‘speak’
| Argument frame: | X (speak) with Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that) P. is speaking with M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | разговаривать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (разговаривать) с Y -ом |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что) П. разговаривает с М . |
Abaza a(j).ĉaẑa
| Valency pattern: ABS_IO |
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| murád | sará | s-aχš’á | d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d |
| pn | i | 1 sg . io -sister | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -talk- prs - dcl |
| ‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’ | |||
Aghul raχ.a-
| Valency pattern: ABS_COM |
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan | meʜemed.i-qaj | raχ.a-a |
| pn | pn - com | speak. ipf - prs |
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hamzəm
| Valency pattern: SBJ_men |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo | sava | hamzum=əl | mən | brat-u |
| dem 3. m | old. m | speak. prog =3 m | from | girl( f )- p .3 m |
| ‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’ | ||||
| Note: Some speakers use preposition am. | ||||
Brazilian Portuguese conversar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_com |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | está | convers-ando | com | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | cop _ prog .3 sg . prs | talk- prog | with | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’ | ||||
Catalan parlar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_amb |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | està | parl-ant | amb | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | be.3 sg . prs . ind | talk- ger | with | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’ | ||||||
Czech mluvit
| Valency pattern: NOM_sINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | mluví | s | Michal-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | with | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’ | |||
Danish tale
| Valency pattern: SBJ_med |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | stå-r | og | tale-r | med | Marie |
| pn | stand- prs | and | talk- prs | with | pn |
| ‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’ | |||||
Dutch praten
| Valency pattern: SBJ_met |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | praa-t | met | Marie |
| pn ( c ) | speak-3 sg | with | pn ( c ) |
| ‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’ | |||
Estonian rääkima
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | räägi-b | Mareti-ga |
| pn . sg . nom | speak- prs .3 sg | pn - com |
| ‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’ | ||
Finnish puhua
| Valency pattern: NOM_GENkanssa |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENkanssa |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | puhu-u | Mati-n | kanssa |
| pn . nom | speak- prs .3 sg | pn - gen | with |
| ‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’ | |||
Forest Enets dʲɔrir
| Valency pattern: NOM_LOC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ | vasʲa-xane-da | dʲɔriŋa |
| man- nom . sg .1 sg | pn - loc . sg - obl . sg .3 sg | talk( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’. | ||
German sprechen
| Valency pattern: NOM_mitDAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: mitDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | sprich-t | mit | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | speak- prs .3 sg | with | pn [ dat . sg ] |
| ‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’ | |||
Italian parlare
| Valency pattern: SBJ_con |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | parl-a | con | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | talk-3 sg . prs | with | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo is talking to Maria.’ | |||
Kazakh söyles
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-men | söyle-s-іp | žatïr |
| pn | pn - ins | talk- rec - cvb | lie.3 sg |
| ‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty pǒtǝrtti
| Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpila |
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en | piλa | pǒtǝrt-ǝλ |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg | with | speak- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ | |||
Latin colloquor
| Valency pattern: NOM_cumABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: cumABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Socrates | in | eo | libr-o | colloqui-tur | cum | Critobul-o |
| pn ( m ). nom . sg | in | this. abl . sg . m | book( m )- abl . sg | converse[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg | with | pn ( m )- abl . sg |
| ‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’ | ||||||
| Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6) | ||||||
Modern Hebrew medaber
| Valency pattern: SBJ_im |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: im |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | medaber | im | Menaχem |
| pn | speak[ ptcp . sg . m ] | with | pn |
| ‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai gusərəndu-
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-ǯi | gusərə-ndu-j-ni |
| pn | pn - ins | tell- soc - npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh qlajd
| Valency pattern: SBJ_COM |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana-ɣin | qlaj-d |
| pn | pn - com . sg | talk- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å snakke
| Valency pattern: SBJ_med |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per | snakke-t | med | Ola |
| pn | speak- pst | with | pn |
| ‘Per is speaking with Ola.’ | |||
Polish rozmawiać
| Valency pattern: NOM_zINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Staszek | rozmawia | z | Adam-em |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg | with | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’ | |||
Russian razgovarivatʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_sINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | razgovariva-et | s | Maš-ej |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | speak( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | with | pn ( f )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ | |||
Rutul halgara
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul | nadir-ɨ-kan | halga-r=a |
| pn ( nom ) | pn - obl - com | 1.talk. ipfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’ | ||
Serbian priča
| Valency pattern: NOM_sINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | priča | sa | Marij-om |
| pn . nom . sg | разговаривать. prs .3 sg | с | pn - ins |
| ‘Петар разговаривает с Марией’ | |||
Shughni naqli čīdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim | Lola=qati | naqli | kix̌-t |
| pn | pn = ins | conversation | do-3 sg |
| ‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’ | |||
Skolt Saami mainsted
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | maainast | Määrja-in |
| pn . sg . nom | speak. prs .3 sg | pn - sg . com |
| ‘Pete is speaking with Maria’ | ||
Slovenian pogovarjati se
| Valency pattern: NOM_zINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | se | pogovarja | s | Pavl-om |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | rfl | speak: ipfv . prs .3 sg | with | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’ | ||||
Spanish hablar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_con |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | habla-ba | con | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | speak- impf .3 sg | with | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’ | |||
Swedish att prata
| Valency pattern: SBJ_med |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn | prata-r | med | Maja |
| pn | speak- prs | with | pn |
| ‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’ | |||
Turkish konuşmak
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Orhan-la | konuş-uyor |
| pn | pn - com | talk- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’ | ||
Ulcha určulun-
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| ama | əńi-ǯi | určulun-di-ni |
| father | mother- ins | talk- prs -3 sg |
| ‘Father is speaking with mother.’ | ||
Zilo Andi j-edːo-mado
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati | marjam=lojɡu | j-edːo-mado |
| pn [ f ][ nom ] | pn = com | f -talk. pst - prog |
| ‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’ | ||