‘speak’
Argument frame: |
X
(speak) with
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that)
P.
is speaking with
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
разговаривать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(разговаривать) с
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что)
П.
разговаривает с
М
.
|
Abaza
a(j).ĉaẑa
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
murád |
sará |
s-aχš’á |
d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d |
pn
|
i
|
1
sg
.
io
-sister
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-talk-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’ |
Adyghe
de-gʷəšʼəʔe
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
X: ABS |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r |
bzəλfəʁe–gʷere-m |
d-e-gʷəšʼaʔe |
учитель-
abs
|
женщина–некий-
obl
|
com
-
dyn
-говорить
|
‘Учитель разговаривает с какой-то женщиной.’ |
Aghul
raχ.a-
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
X: ABS |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
meʜemed.i-qaj |
raχ.a-a |
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
hamzəm
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
X: SBJ |
Y: men |
Locus: Y |
+avvo |
sava |
hamzum=əl |
mən |
brat-u |
dem
3.
m
|
old.
m
|
speak.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
girl(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’ |
Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Bambara
bàro
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fe
|
X: SBJ |
Y: fe |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
bàro |
Fántà |
fɛ̀ |
pn
|
prog
|
talk
|
pn
|
by
|
‘Seku speaks with Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
conversar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
X: SBJ |
Y: com |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
está |
convers-ando |
com |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
talk-
prog
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’ |
Catalan
parlar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
X: SBJ |
Y: amb |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
està |
parl-ant |
amb |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
talk-
ger
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’ |
Czech
mluvit
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
mluví |
s |
Michal-em |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’ |
Danish
tale
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
stå-r |
og |
tale-r |
med |
Marie |
pn
|
stand-
prs
|
and
|
talk-
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’ |
Dutch
praten
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
X: SBJ |
Y: met |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
praa-t |
met |
Marie |
pn
(
c
)
|
speak-3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
c
)
|
‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bàdo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
yé |
Fántà |
bàdo` |
lá |
jìn` |
kɔ́nɔ. |
pn
|
be
|
pn
|
talk\
art
|
at
|
yard\
art
|
in
|
‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’ |
English
speak
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
X: SBJ |
Y: with |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
is |
speaking |
with |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
rääkima
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
räägi-b |
Mareti-ga |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’ |
Finnish
puhua
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkanssa
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENkanssa |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
puhu-u |
Mati-n |
kanssa |
pn
.
nom
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
with
|
‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔrir
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xane-da |
dʲɔriŋa |
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
talk(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’. |
French
parler
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
parle |
à |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
talk.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul is speaking to Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre is speaking with Masho.’ |
German
sprechen
Valency pattern:
NOM_mitDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: mitDAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
sprich-t |
mit |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’ |
Irish
caintigh
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
Pól |
ag |
caint |
le |
Máire. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
speak.
nmlz
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’ |
Italian
parlare
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
parl-a |
con |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
talk-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo is talking to Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
divinil
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
divini-l |
la |
Marijk-asa |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
söyles
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-men |
söyle-s-іp |
žatïr |
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
talk-
rec
-
cvb
|
lie.3
sg
|
‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǒtǝrtti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMpila |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
piλa |
pǒtǝrt-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
with
|
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
X: ABS |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
habsaʕаt |
šamil |
maduʁale:=ge |
una-ha |
gołe |
сейчас
|
pn
|
сосед=
com
|
разговаривать-
prs
|
aux
.
prs
|
‘Сейчас шамиль разговаривает с соседом.’ |
Kina Rutul
halgara
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
nadir-ɨ-kan |
halga-r=a |
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
1.talk.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’ |
Latin
colloquor
Valency pattern:
NOM_cumABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: cumABL |
Locus: Y |
Socrates |
in |
eo |
libr-o |
colloqui-tur |
cum |
Critobul-o |
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
in
|
this.
abl
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
converse[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’ |
Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6) |
Mandarin Chinese
tánhuà
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
X: SBJ |
Y: he |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
hé |
Lǐsì |
tánhuà |
pn
|
prog
|
with
|
pn
|
speak
|
‘Zhangsan is speaking with Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
medaber
Valency pattern:
SBJ_im
|
X: SBJ |
Y: im |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
medaber |
im |
Menaχem |
pn
|
speak[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’ |
Nanai
gusərəndu-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
Maša-ǯi |
gusərə-ndu-j-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
tell-
soc
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’ |
Nivkh
qlajd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
|
X: SBJ |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana-ɣin |
qlaj-d |
pn
|
pn
-
com
.
sg
|
talk-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
potǝrti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMjot |
Locus: Y |
jēn’a |
potǝrt-i |
mārja |
jot |
pn
|
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
pn
|
com
|
‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nˈiǝdˈi=
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j |
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å snakke
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Per |
snakke-t |
med |
Ola |
pn
|
speak-
pst
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Per is speaking with Ola.’ |
Polish
rozmawiać
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
Staszek |
rozmawia |
z |
Adam-em |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’ |
Russian
razgovarivatʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
razgovariva-et |
s |
Maš-ej |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
speak(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
Serbian
pričati
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
priča |
sa |
Marij-om |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
speak.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
|
‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’ |
Shughni
naqli čīdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Azim |
Lola=qati |
naqli |
kix̌-t |
pn
|
pn
=
ins
|
conversation
|
do-3
sg
|
‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
mainsted
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
maainast |
Määrja-in |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
speak.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
‘Pete is speaking with Maria’ |
Slovak
hovoriť
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
hovorí |
s |
Mark-om |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’ |
Slovenian
pogovarjati se
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
se |
pogovarja |
s |
Pavl-om |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
qise kirdîn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
|
X: SBJ |
Y: legel |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
xerîk-e |
legeɫ |
Perî-î |
qise |
de-k-a |
pn
|
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
obl
|
talking
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’ |
Spanish
hablar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
habla-ba |
con |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
speak-
impf
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’ |
Swedish
att prata
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
prata-r |
med |
Maja |
pn
|
speak-
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Na-ki~ki-pag-usap |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
av
-
soc
~
ipfv
-
nom
-communicate
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’ |
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
māṭlāḍu
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
māṭlāḍutunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
speak.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
konuşmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-la |
konuş-uyor |
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
talk-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
určulun-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
ama |
əńi-ǯi |
určulun-di-ni |
father
|
mother-
ins
|
talk-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Father is speaking with mother.’ |
Uzbek
gaplašmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
X: NOM |
Y: bilan |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša |
bilan |
gaplaš-ib |
o’tir-ib-ti |
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
talk-
cvb
|
sit-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
odeessa
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSwaddzin
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABSwaddzin |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
waddʒin |
odeess-aa |
dʒir-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
speak-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
‘Obsa is speaking with Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
j-edːo-mado
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
pat’imati |
marjam=lojɡu |
j-edːo-mado |
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
pn
=
com
|
f
-talk.
pst
-
prog
|
‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’ |