‘wave’
| Argument frame: |
X
(wave)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(Look, there’s P. on the other side of the river.)
P.
is waving
a handkerchief
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
махать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(махать)
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Смотрите, на другом берегу реки стоит П.).
П.
машет
платком
.
|
Abaza
q̇’a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-phʷə́spa |
á-ḳas |
l-q̇’-əj-d |
|
def
-girl
|
def
-shawl
|
3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-wave-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The girl is waving the shawl.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
ʔe ṣ̂ə
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_INSTR.CASE
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: INSTR.CASE |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-m |
ŝhe.tjeχʷe-m-č̣ʼe |
ʔe |
q-j-e-ṣ̂ə |
|
girl-
obl
|
head_scarf-
obl
-
ins
|
hand
|
csl
-3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-do
|
| ‘The girl is waving the headscarf.’ |
Aghul
tːutː.a-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
jaʁluqː |
tːutː.a-a |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
handkerchief
|
shake.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Alik Kryz
yelletmiş aric
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
dasmal |
yelletmiş |
yi-re |
|
pn
-
erg
|
towel
|
wave
|
do.
ipfv
-
prs
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan is waving a towel.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| patʼimat-li |
gatʼ |
lapʼa-r-ši |
b-i |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
shawl
|
wave-
ipfv
-
cvb
.
ipfv
|
3-be
|
| ‘Pasha is waving a shawl.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+šayəš
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
+bəššaš-o=la |
+yaləxta |
ṗ |
id-o |
|
girl(
f
)
|
shake.
prog
-
p
.3
f
=3
f
|
handkerchief(
f
)
|
with
|
hand(
f
)-
p
.3
f
|
| ‘The girl is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Avar
xwaʕize
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
kwerbac’c’ |
xwaʕ-ule-b |
b-ugo |
|
pn
-
erg
|
handkerchief
|
wave-
ipf
.
ptcp
-
n
|
n
-
cop
|
| ‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Azerbaijani
yelləmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
dǝsmal-ı-nı |
yellǝ-yir |
|
pn
|
towel-
poss
3-
acc
|
wave-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is waving a towel.’ |
Bambara
yúguyugu
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Fántà |
bɛ́_kà |
kùnnasirilan` |
yúguyugu |
|
pn
|
prog
|
headscarf
|
shake
|
| ‘Fanta shakes out a headscarf.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
acenar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
acen-a |
com |
um |
lenço |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wave-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
indf
|
handkerchief(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Catalan
agitar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
agit-a |
un |
mocador |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wave-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
handkerchief(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Chirag
lamč b-arq’i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
tːuʁ |
lamč |
b-irq’-le |
|
pn
-
erg
|
flag(
abs
)
|
wave
|
n
.
sg
-do:
ipf
-
prs
.
dur
.3
|
| ‘Ali is waving a flag.’ |
Czech
mávat
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
mavá |
šátk-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wave(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
scarf(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is waving a scarf.’ |
Danish
vifte
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
vifte-r |
med |
et |
lommetørklæde |
|
pn
|
wave-
prs
|
with
|
indf
.
sg
|
handkerchief(
n
)
|
| ‘Peter is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Dutch
zwaaien
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
zwaai-t |
met |
de |
sjaal |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
wave-3
sg
|
with
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
scarf(С)
|
| ‘Piet is waving the scarf.’ |
Eastern Maninka
láfirinfirin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Fántà |
yé |
fàanin |
kùnkudun` |
náfirinfirin-na. |
|
pn
|
be
|
cloth
|
piece\
art
|
wave-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Fanta waves a piece of cloth.’ |
English
wave
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
is |
waving |
a |
handkerchief. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
lehvitama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
lehvita-b |
taskurätiku-ga |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
wave-
prs
.3
sg
|
handkerchief-
com
|
| ‘Peeter is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Finnish
huiskuttaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
huiskutt-aa |
nenäliina-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
wave-
prs
.3
sg
|
handkerchief-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Forest Enets
lɛbitur
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ɔbi-xone-da |
lɛbituŋa |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
mitten-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
wave(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is waving his mitten’. |
French
agiter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
agite |
son |
mouchoir |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
stir.
