‘kiss’
Argument frame: |
X
(kiss)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
kissed
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
целовать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(целовать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
поцеловал
М
.
|
Abaza
ba hʷə
Valency pattern:
ERG_IO
|
X: ERG |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
fatíma |
l-aš’á |
ba |
j-a-l-hʷ-ṭ |
pn
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-brother
|
kiss
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
dat
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-say(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Fatima kissed her brother.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
je-bewə
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
je-bewə-ʁ |
girl-
abs
|
guy-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-kiss-
pst
|
‘The girl kissed the guy.’ |
Aghul
p’ac ik’.i-
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
šünükː.i-s |
p’ac |
ik’.i-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
child-
dat
|
kiss
|
{
in
}poke.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan kissed the child.’ |
Alik Kryz
k'uf ğaynic
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPEREL
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPEREL |
Locus: Y |
terlan-ir |
leyla-ğar |
k'uf |
ğayn-ic |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
superel
|
kiss
|
take.
pfv
-
aor
.
n
|
‘Terlan kissed Leyla.’ |
Archi
hijtbos
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
paša-mu |
marin |
hijtbo |
pn
-
obl
.
m
(
erg
)
|
pn
|
kiss.
pfv
|
‘Pasha kissed Marina.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
našək
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
yala |
nšik-a-l |
brata |
boy(
m
)
|
kiss-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
m
|
girl(
f
)
|
‘The boy kissed the girl.’ |
Avar
q’očize
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
ʕali |
marjam-i-da |
q’oč-ana |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
loc
|
kiss-
aor
|
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’ |
Azerbaijani
öpmək
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Aslan |
Leyla-nı |
öp-dü |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
(3)
|
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’ |
Bafut
nɔ́ŋə̂ ǹtsù
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
kɨ̀ |
nɔ́ŋə̂ |
ǹtsù |
bì |
pn
|
sm
|
p
2
|
suck
|
mouth
|
pn
|
‘Ambe kissed Bih.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Bambara
súmusumu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
ye |
Fántà |
dá` |
súmusumu |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
mouth\
art
|
smell
|
‘Seku kissed Fanta.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
beijar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
beij-ou |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
kiss-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ |
Budugh
k’uf yuts’u
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan-ır |
leyla'-z |
k'uf |
yıva-ci |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
kiss(
a
)
|
give.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’ |
Catalan
besar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
bes-ar |
la |
Maria |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
kiss-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pere kissed Maria.’ |
Chirag
upːa b-arq’i
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
pat’imat-le |
gal-l-i |
upːa |
b-arq’-ib |
pn
-
erg
|
boy-
obl
-
super
|
kiss(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-do:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
‘Patimat kissed her son.’ |
Czech
políbit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
políbi-l |
Michal-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr kissed Michal.’ |
Danish
kysse
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
kysse-de |
Marie |
pn
|
kiss-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Peter kissed Marie.’ |
Dutch
kussen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
Marie |
ge-kus-t |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
ptcp
-kiss-
ptcp
|
‘Piet kissed Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
súnbu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bára |
Fántà |
súnbu. |
pn
|
prf
|
pn
|
kiss
|
‘Seku has kissed Fanta.’ |
English
kiss
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
suudlema
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
suudle-s |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter kissed Maret.’ |
Finnish
suudella
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
suutel-i |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka kissed Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
nʲujza
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-da |
nʲujza |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
kiss(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend kissed his wife’. |
French
embrasser
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
embrassé |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
kiss.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul kissed Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-a-k'oc-eb-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-m |
mašo-s |
loq'a-ze |
Ø-a-k'oc-a |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
cheek-
pstp
:
subl
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre kissed Masho on the cheek.’ |
German
küssen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
küss-te |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl kissed Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Icari Dargwa
mesa b=iːkː-uj
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPLAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPLAT |
Locus: Y |
Islam-il |
Madina-lij |
mesa |
b=iːčː-ib |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
suplat
|
kiss.
