BivalTyp

‘speak’

Argument frame: X (speak) with Y
Stimulus sentence: (I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that) P. is speaking with M .
Predicate label Ru: разговаривать
Argument frame Ru: X (разговаривать) с Y -ом
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что) П. разговаривает с М .

Abaza a(j).ĉaẑa

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
murád sará s-aχš’á d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d
pn i 1 sg . io -sister 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -talk- prs - dcl
‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) de-gʷəšʼəʔe

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r bzəλfəʁe–gʷere-m d-e-gʷəšʼəʔe
teacher- abs woman–some- obl com - dyn -speak
‘The teacher is speaking with some woman.’

Aghul raχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-qaj raχ.a-a
pn pn - com speak. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) ʁuruƛ

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pataħi musa-k’ena ʁw-ere wuč-ani
pn pn - com speak- simul m .find- aor
‘Patahi is speaking with Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) j-edːo-mado

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pat’imati marjam=lojɡu j-edːo-mado
pn [ f ][ nom ] pn = com f -talk. pst - prog
‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ḥāča

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad yiḥāči salwa
pn speak. ipf .3 m pn
‘Ahmad talks to Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.k.a

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Shadi ʿam biḥke maʿ Reem
pn prog speak. prs .3 m . sg with pn
‘Shadi is speaking with Reem.’

Arabic (standard) taḥaddaṯa

Valency pattern: NOM_maaGEN
X: NOM
Y: maaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-un yataḥaddaṯu maʕa Maryam-a
pn - nom talk. ipf .3 m with pn - gen
‘Badr is speaking with Maryam.’

Archi baˁːbus

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
paša marin-ni-ɬːu baˁːbuˁ-r-ši w-i 
pn pn - obl - com talk- ipfv - advz 1-be
‘Pasha is speaking with Marina.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hamzəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+avvo sava hamzum=əl mən brat-u
dem 3. m old. m speak. prog =3 m from girl( f )- p .3 m
‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’
Note: Some speakers use preposition am.

Avar gargadize

Valency pattern: NOM_gun
X: NOM
Y: gun
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad gun gargad-ile-w w-uk’-ana
pn pn with chat- fut . ptcp - m m -be- aor
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani danışmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ile
X: NOM
Y: ile
Locus: Y
Aslan Rǝsul-la danış-ır
pn pn -with talk- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’
Note: The suffix "-la" is a contracted form of the postposition "ilǝ".

Bafut ɣàâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ni
X: SBJ
Y: ni
Locus: Y
àmbɛ́ à ɣàâ-nᵼ̀ nᵼ̀ sùù
pn sm speak- ipfv with1 pn
‘Ambe is speaking with Suh.’

Bambara bàro

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe
X: SBJ
Y: fe
Locus: Y
Sékù bɛ́_kà bàro Fántà fɛ̀
pn prog talk pn by
‘Seku speaks with Fanta.’

Belarusian razmaŭliać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Alieś razmaŭlia-je z Alien-aj
pn [ nom . sg ] speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Ales is speaking with Alena.’

Budugh ħaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin
X: NOM
Y: zin
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-u-zin ħaraq'ar-a'vi
pn pn - obl -with m .talk. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

Bulgarian razgovaryam

Valency pattern: SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Petar razgovarya s Mihail
pn speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petar is speaking with Mihail.’

Catalan parlar

Valency pattern: SBJ_amb
X: SBJ
Y: amb
Locus: Y
en Pere està parl-ant amb en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind talk- ger with def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’

Chechen q’amial AGR-o

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Islam-as Nadir-aca q’amial d-o
pn - erg pn - ins talk. abs d -make. prs
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) tánhuà

Valency pattern: SBJ_he
X: SBJ
Y: he
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān zhèngzài hé Lǐsì tánhuà
pn prog with pn speak
‘Zhangsan is speaking with Lisi.’

Chirag b-uši

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-li-cːille ux-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - com ( m . sg )talk- dur . prs .3
‘Ali is speaking with Rasul.’

Croatian pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Per-o priča s Miš-om
pn - nom . sg speak. prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Pero is speaking with Mišo.’

