‘feel pain’
| Argument frame: |
X
(have)
Y
ache
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
has a
head
ache.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
болеть#часть тела#
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
у
X
-а (болеть)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
У
П.
болит
голова
.
|
Abaza
χ’ə
|
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
| X: IO |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| á-č̣’ḳʷən |
j-qá |
jə́-χ’-əj-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-head
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-ache-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy has a headache.’ |
Adyghe
wəzə
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| č̣ʼale-m |
ə-ŝhe |
me-wəzə |
|
парень-
obl
|
3
sg
.
pr
-голова
|
dyn
-болеть
|
| ‘У парня болит голова.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Aghul
itːa-
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-n |
k’il |
itːa-a |
|
pn
-
gen
|
head
|
ache-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan has a headache.’ |
| Note: NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+marrə
|
Valency pattern:
BARE_SBJ
|
| X: BARE |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| brata |
riš-o |
+mray=əl |
|
girl(
f
)
|
head(
m
)-
p
.3
f
|
ache.
prog
=3
m
|
| ‘The girl has a headache.’ |
Bambara
dími
|
Valency pattern:
POSS&DO_SBJ
|
| X: POSS&DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Sékù |
kùnkolo` |
bɛ |
à |
dími |
|
pn
|
head\
art
|
ipfv
|
3
sg
|
be.sick
|
| ‘Seku has a headache.’ |
| Note: The experiencer is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the direct object. |
Brazilian Portuguese
estar com dor
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
com |
dor |
de |
cabeça |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pain(
f
)
|
of
|
head(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro has a headache.’ |
Catalan
fer mal
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| al |
Pere |
li |
fa |
mal |
el |
cap |
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
3
sg
.
dat
|
make.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
pain(
m
)
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
head(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere has a headache.’ |
Czech
bolet
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-a |
bolí |
hlav-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr has a headache.’ |
Danish
have hovedpine
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Peter |
ha-r |
hovedpine |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
headache(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter has a headache.' |
| Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound). |
Dutch
Y-pijn hebben
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Piet |
heeft |
hoofdpijn |
|
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
headache(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Eastern Maninka
dímin
|
Valency pattern:
POSS&DO_SBJ
|
| X: POSS&DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Sékù |
sèn` |
yé |
à |
dímin-na. |
|
pn
|
foot\
art
|
be
|
3
sg
|
hurt-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku has a footache.’ |
English
have X-ache
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Peter |
has |
a |
headache. |
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Estonian
olema
|
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
| X: ADESS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peetri-l |
on |
peavalu |
|
pn
-
adess
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
headache.
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Peeter has a headache.’ |
Finnish
särkeä
|
Valency pattern:
ADE_PART
|
| X: ADE |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: XY |
| Peka-lla |
särk-ee |
pää-tä |
|
pn
-
ade
|
ache-
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
part
|
| ‘Pekka has a headache.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲe
|
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ɛba-za |
dʲee |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend has a headache’. |
French
avoir mal
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
a |
mal |
à |
la |
tête |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
painful
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
head(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul has a headache.’ |
Georgian
s-t'k'-iv-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
tav-i |
s-t'k'-iv-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
head-
nom
|
io
3-ache-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre has a headache.’ |
German
schmerzen
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| der |
Kopf |
schmerz-t |
Karl |
|
def
.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
head[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pain-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl has a headache.’ |
Irish
bí tinneas cinn
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Tá |
tinneas |
cinn |
air |
Phól. |
|
be.
prs
|
pain
|
head.
gs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Italian
dolere
|
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
| X: a |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Leo |
duol-e |
la |
test-a |
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
ache-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
head-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo has a headache.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dukhal
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| man |
dukha-l |
ma |
o |
šər-o |
|
i
.
acc
|
ache-
prs
.3
sg
|
i
.
cl
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘I have a headache.’ |
Kazakh
awïr
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-nïŋ |
bas-ï |
awïr-adï |
|
pn
-
gen
|
head-
poss
3
|
ache-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya has a headache.’ |
Kazym Khanty
kăši
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| waśa-j-en |
ŏχ-ǝλ |
kăši |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
head-
poss
.3
sg
|
sick
|
| ‘Vasja has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN1_ABS
|
| X: GEN1 |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| di-ja |
b-eƛ-ƛo |
lola |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
1
|
iii
-болеть-
prs
|
ступня(
iii
)
|
| ‘Моя ступня болит.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive (X) displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Kina Rutul
weddara
|
Valency pattern:
ATTR_NOM
|
| X: ATTR |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-dɨ |
huq’ul |
w-edda-r=a |
|
pn
-
attr
|
head(
nom
)
|
3-hurt.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul has a headache.’ |
Latin
doleo
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| quod |
tu-o |
vir-o |
ocul-i |
dole-a-nt |
|
why
|
your-
dat
.
sg
.
