‘kiss’
| Argument frame: | X (kiss) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. kissed M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | целовать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (целовать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. поцеловал М . |
Abaza ba hʷə
| Valency pattern: ERG_IO |
| X: ERG |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma | l-aš’á | ba | j-a-l-hʷ-ṭ |
| pn | 3 sg . f . io -brother | kiss | 3 sg . m . io - dat -3 sg . f . erg -say( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Fatima kissed her brother.’ | |||
Aghul p’ac ik’.i-
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | šünükː.i-s | p’ac | ik’.i-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | child- dat | kiss | { in }poke. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan kissed the child.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic našək
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| yala | nšik-a-l | brata |
| boy( m ) | kiss- ss .3 f - ls .3 m | girl( f ) |
| ‘The boy kissed the girl.’ | ||
Brazilian Portuguese beijar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | beij-ou | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | kiss-3 sg . pst | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ | ||
Catalan besar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | bes-ar | la | Maria |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | kiss- inf | def . sg . f | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Pere kissed Maria.’ | |||||
Czech políbit
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | políbi-l | Michal-a |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr kissed Michal.’ | ||
Danish kysse
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | kysse-de | Marie |
| pn | kiss- pst | pn |
| ‘Peter kissed Marie.’ | ||
Dutch kussen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | Marie | ge-kus-t |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | pn ( c ) | ptcp -kiss- ptcp |
| ‘Piet kissed Marie.’ | |||
Estonian suudlema
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | suudle-s | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | kiss- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter kissed Maret.’ | ||
Finnish suudella
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | suutel-i | Matti-a |
| pn . nom | kiss- pst .3 sg | pn - part |
| ‘Pekka kissed Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets nʲujza
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | nɛ-da | nʲujza |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | woman- obl . sg .3 sg | kiss( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend kissed his wife’. | |||
German küssen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | küss-te | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | kiss- pst .3 sg | pn [ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl kissed Marie.’ | ||
Italian baciare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | baciato | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | kiss. pst . ptcp | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo kissed Maria.’ | |||
Kazakh süy
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | Maša-nï | süy-dі |
| pn | pn - acc | kiss- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya kissed Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty mɔsǝλtǝti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en | mɔsǝλtǝ-s-λe |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg | kiss- pst -3 sg . so |
| ‘Petja kissed Maša.’ | ||
Latin osculor
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| aliter | homin-es | amic-am, | aliter | liber-os | oscula-ntur |
| differently | man( m )- nom . pl | girlfriend( f )- acc . sg | differently | child( m )- acc . pl | kiss[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 pl |
| ‘People kiss girlfriends and children in different ways.’ | |||||
| Note: (Sen. Ep. 75, 3) | |||||
Modern Hebrew niʃek
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | niʃek | et | Menaχem |
| pn | kiss[ pst .3 sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas kissed Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai oǯo-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | Maša-wa | oǯo-xa-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | kiss- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia kissed Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh mоct
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | mоc-t |
| pn | pn | + | kiss- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik kissed Ajsana.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å kysse
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | kysse-t | Kari |
| pn | kiss- pst | pn |
| ‘Per kissed Kari.’ | ||
Polish pocałować
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Franek | pocałowa-ł | Mart-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | kiss: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Franek kissed Marta.’ | ||
Russian pocelovatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | pocelova-l | Maš-u |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja kissed Maša.’ | ||
Rutul k’uxʲ kiwɨr
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | k’uxʲ | ki-w-ɨ-r | madina-s |
| pn - erg | beak( nom ) | pv -3- lv . pfv - cvb | pn - dat |
| ‘Rasul kissed Madina.’ | |||
Serbian poljubio
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | poljubi-o | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | поцеловать- part . perf .М. sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Петар поцеловал Марию.’ | |||
Shughni bā čīdow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i | Saida | bā | ču |
| pn =3 sg | pn | kiss | do. pst |
| ‘Ahmed kissed Saida.’ | |||
Skolt Saami cuʹmmsted
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | cuʹmmst-i | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | kiss- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete kissed Maria’ | ||
Slovenian poljubiti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | je | poljubi-l | An-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | kiss: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Peter kissed Ana.’ | |||
Spanish dar un beso
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | ha | da-do | un | beso | a | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | give- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . m | kiss[ sg . m ] | ndir . obj | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ | ||||||
Swedish att kyssa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | kyss-te | Maja |
| pn | kiss- pst | pn |
| ‘Björn kissed Maja.’ | ||
Turkish öpmek
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | Filiz-i | öp-tü |
| pn | pn - acc | kiss- pst |
| ‘Mehmet kissed Filiz.’ | ||
Ulcha alawsi-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | əktə | piktə-wə | alawsa-xa-ni |
| male | child | female | child- acc | kiss- pst -3 sg |
| ‘The boy kissed the girl.’ | ||||
Zilo Andi ts’omm.i
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| χadiʒati-di | ts’omm.i | marjam-ʔa |
| pn - erg | kiss. pst ( aor ) | pn - super |
| ‘Khadizhat kissed Mariam.’ | ||