‘be short’
Argument frame: |
X
(be short)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. wants to buy a ticket. He counts his money and finds out that)
P.
is short / lacks
one euro
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
недоставать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
-у (недоставать)
Y
-a
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. хочет купить билет. Он посчитал деньги и выяснилось, что)
П.
недостает
одного доллара
.
|
Abaza
gχa
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
murád |
ẑa–som-ḳ |
jə-gχ-ə́j-d |
pn
|
ten–rouble-
unit
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-lack-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Murad is short ten roubles.’ |
Adyghe
f-jə-qʷə + NEG
Valency pattern:
BEN_ABS
|
X: BEN |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
č̣ʼale-m |
som-jə-pṣ̂ |
fə-r-jə-qʷə-r-ep |
парень-
obl
|
рубль-
lnk
-десять(
abs
)
|
ben
-
lnk
-
loc
:
cont
-хватать-
dyn
-
neg
|
‘Парню недостает десяти рублей.’ |
Aghul
hurk’.u + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
sa |
manat |
hurk’.u-ndawa |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
ruble
|
suffice.
pf
-
aor
:
neg
|
‘Aslan is short one ruble.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
NEG + xazə
Valency pattern:
ka_SBJ
|
X: ka |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
ka |
+Ašur |
la |
xzi-lun |
zuyzə |
(zavən |
bilet) |
to
|
pn
|
neg
|
see.
pst
-
ls
.3
pl
|
money(
pl
)
|
buy.
prs
|
ticket(?)
|
‘Ashur lacks the money to buy a ticket.’ |
Bambara
jɛ̀
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dɔ́rɔmɛ |
mùgan |
bɛ |
ń |
ka |
wári` |
jɛ̀ |
5.francs
|
twenty
|
ipfv
|
1
sg
|
poss
|
money\
art
|
lack
|
‘I am short 100 francs.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
faltar
Valency pattern:
para_SBJ
|
X: para |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
falt-a |
um |
dólar |
para |
Pedro |
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
|
dollar(
m
)
|
towards
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Catalan
faltar
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
X: DAT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
al |
Pere |
li |
falt-en |
deu |
euro-s |
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
3
sg
.
dat
|
lack-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
ten
|
euro(
m
)-
pl
|
‘Pere is short ten euros.’ |
Czech
chybit
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-ovi |
chybí |
dolar |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr is one dollar short.’ |
Danish
mangle
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
mangle-r |
en |
euro |
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one
|
euro(
c
)
|
‘Peter lacks one euro.’ |
Dutch
tekortkomen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
kom-t |
één |
dollar |
tekort |
pn
(
c
)
|
come-3
sg
|
one
|
dollar(
c
)
|
shortage(
n
)
|
‘Piet is one dollar short.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dɛ́sɛ
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
lá |
wóri |
dɛ́sɛ-nin |
wàa |
kélen |
ná. |
pn
|
poss
|
money
|
fail-
ptcp
.
res
|
thousand
|
one
|
at
|
‘Seku is short 1000 francs.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
English
lack
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
puudu jääma
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
X: ADESS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peetri-l |
jää-b |
üks |
euro |
puudu |
pn
-
adess
|
stay-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
sg
.
nom
|
euro.
sg
.
nom
|
missing
|
‘Peeter is short one euro.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (puudu is not a flagging device). |
Finnish
puuttua
Valency pattern:
ABL_NOM
|
X: ABL |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peka-lta |
puuttu-u |
yksi |
euro |
pn
-
abl
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
|
euro.
nom
|
‘Pekka is short one euro.’ |
Forest Enets
tɔɔri + NEG
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
X: TOP |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋo-lʲu |
bɛse-za |
nʲi |
tɔɔri-ʔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
one-
restr
|
iron-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
neg
.3
sg
.
s
|
be_enough(
ipfv
)-
conn
|
‘My friend lacks one rouble’. |
French
manquer
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
X: a |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
un |
dollar |
manque |
à |
Paul |
pour |
acheter |
un |
billet |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar(
m
)
|
be_missing.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
for
|
buy.
