‘feel pain’
Argument frame: |
X
(have)
Y
ache
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
has a
head
ache.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
болеть#часть тела#
|
Argument frame Ru: |
у
X
-а (болеть)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
У
П.
болит
голова
.
|
Abaza
χ’ə
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
á-č̣’ḳʷən |
j-qá |
jə́-χ’-əj-ṭ |
def
-boy
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-head
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-ache-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘The boy has a headache.’ |
Adyghe
wəzə
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
č̣ʼale-m |
ə-ŝhe |
me-wəzə |
парень-
obl
|
3
sg
.
pr
-голова
|
dyn
-болеть
|
‘У парня болит голова.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Aghul
itːa-
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
X: GEN |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-n |
k’il |
itːa-a |
pn
-
gen
|
head
|
ache-
prs
|
‘Aslan has a headache.’ |
Note: NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+marrə
Valency pattern:
BARE_SBJ
|
X: BARE |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
brata |
riš-o |
+mray=əl |
girl(
f
)
|
head(
m
)-
p
.3
f
|
ache.
prog
=3
m
|
‘The girl has a headache.’ |
Bambara
dími
Valency pattern:
POSS&DO_SBJ
|
X: POSS&DO |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Sékù |
kùnkolo` |
bɛ |
à |
dími |
pn
|
head\
art
|
ipfv
|
3
sg
|
be.sick
|
‘Seku has a headache.’ |
Note: The experiencer is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the direct object. |
Brazilian Portuguese
estar com dor
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
está |
com |
dor |
de |
cabeça |
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pain(
f
)
|
of
|
head(
f
)
|
‘Pedro has a headache.’ |
Catalan
fer mal
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
X: DAT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
al |
Pere |
li |
fa |
mal |
el |
cap |
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
3
sg
.
dat
|
make.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
pain(
m
)
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
head(
m
)
|
‘Pere has a headache.’ |
Czech
bolet
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-a |
bolí |
hlav-a |
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petr has a headache.’ |
Danish
have hovedpine
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Peter |
ha-r |
hovedpine |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
headache(
c
)
|
‘Peter has a headache.' |
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound). |
Dutch
Y-pijn hebben
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Piet |
heeft |
hoofdpijn |
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
headache(
c
)
|
‘Piet has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Eastern Maninka
dímin
Valency pattern:
POSS&DO_SBJ
|
X: POSS&DO |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Sékù |
sèn` |
yé |
à |
dímin-na. |
pn
|
foot\
art
|
be
|
3
sg
|
hurt-
inf
.
la
|
‘Seku has a footache.’ |
English
have X-ache
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Peter |
has |
a |
headache. |
|
|
|
|
|
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Estonian
olema
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
X: ADESS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peetri-l |
on |
peavalu |
pn
-
adess
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
headache.
sg
.
nom
|
‘Peeter has a headache.’ |
Finnish
särkeä
Valency pattern:
ADE_PART
|
X: ADE |
Y: PART |
Locus: XY |
Peka-lla |
särk-ee |
pää-tä |
pn
-
ade
|
ache-
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
part
|
‘Pekka has a headache.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲe
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
X: TOP |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ɛba-za |
dʲee |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend has a headache’. |
French
avoir mal
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
a |
mal |
à |
la |
tête |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
painful
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
head(
f
)
|
‘Paul has a headache.’ |
Georgian
s-t'k'-iv-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s |
tav-i |
s-t'k'-iv-a |
pn
-
dat
|
head-
nom
|
io
3-ache-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre has a headache.’ |
German
schmerzen
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
der |
Kopf |
schmerz-t |
Karl |
def
.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
head[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pain-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl has a headache.’ |
Irish
bí tinneas cinn
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Tá |
tinneas |
cinn |
air |
Phól. |
be.
prs
|
pain
|
head.
gs
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pól has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Italian
dolere
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
X: a |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Leo |
duol-e |
la |
test-a |
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
ache-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
head-
sg
.
f
|
‘Leo has a headache.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dukhal
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
man |
dukha-l |
ma |
o |
šər-o |
i
.
acc
|
ache-
prs
.3
sg
|
i
.
cl
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
‘I have a headache.’ |
Kazakh
awïr
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-nïŋ |
bas-ï |
awïr-adï |
pn
-
gen
|
head-
poss
3
|
ache-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya has a headache.’ |
Kazym Khanty
kăši
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
waśa-j-en |
ŏχ-ǝλ |
kăši |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
head-
poss
.3
sg
|
sick
|
‘Vasja has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
GEN1_ABS
|
X: GEN1 |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
di-ja |
b-eƛ-ƛo |
lola |
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
1
|
iii
-болеть-
prs
|
ступня(
iii
)
|
‘Моя ступня болит.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive (X) displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Kina Rutul
weddara
Valency pattern:
ATTR_NOM
|
X: ATTR |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-dɨ |
huq’ul |
w-edda-r=a |
pn
-
attr
|
head(
nom
)
|
3-hurt.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul has a headache.’ |
Latin
doleo
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
quod |
tu-o |
vir-o |
ocul-i |
dole-a-nt |
why
|
your-
dat
.
