‘avoid’
Argument frame: |
X
(avoid)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. owes M. a huge sum of money, which he cannot return. Instead of this)
P.
avoids
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
избегать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(избегать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. должен М. крупную сумму денег, которую не может вернуть. Поэтому)
П.
избегает
М
.
|
Abaza
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Adyghe
zə-šʼə-ʒəje
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
dirjekterə-m |
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m |
zə-šʼ-j-e-ʒə-je |
директор-
obl
|
учитель-
obl
|
rfl
.
abs
-
loc
-3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-бросить-
lat
|
‘Директор избегает учителя.’ |
Aghul
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṭašə gana
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
X: SBJ |
Y: men |
Locus: Y |
+Ašur |
gan-u |
+ṭašuy-o=l |
mən |
švav-u |
pn
|
refl
(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
hide(tr).
prog
-
p
.3
f
=3
m
|
from
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘Ashur avoids his neighbor’ (lit. ‘hides himself from his neighbor’). |
Bambara
fɛ́ngɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bɛ |
Fántà |
fɛ́ngɛ |
pn
|
ipfv
|
pn
|
avoid
|
‘Seku avoids Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
evitar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
evit-a |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
avoid-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’ |
Catalan
evitar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
evit-a |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
avoid-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere avoids Marc.’ |
Czech
vyhýbat se
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
se |
vyhýbá |
Michal-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
avoid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petr avoids Michal.’ |
Danish
undgå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
prøve-r |
at |
undgå |
Marie |
pn
|
try-
prs
|
to
|
avoid.
inf
|
pn
|
‘Peter tries to avoid Marie.’ |
Dutch
ontlopen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
ontloop-t |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
avoid-3
sg
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet avoids Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
mála
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
yé |
Fántà |
mála-la. |
pn
|
be
|
pn
|
avoid-
inf
.
la
|
‘Seku avoids Fanta.’ |
English
avoid
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
vältima
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
väldi-b |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
avoid-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter avoids Maret.’ |
Finnish
vältellä
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
vältt-el-ee |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
avoid-
freq
-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka avoids Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
vasʲa |
tɔju |
entʃe-goz |
kudʲiku-on |
kanʲe-ga |
pn
|
that
|
person.
obl
-
abl
.
sg
|
far-
prol
.
sg
|
leave(
pfv
)-
disc
.3
sg
.
s
|
‘Vasja keeps leaving farther from that person’. |
Note: Not included in the dataset because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence. |
French
éviter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
évite |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
avoid.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul avoids Marie.’ |
Georgian
tav-s Ø-a-rid-eb-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
tav-s |
Ø-a-rid-eb-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
refl
-
dat
|
do
3-
fact
-avoid-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre avoids Masho.’ |
German
meiden
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
meide-t |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
avoid-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl avoids Marie.’ |
Irish
déan sheachaint
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Dein-eann |
Pól |
Máire |
a |
sheachaint. |
make-
prs
|
pn
|
pn
|
trans
|
avoid
|
‘Pól avoids Máire.’ |
Note: This translation contains a nominalized clause. However, the use of "a" (with lenition) indicates that the verb is transitive. |
Italian
evitare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
evit-a |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
avoid-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo avoids Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
našəl
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
našə-l |
kata |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
run-
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša avoids Marijka.’ |
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kazakh
qaš
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-dan |
qaš-ïp |
žür |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
avoid-
cvb
|
go.3
sg
|
‘Petya avoids Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǒntǝtˊλǝti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMewelt
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMewelt |
Locus: Y |
petr-en |
was’a-j-ǝλ |
ewǝλt |
χǒntǝtˊλ-ǝλ |
pn
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
from
|
avoid-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja avoids Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.EL
|
X: ABS |
Y: CONT.EL |
Locus: Y |
fatima |
j-ič-ha |
šamil-qo-žo |
pn
|
ii
-убегать-
prs
|
pn
-
cont
-
el
|
‘Фатима избегает Шамиля.’ |
Note: Букв. Фатима бегает от Шамиля. |
Kina Rutul
gʲaʁaˁbʁura
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP.EL |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
ramazan-ɨ-la: |
gʲa-ʁaˁbʁu-r=a |
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
pv
-1.avoid.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul avoids Ramazan.’ |
Latin
vito
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
nec |
ego |
Brut-um |
vit-o |
and_not
|
i
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
avoid[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.1
sg
|
‘I am not avoiding Brutus.’ |
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. 12, 29) |
Mandarin Chinese
duǒ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
duǒ |
zhe |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
avoid
|
dur
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan avoids Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
dud-s Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
du(d)-s |
Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s. |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
refl
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-avoid-
r
.