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
ticket(
m
)
|
‘Paul needs one dollar to buy a ticket.’ |
Georgian
Ø-a-k'l-i-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s |
ert-i |
dolar-i |
Ø-a-k'li-a |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
nom
|
dollar-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-lack-
stat
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre is one dollar short.’ |
German
fehlen
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Karl |
fehl-t |
ein |
Euro |
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
nom
.
sg
]
|
euro[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is one euro short.’ |
Irish
bí gearra
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
|
X: SBJ |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
Pól |
euro |
gearra. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
euro
|
short
|
‘Pól is one euro short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Unusual structure (calqued from English). |
Italian
mancare
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
X: a |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Leo |
manc-a |
un |
dollar-o |
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo is one dollar short.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ći arəsəl
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
les-te |
ći |
arəs-ľ-a |
les |
jekh |
řubl-a |
he-
loc
|
neg
|
suffice-
pst
-3
sg
|
he.
cl
|
one.
nom
|
rouble-
nom
.
sg
|
‘He was one rouble short.’ |
Note: The verb has always the 3SG form. |
Kazakh
žet-pe
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ɣa |
bіr |
dollar |
žet-pe-y |
tur |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
have_enough-
neg
-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
‘Petya is one dollar short.’ |
Kazym Khanty
tărǝmti + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pet’a-j-en-a |
jaŋ |
šɔjt |
ǎn |
tǎrm-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
dat
|
ten
|
rouble
|
neg
|
suffice-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is 10 roubles short.’ |
Note: This is an active construction, more natural here (cf. 5 for the passive). |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
di-l |
j-uw-aj |
q'uni |
ʁuruš |
1
sg
.
o
-
dat
|
v
-хватать-
neg
.
pst
.
w
|
два
|
рубль(
v
)
|
‘Мне не хватает двух рублей.’ |
Kina Rutul
ʁewirq’ardiš
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
ʁe-w-irq’a-r-diš |
sa |
manut |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pv
-3-be.enough.
ipfv
-
cvb
-
neg
|
one
|
rouble(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul is short one rouble.’ |
Latin
desum
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
si |
quibus |
argent-um |
deesse-t |
if
|
who.
dat
.
pl
|
silver(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lack[
ipfv
.
sbjv
]-
act
.3
sg
|
‘... whenever money is not available to someone.’ |
Note: (Liv. XXII, 60, 4) |
Mandarin Chinese
chà
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
hái |
chà |
yí-kuài |
qián |
pn
|
still
|
lack
|
one-
clf
|
money
|
‘Zhangsan still lacks one yuan.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-rk'-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
čelo-s |
art |
lar-i |
Ø-o-rk'-u(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
l
ari-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_short-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo lacks one Lari.’ |
Modern Hebrew
χaser
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
X: le |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
χaser |
le |
Pinχas |
juro |
eχad |
is.lacking
|
to
|
pn
|
euro
|
one
|
‘Pinchas is one euro short.’ |
Nanai
aoli-
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
Locus: XY |
Petia-du |
əm |
tiəsə |
aoli-ni |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
rouble
|
lack.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is one rouble short.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
at towlawe
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
pajel |
at |
towl-awe |
moɕɕa-kw-nuw |
ōln-əl |
pn
|
neg
|
suffice-
pass
.
npst
.3
sg
|
a_little-
adv
-
comp
|
money-
ins
|
‘Pasha is short of a little more money.’ |
Note: This is a passive construction (cf. 5 for the active). |
Northern Yukaghir
NEG pǝliǝ=
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Sǝmiǝn-ŋinˈ |
mа̄rhа-n |
solkuobаj |
ǝl |
pǝliǝ |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
gen
|
rouble
|
neg
|
suffice.
neg
.3
|
‘Semien is one rouble short.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å mangle
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
mangle-r |
en |
dollar |
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one.
m
|
dollar
|
‘Per is one dollar short.’ |
Polish
brakować
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
Ann-ie |
brakuje |
dolar-a |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Anna is one euro short.’ |
Russian
nedostavatʹ
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
Pet-e |
nedosta-et |
odn-ogo |
dollar-a |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja is one dollar short.’ |
Serbian
faliti
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-u |
fali |
jedan |
dolar |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
.
sg
|
dollar.