Czech mluvit

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petr mluví s Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’

Danish tale

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Peter stå-r og tale-r med Marie
pn stand- prs and talk- prs with pn
‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) ʁaj-B-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-cːilli ʁaj-ik'ʷ-il=ca-w
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - com conversation-( m ) lv . ipfv - cvb = cop - m
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ʁaj-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
meħamad ʁaj-0-uk'-u-le w-0-ar ʡaˤšura-li-ču
pn speech- m -say. ipfv - prs - cvb m -be. ipfv - th pn - obl - ad
‘Muhammad is speaking with Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) ʁajkik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL
X: NOM
Y: INTEREL
Locus: Y
Petja Miša-c:ir ʁajkik’-ul
pn pn - interel talk. ipf - prog . cvb
‘Petja is speaking with Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-cːila ʁaj uk'-ul=saw
boy friend- obl - com speech ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) ʁaj b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
uršːi juldaš-li-c:ila ʁaj ik'-ule=saj
boy friend- obl - com speech ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) ʁaj b-ik'-i

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
durħaˤ zumra-сːala ʁaj w-ik'-ule=caj
boy neighbor- com speech m -say- cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is speaking with his neighbor.’

Dutch praten

Valency pattern: SBJ_met
X: SBJ
Y: met
Locus: Y
Piet praa-t met Marie
pn ( c ) speak-3 sg with pn ( c )
‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’

Enets (Forest) dʲɔrir

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
kasa-jʔ vasʲa-xane-da dʲɔriŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg pn - loc . sg - obl . sg .3 sg talk( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’.

English speak

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is speaking with Mary.

Estonian rääkima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter räägi-b Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom speak- prs .3 sg pn - com
‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’

Finnish puhua

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa
X: NOM
Y: GENkanssa
Locus: Y
Pekka puhu-u Mati-n kanssa
pn . nom speak- prs .3 sg pn - gen with
‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’

French parler

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Paul parle à Marie
pn ( m ) talk. prs .3 sg to pn ( f )
‘Paul is speaking to Marie.’

Gban lɛ̌ zè

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen
X: SBJ
Y: nen
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ∅ lɛ̌ ze̋ Mɔ̰̈bì nɛ̰̏
pn 3 sg matter ipfv \hear pn at
‘Zan is speaking with Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø mašo-s Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is speaking with Masho.’

German sprechen

Valency pattern: NOM_mitDAT
X: NOM
Y: mitDAT
Locus: Y
Karl sprich-t mit Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] speak- prs .3 sg with pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) medaber

Valency pattern: SBJ_im
X: SBJ
Y: im
Locus: Y
Pinχas medaber im Menaχem
pn speak[ ptcp . sg . m ] with pn
‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’

Hindi bāt karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se bāt kar rah-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl matter( f ). sg . dir do dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is talking to Mohan.’

Indonesian (standard) ber-cakap-cakap

Valency pattern: SBJ_dengan
X: SBJ
Y: dengan
Locus: Y
Dewi ber-cakap-cakap dengan Ade
pn ber -talk~ rpl with pn
‘Dewi is speaking with Ade.’

Irish caintigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá Pól ag caint le Máire.
be. prs pn at speak. nmlz with pn
‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’

Italian parlare

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Leo parl-a con Maria
pn ( m ) talk-3 sg . prs with pn ( f )
‘Leo talks to Maria.’

Karata ʁwaaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmat’-i-k’el ʁoda idja
pn pn - obl - com talk. ipf cop
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmat.’

Kazakh söyles

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-men söyle-s-іp žatïr
pn pn - ins talk- rec - cvb lie.3 sg
‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) pǒtǝrtti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila
X: NOM
Y: NOMpila
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en piλa pǒtǝrt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg with speak- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǃhoa

Valency pattern: SBJ_kha
X: SBJ
Y: kha
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s ǀkha ra ǃhoa
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg with ipfv speak
‘Peter is speaking with Maria’

Khwarshi una

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
habsaʕаt šamil maduʁale:=ge una-ha gołe
now pn neighbor= com speak- prs aux . prs
‘Now Shamil is speaking with a neighbor.’

