BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘speak’

Argument frame:

X (speak) with Y

Stimulus sentence:

(I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that) P. is speaking with M .

Predicate label Ru:

разговаривать

Argument frame Ru:

X (разговаривать) с Y -ом

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что) П. разговаривает с М .

Abaza a(j).ĉaẑa

Valency pattern: ABS_IO

X: ABS

Y: IO

Locus: Y

murád	sará	s-aχš’á	d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d
pn	i	1 sg . io -sister	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -talk- prs - dcl
‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) de-gʷəšʼəʔe

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r	bzəλfəʁe–gʷere-m	d-e-gʷəšʼəʔe
teacher- abs	woman–some- obl	com - dyn -speak
‘The teacher is speaking with some woman.’

Aghul raχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

aslan	meʜemed.i-qaj	raχ.a-a
pn	pn - com	speak. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) ʁuruƛ

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-k’ena	ʁw-ere	wuč-ani
pn	pn - com	speak- simul	m .find- aor
‘Patahi is speaking with Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) j-edːo-mado

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pat’imati	marjam=lojɡu	j-edːo-mado
pn [ f ][ nom ]	pn = com	f -talk. pst - prog
‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ḥāča

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yiḥāči	salwa
pn	speak. ipf .3 m	pn
‘Ahmad talks to Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.k.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	biḥke	maʿ	Reem
pn	prog	speak. prs .3 m . sg	with	pn
‘Shadi is speaking with Reem.’

Arabic (standard) taḥaddaṯa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN

X: NOM

Y: maaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yataḥaddaṯu	maʕa	Maryam-a
pn - nom	talk. ipf .3 m	with	pn - gen
‘Badr is speaking with Maryam.’

Archi baˁːbus

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

paša	marin-ni-ɬːu	baˁːbuˁ-r-ši	w-i
pn	pn - obl - com	talk- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is speaking with Marina.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hamzəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

+avvo	sava	hamzum=əl	mən	brat-u
dem 3. m	old. m	speak. prog =3 m	from	girl( f )- p .3 m
‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

Avar gargadize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun

X: NOM

Y: gun

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad	gun	gargad-ile-w	w-uk’-ana
pn	pn	with	chat- fut . ptcp - m	m -be- aor
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani danışmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ile

X: NOM

Y: ile

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-la	danış-ır
pn	pn -with	talk- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’
Note: The suffix "-la" is a contracted form of the postposition "ilǝ".

Bafut ɣàâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ni

X: SBJ

Y: ni

Locus: Y

àmbɛ́	à	ɣàâ-nᵼ̀	nᵼ̀	sùù
pn	sm	speak- ipfv	with1	pn
‘Ambe is speaking with Suh.’

Bambara bàro

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe

X: SBJ

Y: fe

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɛ́_kà	bàro	Fántà	fɛ̀
pn	prog	talk	pn	by
‘Seku speaks with Fanta.’

Belarusian razmaŭliać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Alieś	razmaŭlia-je	z	Alien-aj
pn [ nom . sg ]	speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Ales is speaking with Alena.’

Budugh ħaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-u-zin	ħaraq'ar-a'vi
pn	pn - obl -with	m .talk. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

Bulgarian разговарям

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Петър	разговаря	с	Михаил
pn	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is speaking with Mihail.’

Catalan parlar

Valency pattern: SBJ_amb

X: SBJ

Y: amb

Locus: Y

en	Pere	està	parl-ant	amb	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	be.3 sg . prs . ind	talk- ger	with	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’

Chechen q’amial AGR-o

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Nadir-aca	q’amial	d-o
pn - erg	pn - ins	talk. abs	d -make. prs
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) tánhuà

Valency pattern: SBJ_he

X: SBJ

Y: he

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	zhèngzài	hé	Lǐsì	tánhuà
pn	prog	with	pn	speak
‘Zhangsan is speaking with Lisi.’

Chirag b-uši

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

ʡa̰le	rasul-li-cːille	ux-le
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - com	( m . sg )talk- dur . prs .3
‘Ali is speaking with Rasul.’

Croatian pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	priča	s	Miš-om
pn - nom . sg	speak. prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero is speaking with Mišo.’