m
|
husband(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
eye(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
hurt-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
pl
|
| ‘Because of this, your husband's eyes will hurt.’ |
| Note: (Ter, Ph, 1053) |
Mandarin Chinese
tòng
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Zhāngsān |
tóu |
tòng |
|
pn
|
head
|
ache
|
| ‘Zhangsan has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mingrelian
Ø-a-č'-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: XY |
| čelo-s |
dud-i-s |
Ø-a-č'-u(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
head-
b
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-ache-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo has a headache.’ |
| Note: One assumes that an entire head may not ache, hence: "in/on the head". |
Modern Hebrew
jeʃ
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| le |
Pinχas |
jeʃ |
koev |
roʃ |
|
to
|
pn
|
there.is[
prs
]
|
pain
|
head
|
| ‘Pinchas has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Nanai
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Petia |
ǯele-ni |
ənu.si-ni |
|
pn
|
head-
p
.3
sg
|
be_sick.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nivkh
qоd
|
Valency pattern:
LOC/ABL_SBJ
|
| X: LOC/ABL |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Largun-ux |
coŋr̥ |
qо-d |
|
pn
-
loc
/
abl
|
head
|
ache-
ind
|
| ‘Largun has a headache.’ |
Northern Mansi
ājmən
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| pājel |
puŋk-e |
ājməŋ |
|
pn
|
head-
poss
.3
sg
|
sick
|
| ‘Pasha has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is (arguably) expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Northern Yukaghir
jaw=
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sǝmiǝn |
juo-gi |
jаw-l |
|
pn
|
head-
poss
.3
|
ache-
sf
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ha vondt
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: i |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
ha-r |
vond-t |
i |
hod-et |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
painful-
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
in
|
head-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
| ‘Per has a headache.’ |
Polish
boleć
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Ann-ę |
boli |
głow-a |
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
hurt:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna has a headache.’ |
Russian
boletʹ
|
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
|
| X: uGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| u |
Pet-i |
bol-it |
golov-a |
|
at
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja has a headache.’ |
Serbian
boleti
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-a |
boli |
glav-a |
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
ache.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar has a headache.’ |
Shughni
dārδ čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Ahmed-and |
wi |
kāl |
dārδ |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
-
loc
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
head
|
pain
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmed has a headache.’ |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd -kõpp
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Peâtt-ast |
lij |
vueiʹvv-kõpp |
|
pn
-
sg
.
loc
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-disease.
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Pete has a headache.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound). |
Slovak
bolet
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-a |
bolí |
hlav-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
ache(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter has a headache.’ |
Slovenian
boleti
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| An-o |
boli |
glav-a |
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
ache:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
head-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana has a headache.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
êʂîn
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Hîwa |
ewr̂o |
ser=î |
d-êʂ-ê |
|
pn
|
today
|
head=3
sg
.
pc
|
ind
-hurt.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa has a headache today.’ |
| Note: The verb agrees with the body part. |
Spanish
doler
|
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
| X: NDIR.OBJ |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Pedro |
le |
duel-e |
la |
cabeza |
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
ache-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
head[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro has a headache.’ |
Swedish
att ha ont
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: i |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
ha-r |
ont |
i |
huvud-et |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
painful.
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
in
|
head-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn has a headache.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Masakit |
ang |
ulo |
ni |
Pedro. |
|
painful
|
subj
|
head
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro's head hurts.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. Alternative is “S<um>akit ang ulo ni Pedro” [<AV>PFV.hurt SUBJ head PERS.GEN PN] ‘Pedro's head became hurt.’, which also cannot be included because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Telugu
noppi gā uṁḍu
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pravīṇ-ki |
ā |
kālu |
noppi |
gā |
uṁdi |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
dem
.
dist
|
leg(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
pain(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
advz
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
.
nm
|
| ‘Praveen’s that leg hurts.’ |
Turkish
ağrımak
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Mehmed-in |
baş-ı |
ağrı-yor |
|
pn
-
gen
|
head-
p
.3
|
ache-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet has a headache.’ |
Ulcha
ənusi-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə-du |
ǯili-n |
ənu-s-i-n |
|
this
|
male
|
child-
dat
|
head-3
sg
|
be_ill-
ipfv
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy has a headache.’ |
Uzbek
oɣrimoq
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-niŋ |
boš-i |
oɣri-b |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
-
gen
|
head-
poss
.3
sg
|
ache-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja has a headache.’ |
| Note: The experiencer NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. |
West Central Oromo
ɗukkuba
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_NOM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| obsaa-n |
mataa-n |
isa |
ɗukkub-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
head-
nom
|
3
sg
.
m
.
abs
|
pain-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa has a headache.’ |
| Note: The first NP is fronted, but this is not obligatory. |
Zilo Andi
ruqχ’.u
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-r |
mijar |
ruqχ’.u-r |
|
pn
.
obl
-
inan
2(
gen
)
|
head[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
ache.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Ali has a headache.’ |