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s.
sg
.
m
|
handkerchief(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul is waving his handkerchief.’ |
Georgian
Ø-i-kn-ev-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-Ø |
p'irsaxoc-s |
Ø-i-kn-ev-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
towel-
dat
|
s
3-
ver
:
s
-wave-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is waving a towel.’ |
German
winken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
wink-t |
mit |
dem |
Taschentuch |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wave-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
handkerchief[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is waving the handkerchief.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Icari Dargwa
hak'-ik'ʷ-araj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_ERG
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
deškːan-ni |
hak'-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w |
|
pn
.
abs
|
handkerchief-
erg
|
wave-(
m
)
lv
:
ipf
-
conv
-
cop
=
m
|
| ‘Islam is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Irish
croith
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
croitheadh |
ciairsiúir. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
wave.
nmlz
|
gs
/handkerchief
|
| ‘Pól is waving a handkerchief.’ |
| Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
sventolare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
sventola |
un |
fazzolett-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wave-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
handkerchief-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_AD
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡašura |
ħaˤrt-r-uk'-ar |
kasinka-li-ču |
|
pn
|
wave-
f
-say.
ipfv
-
th
|
scarf-
obl
-
ad
|
| ‘Muhammad is waving a scarf.’ |
Kalderash Romani
trintil
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
trinti-l |
la |
dyrz-asa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
wave-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
rag-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is waving a rag.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatima-ji |
jaʁluq |
t’u<b>c̊ː-ura |
|
pn
-
erg
|
scarf(
abs
)
|
<
n
.
sg
>wave-
prs
|
| ‘Fatima is waving a scarf.’ |
Karata
xwaʕaaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-l |
korbac’ |
xwaʕa-jdja |
idja |
|
pn
-
erg
|
handkerchief
|
wave-
ipf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
χwaˁrtik’wara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ERG
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: Y |
| petja |
k’anal-li |
χvaˁrtik’-ulca |
|
pn
|
handkerchief.
obl
-
erg
|
move.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Kazakh
bulɣa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
oramal-men |
bulɣa-p |
tur |
|
pn
|
handkerchief-
ins
|
wave-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Kazym Khanty
jɔwǝλti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
pa |
pԑlǝk-ǝn |
λǫp-ǝn |
jɔwǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
other
|
side-
loc
|
oar-
loc
|
wave.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is waving an oar on the other bank.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁhawu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǀomanaiǃkhai-b-a |
ra |
ǁhawu |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
handkerchief-3
m
.
sg
-
obl
|
ipfv
|
wave
|
| ‘Peter is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Khwarshi
šʷana
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| žik'ʷa |
miq'e-žo |
q'emq'osa |
šʷana-ha |
gołe |
|
man\
erg
|
far-
el
|
shawl(
iv
)
|
wave-
prs
|
aux
.
prs
|
| ‘A man is waving a shawl from a far.’ |
Kina Rutul
lawɨχara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| samira-ra |
jalɨʁ |
la-wɨ-χa-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
kerchief(
nom
)
|
pv
-3-wave.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Samira is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Kumyk
sillemek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
jawluʁ-un |
sil-le-j |
|
pn
|
kerchief-3
sg
.
acc
|
(wave)-
vblz
-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat is waving her handkerchief.’ |
Latin
vibro
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| qui |
vibra-nt |
hast-as |
ante |
pugn-am |
|
which.
nom
.
pl
.
m
|
shake[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
spear(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
before
|
fight(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘... who shake their spears before the fight.’ |
| Note: (Cic. De Oratore. II, 325) |
Laz
o-val-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
mendil-i |
Ø-u-val-am-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
handkerchief-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-wave-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
huīwǔ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèng |
huīwǔ |
zhe |
shǒupà |
|
pn
|
right
|
wave
|
dur
|
handkerchief
|
| ‘Zhangsan is waving a hankerchief. ’ |
Mano
vṵ́ ɓō
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| āà |
mouchoir |
vṵ́ |
ɓō |
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
handkerchief[
fr
]
|
movement
|
implement
|
| ‘S/he has waved a handkerchief.’ |
| Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Majsarat |
pardaw-iču |
xʷaʡ |
duk'-uwe |
le-r |
|
pn
|
handkerchief-
com
|
wave
|
f
.
lv
:
ipfv
-
cvb
|
be-
f
|
| ‘Majsarat is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-i-rk-en-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-Ø |
xeškosal-s |
Ø-i-rk-en-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
handkerchief-
dat
|
do
3-
ver
:
s
-wave-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo is waiving a handkerchief.’ |
Modern Hebrew
menofef
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
menofef |
be |
mitpaχat |
|
pn
|
wave[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
in
|
handkerchief
|
| ‘Pinchas is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
suda hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
jaluqh |
subda |
vaʔa-ra |
a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
kerchief(
a
)
|
a
.shake
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Nanai
xarxi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
puŋku-ǯi |
xarxi-ni |
|
pn
|
handkerchief-
ins
|
wave.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
qqwat’uruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| hwari-de |
hwado |
qqwat’-ere |
godi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
handkerchief
|
shake-
simul
|
n
.