Czech mluvit

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petr	mluví	s	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’

Danish tale

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	stå-r	og	tale-r	med	Marie
pn	stand- prs	and	talk- prs	with	pn
‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) ʁaj-B-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.COM

X: ABS

Y: ILL.COM

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ri-cːilli	ʁaj-ik'ʷ-il=ca-w
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - com	conversation-( m ) lv . ipfv - cvb = cop - m
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ʁaj-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

meħamad	ʁaj-0-uk'-u-le	w-0-ar	ʡaˤšura-li-ču
pn	speech- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb	m -be. ipfv - th	pn - obl - ad
‘Muhammad is speaking with Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) ʁajkik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

Petja	Miša-c:ir	ʁajkik’-ul
pn	pn - interel	talk. ipf - prog . cvb
‘Petja is speaking with Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

gal	juldaš-li-cːila	ʁaj	uk'-ul=saw
boy	friend- obl - com	speech	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) ʁaj b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-c:ila	ʁaj	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - com	speech	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) ʁaj b-ik'-i

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	zumra-сːala	ʁaj	w-ik'-ule=caj
boy	neighbor- com	speech	m -say- cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his neighbor.’

Dutch praten

Valency pattern: SBJ_met

X: SBJ

Y: met

Locus: Y

Piet	praa-t	met	Marie
pn ( c )	speak-3 sg	with	pn ( c )
‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’

Enets (Forest) dʲɔrir

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

kasa-jʔ	vasʲa-xane-da	dʲɔriŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg	pn - loc . sg - obl . sg .3 sg	talk( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’.

English speak

Valency pattern: SBJ_with

X: SBJ

Y: with

Locus: Y

Peter	is	speaking	with	Mary.

Estonian rääkima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peeter	räägi-b	Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom	speak- prs .3 sg	pn - com
‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’

Finnish puhua

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa

X: NOM

Y: GENkanssa

Locus: Y

Pekka	puhu-u	Mati-n	kanssa
pn . nom	speak- prs .3 sg	pn - gen	with
‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’

French parler

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ

X: SBJ

Y: NDIR.OBJ

Locus: Y

Paul	parle	à	Marie
pn ( m )	talk. prs .3 sg	to	pn ( f )
‘Paul is speaking to Marie.’

Gban lɛ̌ zè

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen

X: SBJ

Y: nen

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	lɛ̌	ze̋	Mɔ̰̈bì	nɛ̰̏
pn	3 sg	matter	ipfv \hear	pn	at
‘Zan is speaking with Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is speaking with Masho.’

German sprechen

Valency pattern: NOM_mitDAT

X: NOM

Y: mitDAT

Locus: Y

Karl	sprich-t	mit	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	speak- prs .3 sg	with	pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) medaber

Valency pattern: SBJ_im

X: SBJ

Y: im

Locus: Y

Pinχas	medaber	im	Menaχem
pn	speak[ ptcp . sg . m ]	with	pn
‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’

Hindi bāt karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pratīk	Mohan	se	bāt	kar	rah-ā	hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir	pn ( m ). sg . obl	abl	matter( f ). sg . dir	do	dur - m . sg	prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is talking to Mohan.’

Indonesian (standard) ber-cakap-cakap

Valency pattern: SBJ_dengan

X: SBJ

Y: dengan

Locus: Y

Dewi	ber-cakap-cakap	dengan	Ade
pn	ber -talk~ rpl	with	pn
‘Dewi is speaking with Ade.’

Irish caintigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Tá	Pól	ag	caint	le	Máire.
be. prs	pn	at	speak. nmlz	with	pn
‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’

Italian parlare

Valency pattern: SBJ_con

X: SBJ

Y: con

Locus: Y

Leo	parl-a	con	Maria
pn ( m )	talk-3 sg . prs	with	pn ( f )
‘Leo talks to Maria.’

Karata ʁwaaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmat’-i-k’el	ʁoda	idja
pn	pn - obl - com	talk. ipf	cop
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmat.’

Kazakh söyles

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-men	söyle-s-іp	žatïr
pn	pn - ins	talk- rec - cvb	lie.3 sg
‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) pǒtǝrtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila

X: NOM

Y: NOMpila

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	piλa	pǒtǝrt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	with	speak- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǃhoa

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha

X: SBJ

Y: kha

Locus: Y

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s	ǀkha	ra	ǃhoa
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg	with	ipfv	speak
‘Peter is speaking with Maria’

Khwarshi una

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

habsaʕаt	šamil	maduʁale:=ge	una-ha	gołe
now	pn	neighbor= com	speak- prs	aux . prs
‘Now Shamil is speaking with a neighbor.’

