‘resemble’
| Argument frame: |
X
(resemble)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(M. is P.'s grandfather)
P.
resembles
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
быть похожим
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(быть похожим) на
Y
(-а)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. — дедушка П.)
П.
похож на
М
.
|
Abaza
apš
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| wará |
s-aχš’á |
w-l-apš-ṗ |
|
you.
m
|
1
sg
.
io
-sister
|
2
sg
.
m
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-similar-
npst
.
dcl
|
| ‘You resemble my sister.’ |
Adyghe
je-hšʼər
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| wə-s-e-hšʼər-ep |
|
2
sg
.
abs
-1
sg
.
io
-
dat
-похожий-
neg
|
| ‘Ты не похож на меня’ |
Aghul
uχšar + ‘be’
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-s |
uχšar |
a-a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
similar
|
{
in
}be-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan resembles Muhammad.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
damə
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo |
yala |
bədmay=əl |
+al |
savun-u |
|
dem
3.
m
|
boy(
m
)
|
resemble.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
grandfather(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘This boy resembles his grandfather.’ |
Bambara
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fe
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fe |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɔ́-len |
bɛ́ |
Fùseni |
fɛ̀ |
|
pn
|
go.out-
ptcp
.
res
|
be
|
pn
|
by
|
| ‘Seku resembles Fuseyni.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
parecer-se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
se |
parec-e |
com |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
look_like-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro resembles Miguel.’ |
Catalan
assemblar-se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
s'assembla |
a |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
-look.like-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere resembles Marc.’ |
| Note: Cf. "en Pere s'hi assembla" |
Czech
podobat se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
podobá |
dědečk-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
resemble(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
grandfather(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr resembles his grandfather.’ |
Danish
ligne
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
ligne-r |
Marie |
|
pn
|
resemble-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter resembles Marie.’ |
Dutch
lijken
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_op
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: op |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
lijk-t |
op |
Marie |
|
pn
(С)
|
resemble-3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(С)
|
| ‘Piet resembles Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Séku` |
bɔ́-nin |
Fónbà |
lá |
|
pn
|
exit-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
at
|
| ‘Seku resembles Fomba.’ |
English
resemble
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
meenutama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
meenuta-b |
Madis-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
resemble-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter resembles Madis.’ |
Finnish
näköinen + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
on |
Mati-n |
/ |
hänen |
näköinen |
|
pn
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
/
|
he.
gen
|
similar.looking
|
| ‘Pekka resembles Matti / him.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Forest Enets
ŋa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLdez
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLdez |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ɛse-da |
dʲez |
ŋa |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
father-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
in_the_direction
|
be(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend resembles his father’. |
French
ressembler
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
ressemble |
à |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look_like.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul resembles Marie.’ |
Georgian
h-gav-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mamia-s |
h-gav-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-be_alike-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre resembles Mamia.’ |
German
ähnlich sein
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
ist |
sein-em |
Vater |
ähnlich |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
his-
m
.
dat
.
sg
|
father[
dat
.
sg
]
|
similar
|
| ‘Karl resembles his father.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Irish
bí cosúil
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
cosúil |
le |
Máire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
similar
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól resembles Máire.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
somigliare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
somigli-a |
a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look_like-3
sg
.
prs
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo resembles Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
mʼa(zo)l
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pe |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
mʼa-l |
pe |
les-te |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
resemble-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
he-
loc
|
| ‘Murša resembles him.’ |
| Note: The preposition is obligatory with pronouns. With nominal Y’s the binominative construction is possible. |
Kazakh
uqsa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Mixail-ɣa |
uqsa-ydï |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
be_similar-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya resembles Michael.’ |
Kazym Khanty
maŋǝn tăjti
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| petˊa-j-en |
śat'śaś-ǝλ |
maŋǝn |
tăj-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
grandfather-
poss
.3
sg
|
outlook
|
have-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja resembles his grandfather.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_AD
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| di-ja |
uža |
di-lo |
juq'uči-ho |
ajłа |
gołe |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
1
|
сын(
i
)
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
старуха(
ii
)-
ad
|
[
i
]похожий
|
быть.
prs
|
| ‘Мой сын похож на мою бабку.’ |
Kina Rutul
kikara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INTER |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
k-ika-r=a |
ramazan-ɨ-k |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pv
-1.be.similar.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
-
obl
-
inter
|
| ‘Rasul resembles Ramazan.’ |
Latin
imitor
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| lampadi-as |
arde-nt-es |
imita-tur |
fac-es |
|
comet(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
burn-
prs
.
