‘kiss’
| Argument frame: |
X
(kiss)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
kissed
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
целовать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(целовать)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
поцеловал
М
.
|
Abaza
ba hʷə
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_IO
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma |
l-aš’á |
ba |
j-a-l-hʷ-ṭ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-brother
|
kiss
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
dat
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-say(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatima kissed her brother.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
je-bewə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
je-bewə-ʁ |
|
girl-
abs
|
guy-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-kiss-
pst
|
| ‘The girl kissed the guy.’ |
Aghul
p’ac ik’.i-
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a |
šünükː.i-s |
p’ac |
ik’.i-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
child-
dat
|
kiss
|
{
in
}poke.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan kissed the child.’ |
Alik Kryz
k'uf ğaynic
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPEREL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPEREL |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir |
leyla-ğar |
k'uf |
ğayn-ic |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
superel
|
kiss
|
take.
pfv
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan kissed Leyla.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| paša-mu |
marin |
hijtbo |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
pn
|
kiss.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha kissed Marina.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
našək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| yala |
nšik-a-l |
brata |
|
boy(
m
)
|
kiss-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
m
|
girl(
f
)
|
| ‘The boy kissed the girl.’ |
Avar
q’očize
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
marjam-i-da |
q’oč-ana |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
loc
|
kiss-
aor
|
| ‘Ali kissed Marjam.’ |
Azerbaijani
öpmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
Leyla-nı |
öp-dü |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’ |
Bambara
súmusumu
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sékù |
ye |
Fántà |
dá` |
súmusumu |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
mouth\
art
|
smell
|
| ‘Seku kissed Fanta.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
beijar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
beij-ou |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
kiss-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ |
Catalan
besar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
bes-ar |
la |
Maria |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
kiss-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere kissed Maria.’ |
Chirag
upːa b-arq’i
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imat-le |
gal-l-i |
upːa |
b-arq’-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
boy-
obl
-
super
|
kiss(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-do:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Patimat kissed her son.’ |
Czech
políbit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
políbi-l |
Michal-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr kissed Michal.’ |
Danish
kysse
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
kysse-de |
Marie |
|
pn
|
kiss-
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter kissed Marie.’ |
Dutch
kussen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
Marie |
ge-kus-t |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
ptcp
-kiss-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet kissed Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
súnbu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bára |
Fántà |
súnbu. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
pn
|
kiss
|
| ‘Seku has kissed Fanta.’ |
English
kiss
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
suudlema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
suudle-s |
Mareti-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter kissed Maret.’ |
Finnish
suudella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
suutel-i |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka kissed Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
nʲujza
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-da |
nʲujza |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
kiss(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend kissed his wife’. |
French
embracer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
embrassé |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
kiss.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul kissed Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-a-k'oc-eb-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-m |
mašo-s |
loq'a-ze |
Ø-a-k'oc-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
cheek-
pstp
:
subl
|
io
3-
ver
:
n
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre kissed Masho on the cheek.’ |
German
küssen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
küss-te |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl kissed Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Icari Dargwa
mesa b=iːkː-uj
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-il |
Madina-lij |
mesa |
b=iːčː-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
suplat
|
kiss.
abs
|
n
=give:
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam kissed Madina.’ |
Irish
póg
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=phóg |
Pól |
Máire. |
|
pst
=kiss
|
pn
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól kissed Máire.’ |
Italian
baciare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
baciato |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
kiss.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo kissed Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad |
p'aj-0-ik-ib |
ʡašura-ke |
|
pn
|
kiss-
m
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
|
pn
-
super
|
| ‘Muhammad kissed Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ćumindel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
ćuminď-a |
la |
Marijk-a |
ande |
buk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
in
|
cheek-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša kissed Marijka on the cheek.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-i |
dada.ji-z |
mak |
ʁ-ap’-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
mother-
dat
|
kiss
|
pf
-do-
pst
|
| ‘Rasul kissed (his) mother’. |
Karata
oba gahaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-l |
marjam-i-č’o |
oba |
ge-e |
geh-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
cont
|
kiss
|
do-
pf
|
do-
pf
|
| ‘Ali kissed Marjam.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
ummajbek:ara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DATLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| petja-l |
maša-j |
ummaj |
b-eč:-iv |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
datlat
|
kiss
|
n
-give.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Petja kissed Masha.’ |
Kazakh
süy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-nï |
süy-dі |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya kissed Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
mɔsǝλtǝti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
mɔsǝλtǝ-s-λe |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
kiss-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
| ‘Petja kissed Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁoa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s-a |
go |
ǁoa |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
rpst
|
kiss
|
| ‘Peter kissed Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
uba buwa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil-i |
uba-č |
b-u-ja |
isu-lo-č |
kande-qo |
|
pn
-
erg
|
kiss(
iii
)-
its
|
iii
-make-
pst
.
w
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
2-
its
|
daughter-
cont
|
| ‘Shamil kissed his daughter.’ |
Kina Rutul
k’uxʲ kiwɨr
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a |
k’uxʲ |
ki-w-ɨ-r |
madina-s |
|
pn
-
erg
|
beak(
nom
)
|
pv
-3-
lv
.
