BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘enjoy’

Argument frame: X (enjoy) Y
Stimulus sentence: (After being in cold water) P. enjoys hot tea .
Predicate label Ru: наслаждаться
Argument frame Ru: X (наслаждаться) Y -ом
Stimulus sentence Ru: (После холодной воды) П. наслаждается горячим чаем .

Abaza Х-gʷə Х-r.ĉ̣ə

Valency pattern: ERG_NONARG.INS
X: ERG
Y: NONARG_INS
Locus: Y
zaréma č’aj–blə-la l-gʷə lə-r-ĉ̣-əj-d
pn tea–hot- ins 3 sg . f . io -heart 3 sg . f . erg - caus -get_sour- prs - dcl
‘Zarema enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Y is expressed as a dependent-marked adjunct, unindexed on the verb.

Adyghe (West Circassian) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Aghul *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a ʡašqː.una-l-di čaj uχ.a-a
pn ( erg ) passion- super - lat tea drink. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is drinking tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination.

Alik Kryz lazat ğaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_PART
X: ERG
Y: PART
Locus: Y
terlan-ir ghirra çay-il-kar lazat ğan-e
pn - erg warm tea- obl - part delicacy take. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan enjoys hot tea.’

Archi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
paša haˁršːa-r-tːu-t čij χːu-r-ši w-i 
pn boiling- ipfv - attr -4 tea drink- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1-be
‘Pasha is drinking hot tea (making pauses between gulps).’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic avəd ceyp

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
yala vad=ələ ceyp-u bi +čay
boy( m ) do. prog =3 m pleasure( f )- p .3 m with tea( m )
‘The boy enjoys tea.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. ceyp is a dialect realization of cep.

Avar kep bosize

Valency pattern: ERG_EL
X: ERG
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca b-uħ-ara-b čaj-al-dasa kep b-os-ule-b b-ugo
pn - erg n -burn- pst . ptcp - n tea- obl - el pleasure n -take- ipf . ptcp - n n - cop
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’

Azerbaijani həzz almaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Aslan isti çay-dan hǝzz al-ır
pn hot tea- abl pleasure take- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

Bambara tɔ̀nɔbɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bɛ́_kà àtayi` tɔ̀nɔbɔ́
pn prog tea\ art enjoy
‘Seku enjoys the tea.’

Brazilian Portuguese desfrutar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro desfrut-a de um chá quente
pn ( m ) enjoy-3 sg . prs of indf tea( m ) hot
‘Pedro is enjoying a hot tea.’

Catalan disfrutar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
en Pere disfrut-a de l'aigua calenta
def . sg . m pn ( m ) enjoy-3 sg . prs . ind of def . sg . f -water( f ) hot( f )
‘Pere enjoys hot tea.’

Chirag *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Czech užívat si

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr si užívá hork-ý čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg hot- m . acc . sg tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr enjoys hot tea.’

Danish nyde

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter nyde-r varm te
pn enjoy- prs hot. c . sg tea( c ). sg
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’

Dutch genieten

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
Piet geniet van de het-e thee
pn ( c ) enjoy.3 sg from art . def . c hot-С tea( c )
‘Piet is enjoying the hot tea.’

Eastern Maninka díyabɔ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé tɛ́` díyabɔ` lá.
pn be tea\ art enjoy\ art at
‘Seku enjoys the tea.’

English enjoy

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter enjoys hot tea.

Estonian nautima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter naudi-b kuuma tee-d
pn . sg . nom enjoy- prs .3 sg hot. part tea- sg . part
‘Peeter enjoys hot tea.’

Finnish nauttia

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pekka nautti-i tee-stä
pn . nom enjoy- prs .3 sg tea- ela
‘Pekka enjoys hot tea.’
Note: With objects denoting food or drinks, the NOM_PART pattern is also possible.

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French savourer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul savoure le thé chaud
pn ( m ) enjoy. prs .3 sg def . sg . m tea( m ) hot. sg . m
‘Marie enjoys hot tea.’

Georgian Ø-t'k'b-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø cxel-i čai-t Ø-t'k'b-eb-a
pn - nom hot- b tea- ins s 3-delight- sm - s 3 gs . inact
‘Petre enjoys hot tea.’

German genießen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl genieß-t sein-en Tee
pn [ nom . sg ] enjoy- prs .3 sg his- m . acc . sg tea[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is enjoying his tea.’

Guinean Kpelle kwèi nɛ̌ɛ

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
nɔ̀ɔ kwélê àa Pépèe kwèi nɛ̌ɛ
def \wine white 3 sg . prf pn stomach. loc be_tasty
‘Pepee enjoys white wine.’

