BivalTyp

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‘avoid’

Argument frame:

X (avoid) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(P. owes M. a huge sum of money, which he cannot return. Instead of this) P. avoids M .

Predicate label Ru:

избегать

Argument frame Ru:

X (избегать) Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(П. должен М. крупную сумму денег, которую не может вернуть. Поэтому) П. избегает М .

Abaza *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Adyghe zə-šʼə-ʒəje

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

dirjekterə-m	č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m	zə-šʼ-j-e-ʒə-je
директор- obl	учитель- obl	rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg - dyn -бросить- lat
‘Директор избегает учителя.’

Aghul *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭašə gana

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

+Ašur	gan-u	+ṭašuy-o=l	mən	švav-u
pn	refl ( f )- p .3 m	hide(tr). prog - p .3 f =3 m	from	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur avoids his neighbor’ (lit. ‘hides himself from his neighbor’).

Bambara fɛ́ngɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bɛ	Fántà	fɛ́ngɛ
pn	ipfv	pn	avoid
‘Seku avoids Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese evitar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	evit-a	Miguel
pn ( m )	avoid-3 sg . prs	pn ( m )
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’

Catalan evitar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	evit-a	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	avoid-3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere avoids Marc.’

Czech vyhýbat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	se	vyhýbá	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr avoids Michal.’

Danish undgå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	prøve-r	at	undgå	Marie
pn	try- prs	to	avoid. inf	pn
‘Peter tries to avoid Marie.’

Dutch ontlopen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	ontloop-t	Marie
pn (С)	avoid-3 sg	pn (С)
‘Piet avoids Marie.’

Eastern Maninka mála

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	mála-la.
pn	be	pn	avoid- inf . la
‘Seku avoids Fanta.’

English avoid

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	avoids	Mary.

Estonian vältima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	väldi-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	avoid- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter avoids Maret.’

Finnish vältellä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	vältt-el-ee	Matti-a
pn . nom	avoid- freq - prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka avoids Matti.’

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

vasʲa	tɔju	entʃe-goz	kudʲiku-on	kanʲe-ga
pn	that	person. obl - abl . sg	far- prol . sg	leave( pfv )- disc .3 sg . s
‘Vasja keeps leaving farther from that person’.
Note: Not included in the dataset because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

French éviter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	évite	Marie
pn ( m )	avoid. prs .3 sg	pn ( f )
‘Paul avoids Marie.’

Georgian tav-s Ø-a-rid-eb-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	tav-s	Ø-a-rid-eb-s
pn - nom	pn - dat	refl - dat	do 3- fact -avoid- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre avoids Masho.’

German meiden

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	meide-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	avoid- prs .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl avoids Marie.’

Irish déan sheachaint

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Dein-eann	Pól	Máire	a	sheachaint.
make- prs	pn	pn	trans	avoid
‘Pól avoids Máire.’
Note: This translation contains a nominalized clause. However, the use of "a" (with lenition) indicates that the verb is transitive.

Italian evitare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	evit-a	Maria
pn ( m )	avoid-3 sg . prs	pn ( f )
‘Leo avoids Maria.’

Kalderash Romani našəl

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	našə-l	kata	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	run- prs .3 sg	from	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša avoids Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Kazakh qaš

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-dan	qaš-ïp	žür
pn	pn - abl	avoid- cvb	go.3 sg
‘Petya avoids Masha.’

Kazym Khanty χǒntǝtˊλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt

X: NOM

Y: NOMewelt

Locus: Y

petr-en	was’a-j-ǝλ	ewǝλt	χǒntǝtˊλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	from	avoid- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja avoids Vasja.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT.EL

X: ABS

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

fatima	j-ič-ha	šamil-qo-žo
pn	ii -убегать- prs	pn - cont - el
‘Фатима избегает Шамиля.’
Note: Букв. Фатима бегает от Шамиля.