pfv
-
cvb
|
pn
-
dat
|
| ‘Rasul kissed Madina.’ |
Kumyk
upaj etmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
musa-nɨ |
upaj |
et-d-i |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss
|
do-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat kissed Musa.’ |
Latin
osculor
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| aliter |
homin-es |
amic-am, |
aliter |
liber-os |
oscula-ntur |
|
differently
|
man(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
girlfriend(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
differently
|
child(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
kiss[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
pl
|
| ‘People kiss girlfriends and children in different ways.’ |
| Note: (Sen. Ep. 75, 3) |
Laz
o-xel-u
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k |
Fatma-s |
g-Ø-a-xel-u |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
rel
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim kissed Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
qīnwěn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
qīnwěn |
le |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
kiss
|
pfv
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan kissed Lisi.’ |
Mano
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-ini |
umma |
d-aq'-ib |
Madina-če |
|
pn
-
erg
|
kiss
|
npl
-do:
pfv
-
pst
|
pn
-
super
(
lat
)
|
| ‘Islam kissed Madina.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-ǯun-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k |
anučia-s |
k-Ø-a-ǯun-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo kissed Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
niʃek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
niʃek |
et |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
kiss[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas kissed Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
temeni hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
majram-ı-s |
temeni |
hıʔı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
kiss
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad kissed Majram.’ |
Nanai
oǯo-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
oǯo-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
kiss-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia kissed Masha.’ |
Nivkh
mоct
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
mоc-t |
|
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
kiss-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik kissed Ajsana.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
c’c’oonuƛa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOC
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| pataħi-de |
madina-ge |
c’c’a-ani |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
loc
|
kiss-
aor
|
| ‘Patahi kissed Madina.’ |
Northern Mansi
an’apaste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| āji |
ɕān’-e |
an’ap-as-t-e |
|
daughter
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
|
kiss-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘The daughter kissed her mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ubа̄=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝr |
ubа̄-m |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
kiss-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien kissed Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å kysse
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
kysse-t |
Kari |
|
pn
|
kiss-
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Per kissed Kari.’ |
Polish
pocałować
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Franek |
pocałowa-ł |
Mart-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Franek kissed Marta.’ |
Russian
pocelovatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
pocelova-l |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja kissed Maša.’ |
Serbian
poljubiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
poljubi-o |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
kiss-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar kissed Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
k'üx kivɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
k'üx |
kivɨ-r |
peri-s |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
kiss
|
give.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
dat
|
| ‘Basir kissed Peri.’ |
Shughni
bā čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i |
Saida |
bā |
ču |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
kiss
|
do.
pst
|
| ‘Ahmed kissed Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
cuʹmmsted
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
cuʹmmst-i |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete kissed Maria’ |
Slovak
pobozkať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
pobozka-l |
Mári-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter kissed Maria.’ |
Slovenian
poljubiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
poljubi-l |
An-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
kiss:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter kissed Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
maç kirdin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
Perî=î |
maç |
kird-Ø |
|
pn
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
kiss
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa kissed Pari.’ |
Southern Rutul
hup'a hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
ayten-ı-s |
hup'a |
hıʔı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
kiss
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad kissed Ayten.’ |
Spanish
dar un beso
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
ha |
da-do |
un |
beso |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
give-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
kiss[
sg
.
m
]
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
qabbala
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
qabbala |
Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
kiss.
pf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
| ‘Badr kissed Maryam.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-Ø |
lile-s |
xaq'ba-ži |
lä-x-qax-äːn |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
cheek-
superess
|
prv
:
slightly
-
io
3-kiss-
pst
|
| ‘Maizer kissed Lile on (her) cheek.’ |
Swedish
att kyssa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
kyss-te |
Maja |
|
pn
|
kiss-
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn kissed Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| H<in>alik-an |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.kiss-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ |
| Note: Ask Sergey |
Telugu
muddu peṭṭu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
madhuri-ki |
muddu |
peṭṭāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
kiss(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
put.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen kissed Madhuri.’ |
Tsakhur
uba haʔiy
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-ee |
sona-ys |
uba |
haʔu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
kiss
|
n
.do.
pf
|
| ‘Murad kissed Sona.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
č'op b-ičː-iz
|
Valency pattern:
ERG/LOC(LAT)_SUPER(LAT)
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: SUPER(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
nešli-jaˤ |
č'op' |
ik-un |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
mother-
super
(
lat
)
|
kiss
|
(
m
)say.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy kissed his mother.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
paj ag-i / ig-i
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ-li |
baba-j |
paj |
ag-ib |
|
boy-
erg
|
mother-
dat
|
kiss
|
say.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy kissed his mother.’ |
Turkish
öpmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
öp-tü |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet kissed Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
nošəq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
nšəq-le |
Yuḥanən |
|
pn
|
kiss.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel kissed Yuḥanən.’ |
Ulcha
alawsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
alawsa-xa-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy kissed the girl.’ |
Uzbek
o’pmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-ni |
o’p-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja kissed Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗungata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu |
ɗungat-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
kiss-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa kissed Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
ts’omm.i
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| χadiʒati-di |
ts’omm.i |
marjam-ʔa |
|
pn
-
erg
|
kiss.
pst
(
aor
)
|
pn
-
super
|
| ‘Khadizhat kissed Mariam.’ |