Icari Dargwa ħaˤjran=w=irq'-uj

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
Islam d-uc'-ar čaˤj-il ħaˤjran=w=irq'-a-ca=w
pn . abs hot tea- erg fascination= m = lv : ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam enjoys hot tea.’

Irish

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Italian godersi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo si god-e il tè cald-o
pn ( m ) int enjoy-3 sg . prs def . sg . m tea. sg . m hot- sg . m
‘Leo is enjoying the hot tea.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad jal-0-uh-ub b-uc'ar-il čaj-zaka
pn enjoy- m -become. pfv - pret n -hot- atr tea- el
‘Muhammad enjoys hot tea.’

Kalderash Romani mišto

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
le Murš-ahkə mišto kata ćaj
art . m . dir . sg pn - dat . sg well from tea[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša enjoys the tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Kandyk Tabasaran *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ebcru čaj uχ-ura
pn - erg hot tea( abs ) drink- prs
‘Mahamad is drinking hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Karata rahat baʔaɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_EL
X: ERG
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali-l q’ardob čaj-agal raħat b-e-da
pn - erg hot tea- el rest n -come- ipf
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’

Kaytag Dargwa *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kazakh raxattan

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petya ïstïq šay-ï-men raxattan-ïp otïr
pn hot tea- poss 3- ins enjoy- cvb sit.3 sg
‘Petya is enjoying the hot tea.’

Kazym Khanty *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khoekhoe ǃgâi-ba-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge ǀgamsa tē-i xa a ǃgâi-ba-he
pn -3 m . sg decl hot tea-3 c . sg by aux be_good- appl - pass
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

Khwarshi goqa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
di-l žu c'aq' go:qa
1 sg . o - dat dem . an . abs . prox very like\ gnt
‘I like it (soft cheese) very much.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Kina Rutul *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kumyk kep almaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
patimat issi čaj-dan kep al-a
pn hot tea- abl mood take-3 sg
‘Patimat enjoys hot tea.’

Latin fruor

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mell-e pater fru-itur
honey( n )- abl . sg father( m ). nom . sg enjoy[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg
‘The father enjoys the honey.’
Note: (Ov. Fasti. III, 761)

Laz o-š-(um)-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k čai-Ø me-Ø-o-šv-am-s
pn - b - erg tea- nom prv - do 3- ver : sup -drink- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is drinking tea with pleasure.’

Mandarin Chinese xiǎngshòu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Zhāngsān xiǎngshòu zhe rè-chá-de nuǎnyì
pn enjoy dur hot-tea- de warmth
‘Zhangsan enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the dataset because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mano ɲɔ́nɔ́ sí

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ē kɔ́nɔ́ ɲɔ́nɔ́ sí
3 sg . pst food oil take
‘S/he enjoyed the food.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
Islam kep is-uwe le-w d-uc'ar-i čaj-če-la
pn pleasure take: ipfv - cvb be- m npl -hot- attr tea[ r ]- super - el
‘Islam enjoys hot tea.’

Mingrelian Ø-i-t'kab-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø čxe čai-t Ø-i-t'k'ab-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom hot tea- ins s 3- ver : s -delight- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo enjoys hot tea.’

Modern Hebrew nehene

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi
X: SBJ
Y: mi
Locus: Y
Pinχas nehene me ha te ha χam
pn enjoy[ ptcp . sg . m ] from def tea def hot
‘Pinchas enjoys hot tea.’

Mukhad Rutul *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-a bik'er-di čej raʁa-ra kef kelʔe-re a
pn - erg hot- attr tea ipf .drink- simul pleasure ( n ) ipf .pull- simul be_in
‘Murad feels good when he drinks hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Nanai *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia do-ni ulə o-či-ni pəku čaj-wa omi-do-i
pn inside- p .3 sg good become- pst - p .3 sg heat tea- obl drink. npst - dat - p . refl . sg
‘Petia’s soul filled with joy when he drank hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Nivkh ezmud

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik qavla + cʰaj + smо-qatn-d
pn hot + tea + like- aug - ind
‘Kaskazik likes hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Northern Akhvakh t’anʕa beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pataħi-de t’anʕa b-eχ-ere gwe č’eda čeje-ɬɬi-ƛƛi
pn - erg taste n -take- simul n . cop hot tea- obl - gen
‘Patahi enjoys hot tea.’

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir nˈanbǝličnǝ law=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn pug-uo-dˈǝ čаj-lǝ nˈаnbǝl-i-čnǝ lаw-nu-m
pn hot- stat - ptcl tea- acc be_tasty- stat - adv drink- ipf - tr .3 sg
Lit. ‘Semien drinks the hot tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Norwegian Bokmål å nyte

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per nyte-r den varm-e te-en
pn enjoy- prs det . m . sg warm- def tea- def . m . sg
‘Per enjoys hot tea.’