ext
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo avoids Anuchia.’ |
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
mitχamek
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mi |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
mitχamek |
mi |
Menaχem |
pn
|
avoid[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas avoids Menachem.’ |
Nanai
xoliači-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
xole-a-či-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
walk_around-
intr
-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia avoids Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
ūrjalaxti
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
am |
ūrjal-axt-ej-um |
ti |
ēlmxolas-ǝl |
i
|
keep-
refl
|
this
|
person-
el
|
‘I avoid this person.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
halɣуdу=
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt |
mǝ |
hаlɣu-du-j |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
aff
|
run_away-
mult
-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien avoids Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å unngå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
unngå-r |
Ola |
pn
|
avoid-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Per avoids Ola.’ |
Polish
unikać
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Dariusz |
unika |
Adam-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
avoid:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Dariusz avoids Adam.’ |
Russian
izbegatʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
izbega-et |
Maš-i |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
avoid(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja avoids Maša.’ |
Serbian
izbegavati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
izbegava |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
avoid.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar avoids Maria.’ |
Shughni
zibidow
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
Ahmed |
as |
Saida |
zibīn-t |
pn
|
el
|
pn
|
jump-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed avoids Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
veäʹltted
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
veältt |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
avoid.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete avoids Maria’ |
Slovak
vyhýbať sa
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
sa |
vyhýba |
Mark-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
avoid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter avoids Marek.’ |
Slovenian
izogibati se
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
se |
izogiba |
Pavl-u |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
avoid:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter avoids Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
xo dizînewe
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
xoî |
le |
Kamr̂an-î |
de-diz-êt-ewe |
pn
|
himself
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-steal.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
|
‘Hiwa avoids Kamran.’ |
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
evitar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
evit-a |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
avoid-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro avoids Maria.’ |
Swedish
att undvika
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
undvik-er |
Maja |
pn
|
avoid-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Björn avoids Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
<Um>i~iwas |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
<
av
>
ipfv
~avoid
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’ |
Note: Alternative is a LV with the same ACT_LOC pattern: “<In>i~iwas-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [<PV>IPFV~avoid-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’ |
Telugu
tappiṁcukōnu
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-nuṁci |
tappiṁcukuṁtū |
tirugutunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
abl
|
escape.
cvb
.
sim
|
turn.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen avoids Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
kaçmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-dan |
kaç-ıyor |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
escape-
prs
|
‘Mehmet avoids Orhan’. |
Ulcha
sirkəči-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
titam |
min-ǯi |
sir-kəč-i-ni |
therefore
|
i
-
ins
|
hide-
imit
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘This is why [he] avoids me (lit. hides himself from).’ |
Note: Not quite exact translation of the stimulus sentence. |
Uzbek
qočmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Miša-dan |
qoč-ip |
yur-ib-ti |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
avoid-
cvb
|
walk-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja avoids Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
ooda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
ood-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
avoid-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa avoids Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-utʃ’.u-mado
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT.EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: CONT.EL |
Locus: Y |
ali |
muħammadi-tʃ’u-kːu |
w-utʃ’.u-mado |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
pn
-
cont
-
el
|
m
-avoid.
pst
-
prog
|
‘Ali is avoiding Muhammad.’ |