‘be short’
Argument frame: |
X
(be short)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. wants to buy a ticket. He counts his money and finds out that)
P.
is short / lacks
one euro
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
недоставать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
-у (недоставать)
Y
-a
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. хочет купить билет. Он посчитал деньги и выяснилось, что)
П.
недостает
одного доллара
.
|
Abaza
gχa
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
murád |
ẑa–som-ḳ |
jə-gχ-ə́j-d |
pn
|
ten–rouble-
unit
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-lack-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Murad is short ten roubles.’ |
Aghul
hurk’.u + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
sa |
manat |
hurk’.u-ndawa |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
ruble
|
suffice.
pf
-
aor
:
neg
|
‘Aslan is short one ruble.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
NEG + xazə
Valency pattern:
ka_SBJ
|
X: ka |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
ka |
+Ašur |
la |
xzi-lun |
zuyzə |
(zavən |
bilet) |
to
|
pn
|
neg
|
see.
pst
-
ls
.3
pl
|
money(
pl
)
|
buy.
prs
|
ticket(?)
|
‘Ashur lacks the money to buy a ticket.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
faltar
Valency pattern:
para_SBJ
|
X: para |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
falt-a |
um |
dólar |
para |
Pedro |
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
|
dollar(
m
)
|
towards
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Catalan
faltar
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
X: DAT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
al |
Pere |
li |
falt-en |
deu |
euro-s |
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
3
sg
.
dat
|
lack-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
ten
|
euro(
m
)-
pl
|
‘Pere is short ten euros.’ |
Czech
chybit
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-ovi |
chybí |
dolar |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr is one dollar short.’ |
Danish
mangle
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
mangle-r |
en |
euro |
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one
|
euro(
c
)
|
‘Peter lacks one euro.’ |
Dutch
tekortkomen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
kom-t |
één |
dollar |
tekort |
pn
(
c
)
|
come-3
sg
|
one
|
dollar(
c
)
|
shortage(
n
)
|
‘Piet is one dollar short.’ |
Estonian
puudu jääma
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
X: ADESS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peetri-l |
jää-b |
üks |
euro |
puudu |
pn
-
adess
|
stay-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
sg
.
nom
|
euro.
sg
.
nom
|
missing
|
‘Peeter is short one euro.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (puudu is not a flagging device). |
Finnish
puuttua
Valency pattern:
ABL_NOM
|
X: ABL |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peka-lta |
puuttu-u |
yksi |
euro |
pn
-
abl
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
|
euro.
nom
|
‘Pekka is short one euro.’ |
Forest Enets
tɔɔri + NEG
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
X: TOP |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋo-lʲu |
bɛse-za |
nʲi |
tɔɔri-ʔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
one-
restr
|
iron-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
neg
.3
sg
.
s
|
be_enough(
ipfv
)-
conn
|
‘My friend lacks one rouble’. |
German
fehlen
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Karl |
fehl-t |
ein |
Euro |
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
nom
.
sg
]
|
euro[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is one euro short.’ |
Italian
mancare
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
X: a |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Leo |
manc-a |
un |
dollar-o |
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo is one dollar short.’ |
Kazakh
žet-pe
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ɣa |
bіr |
dollar |
žet-pe-y |
tur |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
have_enough-
neg
-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
‘Petya is one dollar short.’ |
Kazym Khanty
tărǝmti + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pet’a-j-en-a |
jaŋ |
šɔjt |
ǎn |
tǎrm-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
dat
|
ten
|
rouble
|
neg
|
suffice-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is 10 roubles short.’ |
Note: This is an active construction, more natural here (cf. 5 for the passive). |
Latin
desum
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
si |
quibus |
argent-um |
deesse-t |
if
|
who.
dat
.
pl
|
silver(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lack[
ipfv
.
sbjv
]-
act
.3
sg
|
‘... whenever money is not available to someone.’ |
Note: (Liv. XXII, 60, 4) |
Modern Hebrew
χaser
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
X: le |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
χaser |
le |
Pinχas |
juro |
eχad |
is.lacking
|
to
|
pn
|
euro
|
one
|
‘Pinchas is one euro short.’ |
Nanai
aoli-
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
Locus: XY |
Petia-du |
əm |
tiəsə |
aoli-ni |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
rouble
|
lack.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is one rouble short.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å mangle
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
mangle-r |
en |
dollar |
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one.
m
|
dollar
|
‘Per is one dollar short.’ |
Polish
brakować
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
Ann-ie |
brakuje |
dolar-a |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Anna is one euro short.’ |
Russian
nedostavatʹ
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
Pet-e |
nedosta-et |
odn-ogo |
dollar-a |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja is one euro short.’ |
Rutul
ʁewirq’ardiš
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
ʁe-w-irq’a-r-diš |
sa |
manut |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pv
-3-be.enough.
ipfv
-
cvb
-
neg
|
one
|
rouble(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul is short one rouble.’ |
Serbian
fali
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-u |
fali |
jedan |
dolar |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
недоставать.
prs
.3
sg
|
один.
nom
.
sg
|
доллар.
nom
.
sg
|
‘Петру недостает одного доллара.’ |
Shughni
na-firīptow
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
X: LAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Šamil-ard |
aray |
somoni=ga |
na-firop-t |
pn
-
lat
|
3
|
somoni=more
|
neg
-reach-3
sg
|
‘Shamil is three somoni short.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovenian
manjkati
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
An-i |
manjka |
en |
dolar |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Ana is short one dollar.’ |
Spanish
faltar
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Pedro |
le |
falt-a |
dólar |
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Swedish
att ha för lite
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
ha-r |
en |
euro |
för |
lite |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
one.
c
|
euro
|
too
|
little
|
‘Björn is one euro short.’ |
Turkish
yetmemek
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Mehmed-in |
bilet |
al-mak |
için |
bir |
lira-sı |
yet-mi-yor |
pn
-
gen
|
ticket
|
take-
inf
|
for
|
one
|
lira-
p
.3
|
be_enough-
neg
-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is short of one lira to buy a ticket.’ |
Ulcha
isi- + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
|
X: DAT |
Y: DAT |
Locus: XY |
ama-du |
um |
taŋgu-du |
is-ə-si-ni |
father-
dat
|
one
|
hundred-
dat
|
reach-
conneg
-
prs
.
neg
-3
sg
|
‘Father is one hundred [roubles] short.’ |
Note: Arguably, this is an elliptical structure, the third implicit argument is 'money' (encoded by the nominative case when overt). |
Zilo Andi
b-iʔ.u-mado- + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-ɬu |
sːe-b |
som |
b-iʔ.u-mado-sːu |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
inan
1
|
rouble
|
inan
1-be_enough.
pst
-
prog
-
neg
|
‘Ali is missing one rouble.’ |