Kpelle (Guinean) lóno kɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Pépèe	dà	Hɛ́ni	dì	káa	lóno	kɛ́-ì
pn	3.and	pn	3 pl	cop	speech	make- inf
‘Pepee is speaking with Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

Kryz (Alik) vacnic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-zina	acan-aʕaca
pn	pn - ins	talk. ipfv - prog . m
‘Terlan is speaking with Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) vocinic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-a	q'ina	acan-e
pn	pn - iness	ins	talk. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) uxac

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan

X: NOM

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-q'an	uxa-ra	ʕaci
pn	pn -with	speak. ipf - simul	be_in. m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

Kumyk söjlemek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan

X: NOM

Y: NOMbulan

Locus: Y

patimat	musa	bulan	söj-le-j
pn	pn	with	(talk)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is speaking with Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) qise kirdîn

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_legel

X: SBJ.TR

Y: legel

Locus: Y

Hîwa	xerîk-e	legeɫ	Perî-î	qise	de-k-a
pn	busy-be. prs .3 sg	with	pn - obl	talking	ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) axaftin (tr/intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: biOBLre

Locus: Y

duh	zilam	bi	jinik-ê	re	axivî
yesterday	man	with	woman- obl . f	to	speak. pfv .3 sg
‘Yesterday the man talked to the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_COM

X: GEN

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Maħammad	Aˁšura-šːal	ʁalʁa	b-ul-la-j	u-šiwu
pn	pn - com	conversation(3)	3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv	1.be- nmlz
‘Mohammad is speaking with Ashura.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

Latin colloquor

Valency pattern: NOM_cumABL

X: NOM

Y: cumABL

Locus: Y

Socrates	in	eo	libr-o	colloqui-tur	cum	Critobul-o
pn ( m ). nom . sg	in	this. abl . sg . m	book( m )- abl . sg	converse[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- abl . sg
‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’
Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6)

Laz o-sinap-u

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC

X: ERG

Y: SOC

Locus: Y

Käzim-i-k	Fatma-k'ala	Ø-i-sinap-am-s
pn - b - erg	pn - pstp : soc	s 3- ver : s -talk- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is talking with Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) lükˈvenin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz

X: NOM

Y: SUB/POSTgalaz

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a	galaz	lükˈven-zva
pn	pn - obl ( sub / post )	with	speak- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is speaking with Eldar.’

Macedonian razgovara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Petar	razgovara	so	Maja
pn	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is speaking with Maja.’

Maninka (Eastern) bàdo

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	bàdo`	lá	jìn`	kɔ́nɔ.
pn	be	pn	talk\ art	at	yard\ art	in
‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’

Mano mɛ́ŋ́ ɓō

Valency pattern: SBJ_lee

X: SBJ

Y: lee

Locus: Y

ŋ́ŋ̀	mɛ́ŋ́	ɓō	ī	lɛ̀ɛ̄
1 sg . ipfv	judgement	remove: ipfv	2 sg	to
‘I speak with you.’

Mansi (Northern) potǝrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot

X: NOM

Y: NOMjot

Locus: Y

jēn’a	potǝrt-i	mārja	jot
pn	speak- npst [3 sg ]	pn	com
‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’

Mehweb -uʜaˤqʼas (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Islam	uʜaˤqʼ-uwe	le-w	Nadir-li-ču
pn	m .talk: ipfv - cvb	be- m	pn - obl - com
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’

Nanai gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-ǯi	gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn	pn - ins	tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

Nivkh qlajd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM

X: SBJ

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Kaskazik	Ajsana-ɣin	qlaj-d
pn	pn - com . sg	talk- ind
‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å snakke

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Per	snakke-t	med	Ola
pn	speak- pst	with	pn
‘Per is speaking with Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) odeessa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSwaddzin

X: NOM

Y: ABSwaddzin

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	tolaa	waddʒin	odeess-aa	dʒir-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	with	speak- prog	aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is speaking with Tola.’

Persian ṣoḥbat kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	ṣoḥbat	mī-kon-ad
pn	with	pn	conversation	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is speaking with Mariam.’