Kina Rutul gʲaʁaˁbʁura

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

rasul	ramazan-ɨ-la:	gʲa-ʁaˁbʁu-r=a
pn ( nom )	pn - obl ( sup )- el	pv -1.avoid. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul avoids Ramazan.’

Latin vito

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

nec	ego	Brut-um	vit-o
and_not	i . nom	pn ( m )- acc . sg	avoid[ prs . ind ]- act .1 sg
‘I am not avoiding Brutus.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. 12, 29)

Mandarin Chinese duǒ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	duǒ	zhe	Lǐsì
pn	avoid	dur	pn
‘Zhangsan avoids Lisi.’

Mingrelian dud-s Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	du(d)-s	Ø-u-čilit-u-an-s.
pn - nom	pn - dat	refl - dat	io 3- ver : o -avoid- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo avoids Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew mitχamek

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi

X: SBJ

Y: mi

Locus: Y

Pinχas	mitχamek	mi	Menaχem
pn	avoid[ ptcp . sg . m ]	from	pn
‘Pinchas avoids Menachem.’

Nanai xoliači-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xole-a-či-ni
pn	pn - obl	walk_around- intr - ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia avoids Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi ūrjalaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

am	ūrjal-axt-ej-um	ti	ēlmxolas-ǝl
i	keep- refl	this	person- el
‘I avoid this person.’

Northern Yukaghir halɣуdу=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt	mǝ	hаlɣu-du-j
pn	pn - abl	aff	run_away- mult - intr .3 sg
‘Semien avoids Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å unngå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	unngå-r	Ola
pn	avoid- prs	pn
‘Per avoids Ola.’

Polish unikać

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Dariusz	unika	Adam-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	avoid: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - gen . sg
‘Dariusz avoids Adam.’

Russian izbegatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	izbega-et	Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	avoid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja avoids Maša.’

Serbian izbegavati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	izbegava	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	avoid. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar avoids Maria.’

Shughni zibidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	as	Saida	zibīn-t
pn	el	pn	jump-3 sg
‘Ahmed avoids Saida.’

Skolt Saami veäʹltted

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	veältt	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	avoid. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete avoids Maria’

Slovak vyhýbať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	vyhýba	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter avoids Marek.’

Slovenian izogibati se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	se	izogiba	Pavl-u
pn [ nom . sg ]	rfl	avoid: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Peter avoids Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish xo dizînewe

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Hîwa	xoî	le	Kamr̂an-î	de-diz-êt-ewe
pn	himself	from	pn - obl	ind -steal. prs -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa avoids Kamran.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Spanish evitar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	evit-a	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	avoid- prs .3 sg	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro avoids Maria.’

Swedish att undvika

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	undvik-er	Maja
pn	avoid- prs	pn
‘Björn avoids Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

<Um>i~iwas	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > ipfv ~avoid	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is a LV with the same ACT_LOC pattern: “<In>i~iwas-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [<PV>IPFV~avoid-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’

Telugu tappiṁcukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-nuṁci	tappiṁcukuṁtū	tirugutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - abl	escape. cvb . sim	turn. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen avoids Mahesh.’

Turkish kaçmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-dan	kaç-ıyor
pn	pn - abl	escape- prs
‘Mehmet avoids Orhan’.

Ulcha sirkəči-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

titam	min-ǯi	sir-kəč-i-ni
therefore	i - ins	hide- imit - prs -3 sg
‘This is why [he] avoids me (lit. hides himself from).’
Note: Not quite exact translation of the stimulus sentence.

Uzbek qočmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petya	Miša-dan	qoč-ip	yur-ib-ti
pn	pn - abl	avoid- cvb	walk- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja avoids Maša.’

West Central Oromo ooda

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	tolaa	ood-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	avoid-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa avoids Tola.’

Zilo Andi <w>-utʃ’.u-mado

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.EL

X: NOM

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

ali	muħammadi-tʃ’u-kːu	w-utʃ’.u-mado
pn [ m ][ nom ]	pn - cont - el	m -avoid. pst - prog
‘Ali is avoiding Muhammad.’