off-be.angry-
caus
-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘The son made the mother very angry.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
habuguriǝsǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
hаbuguriǝ-sǝ-m |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
take_offence-
caus
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien greatly upset Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å gjøre trist
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
gjor-de |
Ola |
svært |
trist |
|
pn
|
make-
pst
|
pn
|
very
|
sad
|
| ‘Per greatly upset Ola.’ |
Polish
zasmucić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Paweł |
bardzo |
zasmuci-ł |
Magd-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
very
|
upset:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Paweł greatly upset Magda.’ |
Russian
ogorčitʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
očenʹ |
ogorči-l |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
very
|
upset(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja greatly upset Maša.’ |
Serbian
rastužiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
mnogo |
rastuži-o |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
very
|
upset-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar greatly upset Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
χatir atk hɨʔɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ATTR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ATTR |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
bala-na |
χatir |
atk |
hɨʔɨ-r |
karam-dɨ |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
much-
adv
|
grudge
|
n
.remain.
cov
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
attr
|
| ‘Basir greatly upset Karam.’ |
Shughni
xafā čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Towus=i |
xu |
amsoya |
xafā |
čūd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
refl
|
neighbour
|
upset
|
do.
pst
|
| ‘Towus upset her neighbour.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovak
rozrušiť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
veľmi |
rozruši-l |
Mark-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
very
|
make_sad(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter upset Marek.’ |
Slovenian
razžalostiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pavel |
je |
zelo |
razžalosti-l |
An-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
very
|
upset:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Pavel greatly upset Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bêzar kirdin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
Perî-î |
zor |
bêzar |
kird-Ø |
|
pn
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
very
|
upset
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa greatly upset Pari.’ |
Southern Rutul
paşmal hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
aydın |
paşmal |
hıʔı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
|
sad
|
m
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad greatly upset Aydin.’ |
Spanish
afligir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
afligi-ó |
mucho |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
upset-
aor
.3
sg
|
very
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro greatly upset Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
Ɂāḏā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
Ɂāḏā |
Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
hurt.
pf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
| ‘Badr greatly upset Maryam.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-d |
lile-s |
gwi-Ø |
a-[x]-γzigwn-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
heart-
nom
|
prv
:
dist
-[
io
3]-hurt
|
| ‘Maizer greatly upset Lile (lit. ‘Maizer disturbed Lile's heart’).’ |
Swedish
att göra upprörd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
gjor-de |
Maja |
väldigt |
upprör-d |
|
pn
|
make-
pst
|
pn
|
very
|
upset-
ptcp
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn greatly upset Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| I<ni>nis |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.upset
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro greatly upset Miguel’ |
Telugu
duḥkhaparucu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
cālā |
duḥkhaparicāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
very
|
upset.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen greatly upset Mahesh.’ |
Tsakhur
pašman haʔiy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
rasul |
geer |
pašman |
haʔu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
|
very.
h
|
sad
|
(
m
)do.
pf
|
| ‘Murad greatly upset Rasul.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
waˤl b-iχ-aq-iz
|
Valency pattern:
ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi-le |
juldaš-li-z |
waˤl |
b-iχ-aq-ub |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
friend-
obl
-
dat
|
bad
|
n
-be.
pfv
-
caus
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy greatly upset his friend.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
pašman b-arq'-i / b-irq'-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
zumra |
pašman |
w-arq'-ib |
|
boy-
erg
|
neighbor
|
sad
|
m
-do.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy greatly upset his neighbor.’ |
Turkish
üzmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Orhan |
Mehmed-i |
üz-dü |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
upset-
pst
|
| ‘Orhan upset Mehmet.’ |
Turoyo
qḥiro + COP
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: m |
| Locus: Y |
| Maryam |
qḥərto |
wa |
me |
Mixoyel |
|
pn
|
angry(
f
)
|
cop
.
pst
|
from
|
pn
|
| ‘Maryam was upset wich Michael.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Ulcha
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Uzbek
qayɣittirmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-ni |
qayɣit-tir-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
upset-
caus
-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja greatly upset Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
mufattʃiisa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu |
baajjee |
mufattʃiis-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
greatly
|
be_annoyed.
caus
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa greatly upset Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
waswasil-ʔo <j>-ukː-oɬ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di |
waswasil-ʔo |
j-ukː-oɬ.i |
marjam |
|
pn
-
erg
|
doubt.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
f
-fall-
caus
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat upset Mariam.’ |