sg
.
m
|
husband(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
eye(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
hurt-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
pl
|
‘Because of this, your husband's eyes will hurt.’ |
Note: (Ter, Ph, 1053) |
Mandarin Chinese
tòng
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Zhāngsān |
tóu |
tòng |
pn
|
head
|
ache
|
‘Zhangsan has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mingrelian
Ø-a-č'-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
|
X: DAT |
Y: DAT |
Locus: XY |
čelo-s |
dud-i-s |
Ø-a-č'-u(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
dat
|
head-
b
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-ache-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo has a headache.’ |
Note: One assumes that an entire head may not ache, hence: "in/on the head". |
Modern Hebrew
jeʃ
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
le |
Pinχas |
jeʃ |
koev |
roʃ |
to
|
pn
|
there.is[
prs
]
|
pain
|
head
|
‘Pinchas has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Nanai
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Petia |
ǯele-ni |
ənu.si-ni |
pn
|
head-
p
.3
sg
|
be_sick.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nivkh
qоd
Valency pattern:
LOC/ABL_SBJ
|
X: LOC/ABL |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Largun-ux |
coŋr̥ |
qо-d |
pn
-
loc
/
abl
|
head
|
ache-
ind
|
‘Largun has a headache.’ |
Northern Mansi
ājmən
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
pājel |
puŋk-e |
ājməŋ |
pn
|
head-
poss
.3
sg
|
sick
|
‘Pasha has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Northern Yukaghir
jaw=
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn |
juo-gi |
jаw-l |
pn
|
head-
poss
.3
|
ache-
sf
.3
sg
|
‘Semien has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ha vondt
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Per |
ha-r |
vond-t |
i |
hod-et |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
painful-
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
in
|
head-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Per has a headache.’ |
Polish
boleć
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Ann-ę |
boli |
głow-a |
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
hurt:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Anna has a headache.’ |
Russian
boletʹ
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
|
X: uGEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
u |
Pet-i |
bol-it |
golov-a |
at
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petja has a headache.’ |
Serbian
boleti
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-a |
boli |
glav-a |
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
ache.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petar has a headache.’ |
Shughni
dārδ čīdow
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Ahmed-and |
wi |
kāl |
dārδ |
kix̌-t |
pn
-
loc
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
head
|
pain
|
do-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed has a headache.’ |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd -kõpp
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Peâtt-ast |
lij |
vueiʹvv-kõpp |
pn
-
sg
.
loc
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-disease.
sg
.
nom
|
‘Pete has a headache.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound). |
Slovak
bolet
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-a |
bolí |
hlav-a |
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Peter has a headache.’ |
Slovenian
boleti
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
An-o |
boli |
glav-a |
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
ache:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Ana has a headache.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
êʂîn
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
X: EXT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Hîwa |
ewr̂o |
ser=î |
d-êʂ-ê |
pn
|
today
|
head=3
sg
.
pc
|
ind
-hurt.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa has a headache today.’ |
Note: The verb agrees with the body part. |
Spanish
doler
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Pedro |
le |
duel-e |
la |
cabeza |
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
ache-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
head[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro has a headache.’ |
Swedish
att ha ont
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
ha-r |
ont |
i |
huvud-et |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
painful.
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
in
|
head-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Björn has a headache.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Masakit |
ang |
ulo |
ni |
Pedro. |
painful
|
subj
|
head
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
‘Pedro's head hurts.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. Alternative is “S<um>akit ang ulo ni Pedro” [<AV>PFV.hurt SUBJ head PERS.GEN PN] ‘Pedro's head became hurt.’, which also cannot be included because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Telugu
noppi gā uṁḍu
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pravīṇ-ki |
ā |
kālu |
noppi |
gā |
uṁdi |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
dem
.
dist
|
leg(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
pain(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
advz
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘Praveen’s that leg hurts.’ |
Turkish
ağrımak
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Mehmed-in |
baş-ı |
ağrı-yor |
pn
-
gen
|
head-
p
.3
|
ache-
prs
|
‘Mehmet has a headache.’ |
Ulcha
ənusi-
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
əj |
xusə |
piktə-du |
ǯili-n |
ənu-s-i-n |
this
|
male
|
child-
dat
|
head-3
sg
|
be_ill-
ipfv
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘This boy has a headache.’ |
Uzbek
oɣrimoq
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-niŋ |
boš-i |
oɣri-b |
tur-ib-ti |
pn
-
gen
|
head-
poss
.3
sg
|
ache-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja has a headache.’ |
Note: The experiencer NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. |
West Central Oromo
ɗukkuba
Valency pattern:
ABS_NOM
|
X: ABS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
obsaa-n |
mataa-n |
isa |
ɗukkub-a |
pn
-
nom
|
head-
nom
|
3
sg
.
m
.
abs
|
pain-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa has a headache.’ |
Note: The first NP is fronted, but this is not obligatory. |
Zilo Andi
ruqχ’.u
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-r |
mijar |
ruqχ’.u-r |
pn
.
obl
-
inan
2(
gen
)
|
head[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
ache.
pst
-
prog
|
‘Ali has a headache.’ |