Polish rozmawiać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Staszek	rozmawia	z	Adam-em
pn [ nom . sg ]	speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) conversar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com

X: SBJ

Y: com

Locus: Y

Pedro	está	convers-ando	com	Miguel
pn ( m )	cop _ prog .3 sg . prs	talk- prog	with	pn ( m )
‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) divinil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	divini-l	la	Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	speak- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’

Russian razgovarivatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	razgovariva-et	s	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) halgara

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

rasul	nadir-ɨ-kan	halga-r=a
pn ( nom )	pn - obl - com	1.talk. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’

Rutul (Mukhad) halgın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ı-xvan	halga-ra	a
pn	pn - obl - com	m .speak. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is speaking with Kurban.’

Rutul (Shinaz) halgɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	halga-r	a	karam-ɨxvan
pn	m .talk. ipf - simul	exist	pn - com
‘Basir is speaking with Karam.’

Rutul (Southern) halgın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-xhvan	halga-r
pn	pn - obl - com	m . ipf .talk- prs
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

Saami (Skolt) mainsted

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Peâtt	maainast	Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom	speak. prs .3 sg	pn - sg . com
‘Pete is speaking with Maria’

Serbian pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Petar	priča	sa	Marij-om
pn . nom . sg	speak. prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’

Shughni naqli čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_INS

X: NOM.CL

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Azim	Lola=qati	naqli	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	conversation	do-3 sg
‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’

Slovak hovoriť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	hovorí	s	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’

Slovenian pogovarjati se

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Peter	se	pogovarja	s	Pavl-om
pn [ nom . sg ]	rfl	speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’

Spanish hablar

Valency pattern: SBJ_con

X: SBJ

Y: con

Locus: Y

Pedro	habla-ba	con	María
pn [ sg . m ]	speak- impf .3 sg	with	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’

Svan x-a-gǝrg-äl-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maizer-Ø	lile-s	x-a-gǝrg-äl-i
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -talk- vpl - prs
‘Maizer is talking to Lile.’

Swedish att prata

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Björn	prata-r	med	Maja
pn	speak- prs	with	pn
‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_POST.DIR

X: ERG

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

dadi-ji	fatima.jj-q-ǯi	gaf-ar	ap’-ura
mother- erg	pn - post - dir	word- pl	do- prs
‘The mother is speaking with Fatima’.

Tagalog makipag-usap

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ki~ki-pag-usap	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’

Telugu māṭlāḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-tō	māṭlāḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	speak. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’

Tsakhur yušan haʔiy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-kva	yušan	vo-r	haʔa
pn	pn - obl - com	word	cop - h	n .do. ipf
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

Tswana bua

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Kitso	o-bu-a	le-Mpho
prn (1)	s i :cl1-speak- fv	com - prn (1)
‘Kitso is conversing with Mpho’

Turkish konuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-la	konuş-uyor
pn	pn - com	talk- prs
‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’

Turoyo məǧġəl

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_7am

X: SBJ.SS

Y: 7am

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-məǧġəl	ʕam	Yuḥanən
pn	prs -speak. ipfv .3 m	with	pn
‘Gabriyel is speaking with Yuḥanən.’

Twi kasa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Kofi	ne	nana	re-kasa
pn	with	grandfather	prog -speak
‘Kofi is speaking with grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

Udmurt veraśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-	jen veraśkje
pn . nom	pn - ins	speak. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

Ukrainian rozmovljaty

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Petr-o	rozmovljaj-e	z	Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro is speaking with Mariya.’

Ulcha určulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ama	əńi-ǯi	určulun-di-ni
father	mother- ins	talk- prs -3 sg
‘Father is speaking with mother.’

Uzbek gaplašmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_bilan

X: NOM

Y: bilan

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša	bilan	gaplaš-ib	o’tir-ib-ti
pn	pn	with	talk- cvb	sit- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Wolof waxtaan

Valency pattern: SBJ_ak

X: SBJ

Y: ak

Locus: Y

dem-al	waxtaan	ak	Usmaan
go- imp . sg	converse	with	pn
‘Go talk to Usmaan!’ lit. ‘Go converse with Usmaan!’

Yukaghir (Northern) nˈiǝdˈi=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ	nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j
pn	pn - com	speak- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_de.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: de.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	ajɛ=də	qɨsɛj	kɛ-n-o
oxɨr	3 sg . f . obl =at	speech	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is speaking with her.’