‘be short’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be short)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. wants to buy a ticket. He counts his money and finds out that)
P.
is short / lacks
one euro
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
недоставать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
-у (недоставать)
Y
-a
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. хочет купить билет. Он посчитал деньги и выяснилось, что)
П.
недостает
одного доллара
.
|
Abaza
gχa
|
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
| X: IO |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| murád |
ẑa–som-ḳ |
jə-gχ-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
ten–rouble-
unit
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-lack-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad is short ten roubles.’ |
Aghul
hurk’.u + NEG
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
sa |
manat |
hurk’.u-ndawa |
|
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
ruble
|
suffice.
pf
-
aor
:
neg
|
| ‘Aslan is short one ruble.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
NEG + xazə
|
Valency pattern:
ka_SBJ
|
| X: ka |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| ka |
+Ašur |
la |
xzi-lun |
zuyzə |
(zavən |
bilet) |
|
to
|
pn
|
neg
|
see.
pst
-
ls
.3
pl
|
money(
pl
)
|
buy.
prs
|
ticket(?)
|
| ‘Ashur lacks the money to buy a ticket.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
faltar
|
Valency pattern:
para_SBJ
|
| X: para |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| falt-a |
um |
dólar |
para |
Pedro |
|
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
|
dollar(
m
)
|
towards
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Catalan
faltar
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| al |
Pere |
li |
falt-en |
deu |
euro-s |
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
3
sg
.
dat
|
lack-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
ten
|
euro(
m
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pere is short ten euros.’ |
Czech
chybit
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-ovi |
chybí |
dolar |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr is one dollar short.’ |
Danish
mangle
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
mangle-r |
en |
euro |
|
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one
|
euro(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter lacks one euro.’ |
Dutch
tekortkomen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
kom-t |
één |
dollar |
tekort |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
come-3
sg
|
one
|
dollar(
c
)
|
shortage(
n
)
|
| ‘Piet is one dollar short.’ |
Estonian
puudu jääma
|
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
| X: ADESS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peetri-l |
jää-b |
üks |
euro |
puudu |
|
pn
-
adess
|
stay-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
sg
.
nom
|
euro.
sg
.
nom
|
missing
|
| ‘Peeter is short one euro.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (puudu is not a flagging device). |
Finnish
puuttua
|
Valency pattern:
ABL_NOM
|
| X: ABL |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peka-lta |
puuttu-u |
yksi |
euro |
|
pn
-
abl
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
|
euro.
nom
|
| ‘Pekka is short one euro.’ |
Forest Enets
tɔɔri + NEG
|
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋo-lʲu |
bɛse-za |
nʲi |
tɔɔri-ʔ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
one-
restr
|
iron-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
neg
.3
sg
.
s
|
be_enough(
ipfv
)-
conn
|
| ‘My friend lacks one rouble’. |
German
fehlen
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Karl |
fehl-t |
ein |
Euro |
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
nom
.
sg
]
|
euro[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is one euro short.’ |
Italian
mancare
|
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
| X: a |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Leo |
manc-a |
un |
dollar-o |
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo is one dollar short.’ |
Kazakh
žet-pe
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-ɣa |
bіr |
dollar |
žet-pe-y |
tur |
|
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
have_enough-
neg
-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is one dollar short.’ |
Kazym Khanty
tărǝmti + NEG
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pet’a-j-en-a |
jaŋ |
šɔjt |
ǎn |
tǎrm-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
dat
|
ten
|
rouble
|
neg
|
suffice-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is 10 roubles short.’ |
| Note: This is an active construction, more natural here (cf. 5 for the passive). |
Latin
desum
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| si |
quibus |
argent-um |
deesse-t |
|
if
|
who.
dat
.
pl
|
silver(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lack[
ipfv
.
sbjv
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘... whenever money is not available to someone.’ |
| Note: (Liv. XXII, 60, 4) |
Modern Hebrew
χaser
|
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
| X: le |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| χaser |
le |
Pinχas |
juro |
eχad |
|
is.lacking
|
to
|
pn
|
euro
|
one
|
| ‘Pinchas is one euro short.’ |
Nanai
aoli-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
| Locus: XY |
| Petia-du |
əm |
tiəsə |
aoli-ni |
|
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
rouble
|
lack.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is one rouble short.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å mangle
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
mangle-r |
en |
dollar |
|
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one.
m
|
dollar
|
| ‘Per is one dollar short.’ |
Polish
brakować
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| Ann-ie |
brakuje |
dolar-a |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna is one euro short.’ |
Russian
nedostavatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| Pet-e |
nedosta-et |
odn-ogo |
dollar-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is one euro short.’ |
Rutul
ʁewirq’ardiš
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s |
ʁe-w-irq’a-r-diš |
sa |
manut |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pv
-3-be.enough.
ipfv
-
cvb
-
neg
|
one
|
rouble(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul is short one rouble.’ |
Serbian
fali
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-u |
fali |
jedan |
dolar |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
недоставать.
prs
.3
sg
|
один.
nom
.
sg
|
доллар.
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Петру недостает одного доллара.’ |
Shughni
na-firīptow
|
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
| X: LAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Šamil-ard |
aray |
somoni=ga |
na-firop-t |
|
pn
-
lat
|
3
|
somoni=more
|
neg
-reach-3
sg
|
| ‘Shamil is three somoni short.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovenian
manjkati
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| An-i |
manjka |
en |
dolar |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Ana is short one dollar.’ |
Spanish
faltar
|
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
| X: NDIR.OBJ |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Pedro |
le |
falt-a |
dólar |
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Swedish
att ha för lite
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
ha-r |
en |
euro |
för |
lite |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
one.
c
|
euro
|
too
|
little
|
| ‘Björn is one euro short.’ |
Turkish
yetmemek
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Mehmed-in |
bilet |
al-mak |
için |
bir |
lira-sı |
yet-mi-yor |
|
pn
-
gen
|
ticket
|
take-
inf
|
for
|
one
|
lira-
p
.3
|
be_enough-
neg
-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is short of one lira to buy a ticket.’ |
Ulcha
isi- + NEG
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: XY |
| ama-du |
um |
taŋgu-du |
is-ə-si-ni |
|
father-
dat
|
one
|
hundred-
dat
|
reach-
conneg
-
prs
.
neg
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father is one hundred [roubles] short.’ |
| Note: Arguably, this is an elliptical structure, the third implicit argument is 'money' (encoded by the nominative case when overt). |
Zilo Andi
b-iʔ.u-mado- + NEG
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-ɬu |
sːe-b |
som |
b-iʔ.u-mado-sːu |
|
pn
-
dat
|
one-
inan
1
|
rouble
|
inan
1-be_enough.
pst
-
prog
-
neg
|
| ‘Ali is missing one rouble.’ |