Komi-Zyrian сёрнитны

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Петя сёрнит-ӧ Маша-кӧд
pn speak- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) lóno kɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe dà Hɛ́ni dì káa lóno kɛ́-ì
pn 3.and pn 3 pl cop speech make- inf
‘Pepee is speaking with Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

Kryz (Alik) vacnic

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
terlan rasul-zina acan-aʕaca
pn pn - ins talk. ipfv - prog . m
‘Terlan is speaking with Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) vocinic

Valency pattern: NOM_INESS.INS
X: NOM
Y: INESS.INS
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-a q'ina acan-e
pn pn - iness ins talk. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) uxac

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan
X: NOM
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-q'an uxa-ra ʕaci
pn pn -with speak. ipf - simul be_in. m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

Kumyk söjlemek

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbulan
X: NOM
Y: NOMbulan
Locus: Y
patimat musa bulan söj-le-j
pn pn with (talk)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is speaking with Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) qise kirdîn

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_legel
X: SBJ.TR
Y: legel
Locus: Y
Hîwa xerîk-e legeɫ Perî-î qise de-k-a
pn busy-be. prs .3 sg with pn - obl talking ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) axaftin (tr/intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: biOBLre
Locus: Y
duh zilam bi jinik-ê re axivî
yesterday man with woman- obl . f to speak. pfv .3 sg
‘Yesterday the man talked to the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-šːal ʁalʁa b-ul-la-j u-šiwu
pn pn - com conversation(3) 3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be- nmlz
‘Mohammad is speaking with Ashura.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

Latin colloquor

Valency pattern: NOM_cumABL
X: NOM
Y: cumABL
Locus: Y
Socrates in eo libr-o colloqui-tur cum Critobul-o
pn ( m ). nom . sg in this. abl . sg . m book( m )- abl . sg converse[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg with pn ( m )- abl . sg
‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’
Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6)

Laz o-sinap-u

Valency pattern: ERG_SOC
X: ERG
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-k'ala Ø-i-sinap-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - pstp : soc s 3- ver : s -talk- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is talking with Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) lükˈvenin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz
X: NOM
Y: SUB/POSTgalaz
Locus: Y
Sahib Eldar-a galaz lükˈven-zva
pn pn - obl ( sub / post ) with speak- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is speaking with Eldar.’

Macedonian razgovara

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Petar razgovara so Maja
pn speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn
‘Petar is speaking with Maja.’

Maltese

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni qed ikellem lil Mark
pn prog speak. ipf . m .3 sg to pn
‘Ġwanni is speaking with Mark.’
Note: The preposition “lil” is not obligatory with this verb. This is an example of the DOM system. In a context like “speak to a wall” no preposition was used.

Maninka (Eastern) bàdo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà bàdo` lá jìn` kɔ́nɔ.
pn be pn talk\ art at yard\ art in
‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’

Mano mɛ́ŋ́ ɓō

Valency pattern: SBJ_lee
X: SBJ
Y: lee
Locus: Y
ŋ́ŋ̀ mɛ́ŋ́ ɓō ī lɛ̀ɛ̄
1 sg . ipfv judgement remove: ipfv 2 sg to
‘I speak with you.’

Mansi (Northern) potǝrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMjot
X: NOM
Y: NOMjot
Locus: Y
jēn’a potǝrt-i mārja jot
pn speak- npst [3 sg ] pn com
‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’

Mehweb -uʜaˤqʼas (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Islam uʜaˤqʼ-uwe le-w Nadir-li-ču
pn m .talk: ipfv - cvb be- m pn - obl - com
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -talk- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’

Nanai gusərəndu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia Maša-ǯi gusərə-ndu-j-ni
pn pn - ins tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’

Nivkh qlajd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COM
X: SBJ
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ɣin qlaj-d
pn pn - com . sg talk- ind
‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å snakke

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Per snakke-t med Ola
pn speak- pst with pn
‘Per is speaking with Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) odeessa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSwaddzin
X: NOM
Y: ABSwaddzin
Locus: Y
obsaa-n tolaa waddʒin odeess-aa dʒir-a
pn - nom pn . abs with speak- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is speaking with Tola.’

Persian ṣoḥbat kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM
X: NOM
Y: baNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad bā mariam ṣoḥbat mī-kon-ad
pn with pn conversation cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is speaking with Mariam.’