Polish delektować się

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Michał delektuje się gorąc-ą herbat-ą
pn [ nom . sg ] love: ipfv . prs .3 sg refl hot- f . ins . sg tea- ins . sg
‘Michał enjoys hot tea.’

Russian naslaždatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet-ja naslažda-et-sja gorjač-im ča-em
pn ( m )- nom . sg enjoy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl hot- m . ins . sg tea( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja enjoys hot tea.’

Serbian uživati

Valency pattern: NOM_uLOC
X: NOM
Y: uLOC
Locus: Y
Petar uživa u vruć-em čaj-u
pn . nom . sg enjoy. prs .3 sg in hot- loc . sg . m tea- loc . sg
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’

Shinaz Rutul ištaʁ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
basir ištaʁan raˁʁaˁ-r a bik'er-dɨ čej
pn with.appetite ( n )drink. ipf - simul exist hot- attr tea
‘Basir is drinking hot tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Shughni ayš čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
mu tāt=i kaš čoy-ti ayš čūd
1 sg . obl father=3 sg hot tea- sup pleasure do. pst
‘My father enjoys hot tea.’

Skolt Saami *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peâtt-ast lij hääʹsǩ juukkâd puõiʹlli čee
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 sg fun drink. inf hot tea. sg . acc
‘Pete enjoys drinking hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Slovak užívať si

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter si užíva tepl-ý čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg hot- m . acc . sg tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’

Slovenian uživati

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC
X: NOM
Y: vLOC
Locus: Y
An-a uživa v čaj-u
pn - nom . sg enjoy: ipfv . prs .3 sg in tea- loc . sg
‘Ana enjoys hot tea.’

Sorani Kurdish pêxoʂ bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa ça-î gerim=î pê-xoʂ-e
pn tea- izf warm=3 sg . pc prev -good-be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul kef kaˤğaˤyşuˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
murad-a bik'-di çey-a-kla kef kaˤğaˤyşuˤ-r
pn - erg hot- attr tea- obl - contel pleasure n .choose. pf - aor
‘Murad enjoys hot tea.’

Spanish disfrutar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro disfrut-a de=l té caliente
pn [ sg . m ] enjoy- prs .3 sg from= art . def . sg . m tea[ sg . m ] hot[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro enjoys hot tea.’

Standard Arabic tamattaʕa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yatamattaʕu bi=š-šāy-i s-sāḫin-i
pn - nom - indef enjoy. ipf .3 m by= def -tea- gen def -hot- gen
‘Badr enjoys hot tea.’

Svan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s ätu čai-Ø x-a-siäm
pn - dat hot tea- nom io 3- ver : sup -please
‘Maizer is pleased by hot tea.’

Swedish att gilla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gilla-r varm-t te
pn enjoy- prs warm- indf . n . sg tea
‘Björn enjoys hot tea.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC
X: SBJNV
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
Mahilig si Pedro sa mainit na tsaa
like. adj pers . subj pn dat hot lin tea
‘Pedro enjoys hot tea’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective). The Y-argument can only be signalled by DAT.

Telugu āsvādiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ vēḍi ṭī-ni āsvādistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom hot tea( n ). sg . obl - acc enjoy_the_taste. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is enjoying hot tea.’

Tsakhur lezzetхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL
X: DAT
Y: CONTEL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s issağa-ni čey-i-ke lezzet-eeхhi
pn - obl - dat hot- attr . obl tea- obl - contel pleasure-be. ipf
‘Murad enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsudakhar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Tsugni Dargwa *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Turkish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mehmet çay-ın tad-ı-nı çıkar-ıyor
pn tea- gen taste- p .3- acc extract- prs
‘Mehmet is enjoying the tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Turoyo mbasəm leb-

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Šabo kə-mbasəm leb-e b čay šaḥino
pn prs -please. ipfv .3 m heart( m )- p .3 m in tea( m ) hot( m )
‘Gabriyel is enjoying hot tea.’

Ulcha *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Uzbek rohatlanmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya issiq čoy-ga rohatlan-ib tur-ib-ti
pn hot tea- dat enjoy- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja enjoys hot tea.’

West Central Oromo itti gammada

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
obsaa-n ʃaajii hoʔaa-tti gammad-a
pn - nom tea. abs hot- loc enjoy-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa enjoys hot tea.’

Zilo Andi t’aʔam <b>-iχ.i-r

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.EL
X: ERG
Y: CONT.EL
Locus: Y
pat’imati-di tʃa-tʃ’u-kːu t’aʔam b-iχ.i-r
pn - erg tea. obl - cont - el taste[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-take. pst - prog
‘Patimat is enjoying hot tea.’