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petar is one dollar short.’ |
Shughni
na-firīptow
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
X: LAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Šamil-ard |
aray |
somoni=ga |
na-firop-t |
pn
-
lat
|
3
|
somoni=more
|
neg
-reach-3
sg
|
‘Shamil is three somoni short.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovak
chýbať
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-ovi |
chýba |
jedn-o |
eur-o |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
n
.
nom
.
sg
|
euro(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Peter is one euro short.’ |
Slovenian
manjkati
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
An-i |
manjka |
en |
dolar |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Ana is short one dollar.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
kemi hebûn
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
X: EXT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Hîwa |
êsta |
yoroyek=î |
kem-e |
pn
|
now
|
euro=3
sg
.
pc
|
less-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘Hiwa is now one euro short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
faltar
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Pedro |
le |
falt-a |
dólar |
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Swedish
att ha för lite
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
ha-r |
en |
euro |
för |
lite |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
one.
c
|
euro
|
too
|
little
|
‘Björn is one euro short.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
UND_ACT
|
X: UND |
Y: ACT |
Locus: X |
K<in>ulang |
ng |
piso |
si |
Pedro |
<
pv
>
pfv
.fall
|
short
|
gen
|
one_peso
|
pers
.
subj
pn
|
‘Pedro is one peso short.’ |
Note: The status of X-argument, ‘Pedro’, is more or les doubtlessly UND. Things get more complicated when it comes to the Y-argument, ‘one peso’. Based on the observed encoding pattern it should be classified as ACT. This does contradict the semantic expectations we have but fits the observed encoding. Unexpectedly, in the corresponding AV construction no change in the encoding of arguments occurs: actually they receive the same flags as in the PV construction, cf. “Nag-kulang ng piso si Pedro“ [AV.PFV-short GEN one_peso PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is one peso short.’. Taken in isolation, this structure would have analyzed as ACT_UND. |
Telugu
takkuva agu
Valency pattern:
OBLdaggara_NOM
|
X: OBLdaggara |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pravīṇ |
daggara |
oka |
yūro |
takkuv' |
ayiṁdi |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
near
|
one
|
euro(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
lack(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
become.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘Praveen lacks one euro.’ |
Turkish
yetmemek
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Mehmed-in |
bilet |
al-mak |
için |
bir |
lira-sı |
yet-mi-yor |
pn
-
gen
|
ticket
|
take-
inf
|
for
|
one
|
lira-
p
.3
|
be_enough-
neg
-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is short of one lira to buy a ticket.’ |
Ulcha
isi- + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
|
X: DAT |
Y: DAT |
Locus: XY |
ama-du |
um |
taŋgu-du |
is-ə-si-ni |
father-
dat
|
one
|
hundred-
dat
|
reach-
conneg
-
prs
.
neg
-3
sg
|
‘Father is one hundred [roubles] short.’ |
Note: Arguably, this is an elliptical structure, the third implicit argument is 'money' (encoded by the nominative case when overt). |
Uzbek
etmamoq
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ga |
bir |
dollar |
et-ma-y |
tur-ib-ti |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
lack-
neg
-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja is one dollar short.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗaba
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
birrii |
tokko |
ɗab-e |
pn
-
nom
|
birr.
abs
|
one.
abs
|
lack-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa lacks one birr.’ |
Zilo Andi
b-iʔ.u-mado- + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-ɬu |
sːe-b |
som |
b-iʔ.u-mado-sːu |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
inan
1
|
rouble
|
inan
1-be_enough.
pst
-
prog
-
neg
|
‘Ali is missing one rouble.’ |