Polish rozmawiać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Staszek rozmawia z Adam-em
pn [ nom . sg ] speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) conversar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro está convers-ando com Miguel
pn ( m ) cop _ prog .3 sg . prs talk- prog with pn ( m )
‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) divinil

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
o Murš-a divini-l la Marijk-asa
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg speak- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - ins . sg
‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’

Russian razgovarivatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Pet-ja razgovariva-et s Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg with pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) halgara

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
rasul nadir-ɨ-kan halga-r=a
pn ( nom ) pn - obl - com 1.talk. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’

Rutul (Mukhad) halgın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad q'urban-ı-xvan halga-ra a
pn pn - obl - com m .speak. ipf - simul be_in
‘Murad is speaking with Kurban.’

Rutul (Shinaz) halgɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
basir halga-r a karam-ɨxvan
pn m .talk. ipf - simul exist pn - com
‘Basir is speaking with Karam.’

Rutul (Southern) halgın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ı-xhvan halga-r
pn pn - obl - com m . ipf .talk- prs
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

Saami (Skolt) mainsted

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt maainast Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom speak. prs .3 sg pn - sg . com
‘Pete is speaking with Maria’

Serbian pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar priča sa Marij-om
pn . nom . sg speak. prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’

Shughni naqli čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_INS
X: NOM.CL
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Azim Lola=qati naqli kix̌-t
pn pn = ins conversation do-3 sg
‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’

Slovak hovoriť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter hovorí s Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’

Slovenian pogovarjati se

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Peter se pogovarja s Pavl-om
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’

Spanish hablar

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Pedro habla-ba con María
pn [ sg . m ] speak- impf .3 sg with pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’

Svan x-a-gǝrg-äl-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-a-gǝrg-äl-i
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -talk- vpl - prs
‘Maizer is talking to Lile.’

Swedish att prata

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn prata-r med Maja
pn speak- prs with pn
‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_POST.DIR
X: ERG
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
dadi-ji fatima.jj-q-ǯi gaf-ar ap’-ura
mother- erg pn - post - dir word- pl do- prs
‘The mother is speaking with Fatima’.

Tagalog makipag-usap

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-ki~ki-pag-usap si Pedro kay Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’

Telugu māṭlāḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ-tō māṭlāḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - com speak. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’

Tsakhur yušan haʔiy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ı-kva yušan vo-r haʔa
pn pn - obl - com word cop - h n .do. ipf
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

Tswana bua

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Kitso o-bu-a le-Mpho
prn (1) s i :cl1-speak- fv com - prn (1)
‘Kitso is conversing with Mpho’

Turkish konuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-la konuş-uyor
pn pn - com talk- prs
‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’

Turoyo məǧġəl

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_7am
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7am
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-məǧġəl ʕam Yuḥanən
pn prs -speak. ipfv .3 m with pn
‘Gabriyel is speaking with Yuḥanən.’

Twi kasa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kofi ne nana re-kasa
pn with grandfather prog -speak
‘Kofi is speaking with grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

Udi exlət'+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Amalya-n Anjela-xun exlət'=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - abl talk=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Amalya is speaking with Anzhela.’

Udmurt veraśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a Maša- jen veraśkje
pn . nom pn - ins speak. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

Ukrainian rozmovljaty

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Petr-o rozmovljaj-e z Marij-eju
pn ( m )- nom . sg speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg with pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petro is speaking with Mariya.’

Ulcha určulun-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ama əńi-ǯi určulun-di-ni
father mother- ins talk- prs -3 sg
‘Father is speaking with mother.’

Uzbek gaplašmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_bilan
X: NOM
Y: bilan
Locus: Y
Petya Maša bilan gaplaš-ib o’tir-ib-ti
pn pn with talk- cvb sit- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’

Wolof waxtaan

Valency pattern: SBJ_ak
X: SBJ
Y: ak
Locus: Y
dem-al waxtaan ak Usmaan
go- imp . sg converse with pn
‘Go talk to Usmaan!’ lit. ‘Go converse with Usmaan!’

Yukaghir (Northern) nˈiǝdˈi=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j
pn pn - com speak- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_de.PSTP
X: SBJ.TR
Y: de.PSTP
Locus: Y
oxɨr ajɛ=də qɨsɛj kɛ-n-o
oxɨr 3 sg . f . obl =at speech do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is speaking with her.’