‘respect’
Argument frame: |
X
(respect)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
respects
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
уважать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(уважать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
уважает
М
.
|
Abaza
χʷə [kʷ-]c̣a
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOCkwe
|
X: ERG |
Y: LOCkwe |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
fatíma |
χʷə |
lə́-kʷə-j-c̣-əj-ṭ |
pn
|
pn
|
price
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-put-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Rasul respects Fatima.’ |
Adyghe
ŝheč̣ʼafe fe-ṣ̂ə
Valency pattern:
ERG_BEN
|
X: ERG |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
dirjekterə-m |
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m |
ŝheč̣ʼafe |
f-j-e-ṣ̂ə |
директор-
obl
|
учитель-
obl
|
уважение(
abs
)
|
ben
-3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-делать
|
‘Директор уважает учителя.’ |
Aghul
uwažat q’.a-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
meʜemed |
uwažat |
q’.a-a |
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
|
<respect>
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan respects Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
maɣɣəb
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
+Ašur |
maɣɣub-u=l |
švav-u |
pn
|
like.
prog
-
p
.3
m
=3
m
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘Ashur respects his neighbor.’ |
Bambara
bònya
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bɛ |
Fùséni |
bònya |
pn
|
ipfv
|
pn
|
respect
|
‘Seku respects Fuseyni.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
respeitar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
respeit-a |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
respect-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro respects Miguel.’ |
Catalan
respectar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
respect-a |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
respect-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere respects Marc.’ |
Czech
vážit si
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
si |
váží |
Michal-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
dat
|
respect(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petr respects Michal.’ |
Danish
respektere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
respektere-r |
Marie |
pn
|
respect-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Peter respects Marie.’ |
Dutch
respecteren
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
respecteer-t |
Marie |
pn
(
c
)
|
respect-3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
‘Piet respects Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
mábònya
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
yé |
Fántà |
mábònya-la. |
pn
|
be
|
pn
|
respect-
inf
.
la
|
‘Seku respects Fanta.’ |
English
respect
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
austama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
austa-b |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
respect-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter respects Maret.’ |
Finnish
kunnioittaa
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
kunnioitt-aa |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
respect-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka respects Matti’ |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
respecter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
respecte |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
respect.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul respects Marie.’ |
Georgian
p'at'iv-s s-c-em-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
p'at'iv-s |
s-c-em-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
respect-
dat
|
io
3-give-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre respects Masho.’ |
German
respektieren
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
respektier-t |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
respect-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl respects Marie.’ |
Irish
bí meas
Valency pattern:
aige_ar
|
X: aige |
Y: ar |
Locus: XY |
Tá |
meas |
aig |
Pól |
air |
Máire. |
be.
prs
|
respect
|
at
|
pn
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pól respects Máire.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
rispettare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
rispett-a |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
respect-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo respects Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
thol laźav
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
X: NOM |
Y: pe |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
tho-l |
laźav |
pe |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
set-
prs
.3
sg
|
shame
|
on
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša respects Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
sïyla
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-nï |
sïyla-ydï |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
respect-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya respects Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN1
|
X: ERG |
Y: GEN1 |
Locus: Y |
c'aldoq'an-e |
učitele-s |
adab |
b-u-ho |
ученик-
erg
|
учитель-
gen
1
|
уважение(
iii
)
|
iii
-делать-
prs
|
‘Ученик уважает учителя.’ |
Kina Rutul
huˁrmaˁt waɁara
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
huˁrmaˁt |
w-aɁa-r=a |
asijet-ɨ-s |
pn
-
erg
|
respect
|
3-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
‘Rasul respects Asijat.’ |
Latin
vereor
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
vere-mur |
quidem |
vos… |
et, |
si |
ita |
vultis, |
etiam |
time-mus: |
sed |
plus |
et |
vere-mur |
et |
time-mus |
de-os |
respect[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.1
pl
|
indeed
|
you.
acc
|
and
|
if
|
so
|
want[
prs
.
ind
].
act
.2
sg
|
even
|
fear[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.1
pl
|
but
|
more
|
and
|
respect[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.1
pl
|
and
|
fear[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.1
pl
|
god(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘We indeed respect you… and, if you prefer, even fear: but we respect and fear the gods even more.’ |
Note: (Liv. XXXIX, 37, 17) |
Mandarin Chinese
zūnjìng
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dui
|
X: SBJ |
Y: dui |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
duì |
Lǐsì |
zūnjìng |
pn
|
towards
|
pn
|
respect
|
‘Zhangsan respects Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
p'at'-s s-c-en-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
p'at'-s |
s-c-en-s. |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
respect-
dat
|
io
3-give-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo respects Anuchia.’ |
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
meχabed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
meχabed |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
respect[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas respects Menachem.’ |
Nanai
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Nivkh
urd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DAT/ADD |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana-rоχ |
nеf |
ur-d |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
add
|
face
|
be_good-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik respects Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
čamarī=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
čаmаrī-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
respect-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien respects Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å respektere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
respektere-r |
Ola |
pn
|
respect-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Per respects Ola.’ |
Polish
szanować
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Krystyn-a |
szanuje |
Ann-ę |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
respect:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Krystyna respects Anna.’ |
Russian
uvažatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
uvaža-et |
Maš-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
respect(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja respects Maša.’ |
Serbian
poštovati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
poštuje |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
respect.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar respects Maria.’ |
Shughni
urmat čīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Šamil |
Azim |
urmat |
kix̌-t |
pn
|
pn
|
respect
|
do-3
sg
|
‘Shamil respects Azim.’ |
Skolt Saami
ciʹsttjed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
ciʹsttai |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
respect.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete respects Maria’ |
Slovak
vážiť si
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
si |
váži |
Mári-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
dat
|
respect(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Peter respects Maria.’ |
Slovenian
spoštovati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Katarin-a |
spoštuje |
An-o |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
respect:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Katarina respects Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
r̂êz girtin
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Hîwa |
r̂êz-î |
Marî-î |
de-gir-ê |
pn
|
respect-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-catch.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa respects Marie.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
respetar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
respet-a |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
respect-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro respects Maria.’ |
Swedish
att respektera
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
respektera-r |
Maja |
pn
|
respect-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Björn respects Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
<Ni>re~respeto |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
<
pv
>
ipfv
~respect
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro respects Maria.’ |
Telugu
ādariṁcu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
ādaristāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
respect.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen respects Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
saygı göstermek
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-a |
saygı |
göster-ir |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
respect
|
show-
aor
|
‘Mehmet respects Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
uləsi-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ti |
ńī |
rəbalka-du=də |
ulə |
tamata |
gursəl-bə |
uləs-i |
bi-či-t=gun |
that
|
human
|
fishing-
dat
=
emph
|
good
|
such
|
people-
acc
|
love-
prs
|
be-
pst
-3
pl
=
ptcl
|
‘... whoever was good at fishing, [everyone] liked such people.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
hurmat qilmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
hurmat |
qil-a-di |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
respect
|
do-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja respects Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
kabadʒa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
kabadʒ-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
respect-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa respects Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
<j>-etʃ’uχa-jd.i-r
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
pat’imati-di |
j-etʃ’uχa-jd.i-r |
marjam |
pn
-
erg
|
f
-big-
fct
.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
‘Patimat respects Mariam.’ |