ptcp
.
act
-
acc
.
pl
|
imitate[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
torch(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘The comet resembles burning torches.’ |
| Note: (Plin. NH II, 90). Lampadias is a type of comet. |
Mandarin Chinese
zhǎng
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xiang
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: xiang |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
zhǎng |
de |
xiàng |
tā-yéye |
|
pn
|
grow
|
de
|
like
|
he-grandpa
|
| ‘Zhangsan resembles his grandpa.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-g-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
bondo-s |
ko-Ø-g-u(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-resemble-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo resembles Bondo.’ |
Modern Hebrew
dome
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
dome |
le |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
similar
|
to
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas resembles Menachem.’ |
Nanai
bi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_mat
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: mat |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Vasia=mat |
bi |
|
pn
|
pn
=like
|
be.
npst
|
| ‘Petia resembles Vasia.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nivkh
vоcid
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
Largun |
+ |
bоci-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
resemble-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik resembles Largun.’ |
Northern Mansi
xurip
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| pājel |
āɕ-e |
xurip |
|
pn
|
father-
poss
.3
sg
|
similar
|
| ‘Pasha resembles his father.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Northern Yukaghir
ban=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_langudeng
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: langudeng |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ |
lа-ŋudǝ |
bаn-i |
|
pn
|
pn
|
side-
dir
|
be-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien resembles Akulina.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ligne
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
ligne-r |
på |
Ola |
|
pn
|
resemble-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Per resembles Ola.’ |
Polish
podobny + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: doGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Ann-a |
podobn-a |
jest |
do |
Magd-y |
|
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
similar-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
be[
prs
.3
sg
]
|
at
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna resembles Magda.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Russian
poxož + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
poxož |
na |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
similar[
pred
.
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja resembles Maša.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Serbian
ličiti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
liči |
na |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
resemble.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar resembles Maria.’ |
Shughni
mūnand vidow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EQ |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmat |
tar |
xu |
bob |
mūnand |
|
pn
|
eq
|
refl
|
grandfather
|
similar
|
| ‘Ahmat resembles his grandfather.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENvuakka
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENvuakka |
| Locus: Y |
| päʹrnn |
lij |
ääʹjj-es |
vuâkka |
|
boy.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
grandfather.
sg
.
gen
-
poss
.3
sg
|
like
|
| ‘The boy resembles his grandfather.’ |
Slovak
podobať sa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sa |
podobá |
na |
Mark-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
resemble(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter resembles Marek.’ |
Slovenian
biti podoben
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| An-a |
je |
podobn-a |
Katarin-i |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
similar-
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana resembles Katarina.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Sorani Kurdish
çûn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
le |
Selîm-î |
de-ç-ê |
|
pn
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-go.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa resembles Selim.’ |
Spanish
parecerse
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
se |
parec-e |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
resemble-
prs
.3
sg
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro resembles Maria.’ |
Swedish
att likna
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
likna-r |
Mikael |
|
pn
|
resemble-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn resembles Mikael.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Ka-hawig |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
lolo |
|
com
-resemblance
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
grandfather
|
| ‘Pedro resembles his grandfather.’ |
| Note: ??? Think about the COM marker. Non-verbal predicate. Although this is a non-verbal construction, the encoding of X and Y is identical with that displayed by ACT & UND in the PV-construction. As RG mentioned that “After chatting with two linguists, I think we can categorize it like a PV”, the pattern here has been identified as “ACT_UND”. |
Telugu
uṁḍu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLlaga
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLlaga |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ |
lāgā |
uṁṭāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
like
|
be.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen resembles Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
benzemek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
dede-si |
Kemal-e |
benzi-yor |
|
pn
|
grandfather-
p
.3
|
pn
-
dat
|
be_similar-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet resembles his grandfather Kemal.’ |
Ulcha
bi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CMPR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CMPR |
| Locus: Y |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
dām-bi=məčilə |
bī-n |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
grandfather-
refl
.
sg
=
cmpr
|
be.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy resembles his grandfather.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Uzbek
o’xšamoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Miša-ga |
o’xša-y-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
resemble-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja resembles Miša.’ |
West Central Oromo
fakkaata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
tolaa |
fakkaat-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
resemble-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa resembles Tolaa.’ |
Zilo Andi
a<w>ɬin
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_AFF
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: AFF |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
a<w>ɬin |
muħammadi-<w>o |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
resemblant<
m
>
|
pn
-
aff
<
m
>
|
| ‘Ali resembles Muhammad.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
