‘speak’
| Argument frame: |
X
(speak) with
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that)
P.
is speaking with
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
разговаривать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(разговаривать) с
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что)
П.
разговаривает с
М
.
|
Abaza
a(j).ĉaẑa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| murád |
sará |
s-aχš’á |
d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d |
|
pn
|
i
|
1
sg
.
io
-sister
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-talk-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’ |
Adyghe
de-gʷəšʼəʔe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r |
bzəλfəʁe–gʷere-m |
d-e-gʷəšʼaʔe |
|
учитель-
abs
|
женщина–некий-
obl
|
com
-
dyn
-говорить
|
| ‘Учитель разговаривает с какой-то женщиной.’ |
Aghul
raχ.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-qaj |
raχ.a-a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
hamzəm
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo |
sava |
hamzum=əl |
mən |
brat-u |
|
dem
3.
m
|
old.
m
|
speak.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
girl(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’ |
| Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Bambara
bàro
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fe
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fe |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
bàro |
Fántà |
fɛ̀ |
|
pn
|
prog
|
talk
|
pn
|
by
|
| ‘Seku speaks with Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
conversar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
convers-ando |
com |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
talk-
prog
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’ |
Catalan
parlar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
parl-ant |
amb |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
talk-
ger
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’ |
Czech
mluvit
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
mluví |
s |
Michal-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’ |
Danish
tale
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
stå-r |
og |
tale-r |
med |
Marie |
|
pn
|
stand-
prs
|
and
|
talk-
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’ |
Dutch
praten
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
praa-t |
met |
Marie |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
speak-3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bàdo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
Fántà |
bàdo` |
lá |
jìn` |
kɔ́nɔ. |
|
pn
|
be
|
pn
|
talk\
art
|
at
|
yard\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’ |
English
speak
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: with |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
speaking |
with |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
rääkima
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
räägi-b |
Mareti-ga |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’ |
Finnish
puhua
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkanssa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENkanssa |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
puhu-u |
Mati-n |
kanssa |
|
pn
.
nom
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
with
|
| ‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔrir
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xane-da |
dʲɔriŋa |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
talk(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’. |
French
parler
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
parle |
à |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
talk.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is speaking to Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre is speaking with Masho.’ |
German
sprechen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_mitDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: mitDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
sprich-t |
mit |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’ |
Irish
caintigh
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
caint |
le |
Máire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
speak.
nmlz
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’ |
Italian
parlare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
parl-a |
con |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
talk-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo is talking to Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
divinil
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
divini-l |
la |
Marijk-asa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
söyles
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-men |
söyle-s-іp |
žatïr |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
talk-
rec
-
cvb
|
lie.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǒtǝrtti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
piλa |
pǒtǝrt-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
with
|
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| habsaʕаt |
šamil |
maduʁale:=ge |
una-ha |
gołe |
|
сейчас
|
pn
|
сосед=
com
|
разговаривать-
prs
|
aux
.
prs
|
| ‘Сейчас шамиль разговаривает с соседом.’ |
Kina Rutul
halgara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
nadir-ɨ-kan |
halga-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
1.talk.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’ |
Latin
colloquor
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_cumABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: cumABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Socrates |
in |
eo |
libr-o |
colloqui-tur |
cum |
Critobul-o |
|
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
in
|
this.
abl
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
converse[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
| ‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6) |
Mandarin Chinese
tánhuà
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: he |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
hé |
Lǐsì |
tánhuà |
|
pn
|
prog
|
with
|
pn
|
speak
|
| ‘Zhangsan is speaking with Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
medaber
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_im
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: im |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
medaber |
im |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
speak[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’ |
Nanai
gusərəndu-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Maša-ǯi |
gusərə-ndu-j-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
tell-
soc
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’ |
Nivkh
qlajd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana-ɣin |
qlaj-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
.
sg
|
talk-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
potǝrti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMjot |
| Locus: Y |
| jēn’a |
potǝrt-i |
mārja |
jot |
|
pn
|
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
pn
|
com
|
| ‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nˈiǝdˈi=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å snakke
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
snakke-t |
med |
Ola |
|
pn
|
speak-
pst
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is speaking with Ola.’ |
Polish
rozmawiać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Staszek |
rozmawia |
z |
Adam-em |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’ |
Russian
razgovarivatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
razgovariva-et |
s |
Maš-ej |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
speak(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
Serbian
pričati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
priča |
sa |
Marij-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
speak.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
|
| ‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’ |
Shughni
naqli čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
Lola=qati |
naqli |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
|
pn
=
ins
|
conversation
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
mainsted
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
maainast |
Määrja-in |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
speak.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
| ‘Pete is speaking with Maria’ |
Slovak
hovoriť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
hovorí |
s |
Mark-om |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’ |
Slovenian
pogovarjati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
pogovarja |
s |
Pavl-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
qise kirdîn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: legel |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
xerîk-e |
legeɫ |
Perî-î |
qise |
de-k-a |
|
pn
|
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
obl
|
talking
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’ |
Spanish
hablar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
habla-ba |
con |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
speak-
impf
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’ |
Swedish
att prata
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
prata-r |
med |
Maja |
|
pn
|
speak-
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Na-ki~ki-pag-usap |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
|
av
-
soc
~
ipfv
-
nom
-communicate
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’ |
| Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
māṭlāḍu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
māṭlāḍutunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
speak.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
konuşmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
Orhan-la |
konuş-uyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
talk-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
určulun-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| ama |
əńi-ǯi |
určulun-di-ni |
|
father
|
mother-
ins
|
talk-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father is speaking with mother.’ |
Uzbek
gaplašmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša |
bilan |
gaplaš-ib |
o’tir-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
talk-
cvb
|
sit-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
odeessa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSwaddzin
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABSwaddzin |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
tolaa |
waddʒin |
odeess-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
speak-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is speaking with Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
j-edːo-mado
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
marjam=lojɡu |
j-edːo-mado |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
pn
=
com
|
f
-talk.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’ |
