BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘speak’

Argument frame: X (speak) with Y
Stimulus sentence: (I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that) P. is speaking with M .
Predicate label Ru: разговаривать
Argument frame Ru: X (разговаривать) с Y -ом
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что) П. разговаривает с М .

Abaza a(j).ĉaẑa

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
murád sará s-aχš’á d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d
pn i 1 sg . io -sister 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -talk- prs - dcl
‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’

Adyghe de-gʷəšʼəʔe

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r bzəλfəʁe–gʷere-m d-e-gʷəšʼaʔe
учитель- abs женщина–некий- obl com - dyn -говорить
‘Учитель разговаривает с какой-то женщиной.’

Aghul raχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-qaj raχ.a-a
pn pn - com speak. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hamzəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+avvo sava hamzum=əl mən brat-u
dem 3. m old. m speak. prog =3 m from girl( f )- p .3 m
‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

Bambara bàro

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe
X: SBJ
Y: fe
Locus: Y
Sékù bɛ́_kà bàro Fántà fɛ̀
pn prog talk pn by
‘Seku speaks with Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese conversar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está convers-ando com Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs talk- prog with pn ( m )
‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’

Catalan parlar

Valency pattern: SBJ_amb
X: SBJ
Y: amb
Locus: Y
en Pere està parl-ant amb en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind talk- ger with def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’

Czech mluvit

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petr mluví s Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’

Danish tale

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Peter stå-r og tale-r med Marie
pn stand- prs and talk- prs with pn
‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’

Dutch praten

Valency pattern: SBJ_met
X: SBJ
Y: met
Locus: Y
Piet praa-t met Marie
pn ( c ) speak-3 sg with pn ( c )
‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’

Eastern Maninka bàdo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà bàdo` lá jìn` kɔ́nɔ.
pn be pn talk\ art at yard\ art in
‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’

English speak

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is speaking with Mary.

Estonian rääkima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter räägi-b Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom speak- prs .3 sg pn - com
‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’

Finnish puhua

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa
X: NOM
Y: GENkanssa
Locus: Y
Pekka puhu-u Mati-n kanssa
pn . nom speak- prs .3 sg pn - gen with
‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’

Forest Enets dʲɔrir

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
kasa-jʔ vasʲa-xane-da dʲɔriŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg pn - loc . sg - obl . sg .3 sg talk( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’.

French parler

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Paul parle à Marie
pn ( m ) talk. prs .3 sg to pn ( f )
‘Paul is speaking to Marie.’

Georgian Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø mašo-s Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is speaking with Masho.’

German sprechen

Valency pattern: NOM_mitDAT
X: NOM
Y: mitDAT
Locus: Y
Karl sprich-t mit Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] speak- prs .3 sg with pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’

Irish caintigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pól ag caint le Máire.
be. prs pn at speak. nmlz with pn
‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’

Italian parlare

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo parl-a con Maria
pn ( m ) talk-3 sg . prs with pn ( f )
‘Leo is talking to Maria.’

Kalderash Romani divinil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a divini-l la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg speak- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’

Kazakh söyles

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men söyle-s-іp žatïr
pn pn - ins talk- rec - cvb lie.3 sg
‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’

Kazym Khanty pǒtǝrtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en piλa pǒtǝrt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg with speak- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
habsaʕаt šamil maduʁale:=ge una-ha gołe
сейчас pn сосед= com разговаривать- prs aux . prs
‘Сейчас шамиль разговаривает с соседом.’

Kina Rutul halgara

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
rasul nadir-ɨ-kan halga-r=a
pn ( nom ) pn - obl - com 1.talk. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’

Latin colloquor

Valency pattern: NOM_cumABL
X: NOM
Y: cumABL
Locus: Y
Socrates in eo libr-o colloqui-tur cum Critobul-o
pn ( m ). nom . sg in this. abl . sg . m book( m )- abl . sg converse[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg with pn ( m )- abl . sg
‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’
Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6)

Mandarin Chinese tánhuà

Valency pattern: SBJ_he
X: SBJ
Y: he
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān zhèngzài Lǐsì tánhuà
pn prog with pn speak
‘Zhangsan is speaking with Lisi.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø.
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew medaber

Valency pattern: SBJ_im
X: SBJ
Y: im
Locus: Y
Pinχas medaber im Menaχem
pn speak[ ptcp . sg . m ] with pn
‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’

Nanai gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn pn - ins tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

Nivkh qlajd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ɣin qlaj-d
pn pn - com . sg talk- ind
‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’

Northern Mansi potǝrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
jēn’a potǝrt-i mārja jot
pn speak- npst [3 sg ] pn com
‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’

Northern Yukaghir nˈiǝdˈi=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j
pn pn - com speak- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å snakke

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Per snakke-t med Ola
pn speak- pst with pn
‘Per is speaking with Ola.’

Polish rozmawiać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Staszek rozmawia z Adam-em
pn [ nom . sg ] speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’

Russian razgovarivatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Pet-ja razgovariva-et s Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg with pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Serbian pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar priča sa Marij-om
pn . nom . sg speak. prs .3 sg with pn - ins
‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’

Shughni naqli čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Azim Lola=qati naqli kix̌-t
pn pn = ins conversation do-3 sg
‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’

Skolt Saami mainsted

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt maainast Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom speak. prs .3 sg pn - sg . com
‘Pete is speaking with Maria’

Slovak hovoriť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter hovorí s Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’

Slovenian pogovarjati se

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Peter se pogovarja s Pavl-om
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish qise kirdîn

Valency pattern: SBJ_legel
X: SBJ
Y: legel
Locus: Y
Hîwa xerîk-e legeɫ Perî-î qise de-k-a
pn busy-be. prs .3 sg with pn - obl talking ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’

Spanish hablar

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Pedro habla-ba con María
pn [ sg . m ] speak- impf .3 sg with pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’

Swedish att prata

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn prata-r med Maja
pn speak- prs with pn
‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ki~ki-pag-usap si Pedro kay Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

Telugu māṭlāḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō māṭlāḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com speak. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’

Turkish konuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-la konuş-uyor
pn pn - com talk- prs
‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’

Ulcha určulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ama əńi-ǯi určulun-di-ni
father mother- ins talk- prs -3 sg
‘Father is speaking with mother.’

Uzbek gaplašmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_bilan
X: NOM
Y: bilan
Locus: Y
Petya Maša bilan gaplaš-ib o’tir-ib-ti
pn pn with talk- cvb sit- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

West Central Oromo odeessa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSwaddzin
X: NOM
Y: ABSwaddzin
Locus: Y
obsaa-n tolaa waddʒin odeess-aa dʒir-a
pn - nom pn . abs with speak- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is speaking with Tola.’

Zilo Andi j-edːo-mado

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pat’imati marjam=lojɡu j-edːo-mado
pn [ f ][ nom ] pn = com f -talk. pst - prog
‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’