cop
|
| ‘Pari is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Northern Mansi
xosji
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| ēkwa |
tōr-əl |
xosj-i |
|
woman
|
kerchief-
ins
|
wave-
npst
.3
sg
|
| ‘The woman is waving a kerchief.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
libaɣas=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
wаɣаdīliǝ-lǝ |
libаɣа-s-u-m |
|
pn
|
handkerchief-
acc
|
flutter-
caus
-0-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å vifte
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
vifte-r |
med |
tørkle |
|
pn
|
wave-
prs
|
with
|
handkerchief
|
| ‘Per is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Polish
machać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Paweł |
macha |
chustk-ą |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wave:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
handkerchief-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Paweł is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Russian
maxatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
maš-et |
platk-om |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
wave(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
kerchief(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Serbian
mahati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
maše |
maram-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
wave.
prs
.3
sg
|
handkerchief-
ins
.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
levi-n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
jaluqh |
leve-r |
a |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
handkerchief(
a
)
|
a
.swing.
ipf
-
simul
|
exist
|
| ‘Basir is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Shughni
δust weδdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
lemol-ak=qati |
δust |
weδ-d |
|
pn
|
headscarf-
dim
=
ins
|
hand
|
put-
pst
|
| ‘Azim is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Skolt Saami
heeilted
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
lij |
heeilte-men |
nozvaireeʹppǩ-es |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
wave-
prog
.
ptcp
|
handkerchief.
sg
.
acc
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pete is waving his handkerchief.’ |
Slovak
mávať
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
máva |
kapesník-om |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wave(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
scarf(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is waving a scarf.’ |
Slovenian
mahati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pavel |
maha |
z |
robčk-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wave:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
handkerchief-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Pavel is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
r̂aweʂandin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
desire-yek |
r̂a-de-weʂên-ê |
|
pn
|
handkerchief-
def
|
prev
-
ind
-hit.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Southern Rutul
seyte hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
desmel |
seyte |
haʔa-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
towel
|
n
.strike.
ipf
|
n
.do.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is waving a towel.’ |
Spanish
agitar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
agit-a |
un |
pañuelo |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
wave-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
handkerchief[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Standard Arabic
lawwaḥa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_biGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: biGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Maryam-u |
tulawwiḥu |
bi=fūṭat-i-n |
|
pn
-
nom
|
wave.
ipf
.3
f
|
by= handkerchief-
gen
-
indef
|
| ‘Badr is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-Ø |
laqwc'äːn-s |
Ø-a-käːwin-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
handkerchief-
dat
|
do
3-
fact
-wave-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Swedish
att vinka
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
vinka-r |
med |
en |
näsduk |
|
pn
|
wave-
prs
|
with
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
handkerchief
|
| ‘Björn is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| W<in>a~wagayway |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
panyo |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~wave
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
handkerchief
|
| ‘Pedro is waving the handkerchief.’ |
| Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern. |
Telugu
ūpu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
dasti-ni |
gāli-lo |
ūputunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
handkerchief(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
wind(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
loc
|
cause_to_swing.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Tsakhur
q:ooхhar havʔıy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
k’at’ar |
vo-b |
q:ooхhar |
haaʔa |
|
pn
-
erg
|
handkerchief(
a
)
|
cop
-
a
|
a
.wave.
ipf
|
a
.do.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad is waving a handkerchief.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
hak' b-ič'-iz/b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
naˤq-le |
hak' |
ik'-ule=saj |
|
boy
|
hand-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
id
.swing
|
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is waving his hand.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
hak' b-arq'-i / b-irq'-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
naˤq |
hak' |
b-arq'-ib |
|
boy-
erg
|
hand
|
id
.swing
|
n
-do.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is waving his hand.’ |
Turkish
sallamak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
mendil-i-ni |
sallı-yor |
|
pn
|
handkerchief-
p
.3-
acc
|
shake-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is waving his handkerchief.’ |
Turoyo
hoyəz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
həz-le |
i |
dəsmale |
|
pn
|
shake.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
art
.
f
|
handkerchief(
f
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel waved the handkerchief.’ |
Ulcha
xarxi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| əńi-n |
goj |
sapsi |
kera-do-ni |
puŋku-ǯi |
xarx-i-ni |
|
mother-3
sg
|
other
|
bank
|
edge-
dat
-3
sg
|
kerchief-
ins
|
wave-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘His mother is waving a handkerchief on the other bank (of the river).’ |
Uzbek
silkitmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
romali |
bilan |
silkit-ib |
tur-ip-ti |
|
pn
|
handkerchief
|
with
|
wave-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’ |
West Central Oromo
mirmirsa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
alaabaa |
mirmirs-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
flag.
abs
|
wave-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is waving a flag.’ |
Zilo Andi
xʷaʔi-la
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INST
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INST |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
k’azil-qχi |
xʷaʔi-la |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
shawl.
obl
-
inst
|
wave-
prs
|
| ‘Patimat is waving her shawl.’ |