abs
|
n
=give:
pf
-
aor
|
‘Islam kissed Madina.’ |
Irish
póg
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Do=phóg |
Pól |
Máire. |
pst
=kiss
|
pn
|
pn
|
‘Pól kissed Máire.’ |
Italian
baciare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
baciato |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
kiss.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo kissed Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
p'aj-CL-ik-es / p'aj-CL-irk-es
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
meħamad |
p'aj-0-ik-ib |
ʡaˤšura-ke |
pn
|
kiss-
m
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Muhammad kissed Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ćumindel
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
ćuminď-a |
la |
Marijk-a |
ande |
buk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
in
|
cheek-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša kissed Marijka on the cheek.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
rasul-i |
dada.ji-z |
mak |
ʁ-ap’-nu |
pn
-
erg
|
mother-
dat
|
kiss
|
pf
-do-
pst
|
‘Rasul kissed (his) mother’. |
Karata
oba gahaɬa
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONT |
Locus: Y |
ʕali-l |
marjam-i-č’o |
oba |
ge-e |
geh-e |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
cont
|
kiss
|
do-
pf
|
do-
pf
|
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
ummaj bek:ara
Valency pattern:
ERG_DATLAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: Y |
petja-l |
maša-j |
ummaj |
b-eč:-iv |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
datlat
|
kiss
|
n
-give.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Petja kissed Masha.’ |
Kazakh
süy
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-nï |
süy-dі |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya kissed Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
mɔsǝλtǝti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
mɔsǝλtǝ-s-λe |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
kiss-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
‘Petja kissed Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁoa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s-a |
go |
ǁoa |
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
rpst
|
kiss
|
‘Peter kissed Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
uba buwa
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONT |
Locus: Y |
šamil-i |
uba-č |
b-u-ja |
isu-lo-č |
kande-qo |
pn
-
erg
|
kiss(
iii
)-
its
|
iii
-make-
pst
.
w
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
2-
its
|
daughter-
cont
|
‘Shamil kissed his daughter.’ |
Kina Rutul
k’uxʲ kiwɨr
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
k’uxʲ |
ki-w-ɨ-r |
madina-s |
pn
-
erg
|
beak(
nom
)
|
pv
-3-
lv
.
pfv
-
cvb
|
pn
-
dat
|
‘Rasul kissed Madina.’ |
Kumyk
upaj etmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
patimat |
musa-nɨ |
upaj |
et-d-i |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss
|
do-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’ |
Latin
osculor
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
aliter |
homin-es |
amic-am, |
aliter |
liber-os |
oscula-ntur |
differently
|
man(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
girlfriend(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
differently
|
child(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
kiss[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
pl
|
‘People kiss girlfriends and children in different ways.’ |
Note: (Sen. Ep. 75, 3) |
Laz
o-xel-u
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Käzim-i-k |
Fatma-s |
g-Ø-a-xel-u |
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
rel
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Käzim kissed Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
qīnwěn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
qīnwěn |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
kiss
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan kissed Lisi.’ |
Mano
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER.LAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
Islam-ini |
umma |
d-aq'-ib |
Madina-če |
pn
-
erg
|
kiss
|
npl
-do:
pfv
-
pst
|
pn
-
super
(
lat
)
|
‘Islam kissed Madina.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-ǯun-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
anučia-s |
k-Ø-a-ǯun-u |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-kiss-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo kissed Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
niʃek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
niʃek |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
kiss[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas kissed Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
temeni hıʔın
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
murad-a |
majram-ı-s |
temeni |
hıʔı-ri |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
kiss
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad kissed Majram.’ |
Nanai
oǯo-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
oǯo-xa-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
kiss-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia kissed Masha.’ |
Nivkh
mоct
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
mоc-t |
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
kiss-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik kissed Ajsana.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
c’c’oonuƛa
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
pataħi-de |
madina-ge |
c’c’a-ani |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
loc
|
kiss-
aor
|
‘Patahi kissed Madina.’ |
Northern Mansi
an’apaste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
āji |
ɕān’-e |
an’ap-as-t-e |
daughter
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
|
kiss-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
‘The daughter kissed her mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ubа̄=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝr |
ubа̄-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
kiss-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien kissed Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å kysse
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
kysse-t |
Kari |
pn
|
kiss-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Per kissed Kari.’ |
Polish
pocałować
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Franek |
pocałowa-ł |
Mart-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Franek kissed Marta.’ |
Russian
pocelovatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
pocelova-l |
Maš-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja kissed Maša.’ |
Serbian
poljubiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
poljubi-o |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
kiss-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar kissed Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
k'üx kivɨ-n
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
basir |
k'üx |
kivɨ-r |
peri-s |
pn
(
erg
)
|
kiss
|
give.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
dat
|
‘Basir kissed Peri.’ |
Shughni
bā čīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Ahmed=i |
Saida |
bā |
ču |
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
kiss
|
do.
pst
|
‘Ahmed kissed Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
cuʹmmsted
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
cuʹmmst-i |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete kissed Maria’ |
Slovak
pobozkať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
pobozka-l |
Mári-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter kissed Maria.’ |
Slovenian
poljubiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
poljubi-l |
An-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
kiss:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter kissed Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
maç kirdin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
Perî=î |
maç |
kird-Ø |
pn
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
kiss
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa kissed Pari.’ |
Southern Rutul
hup'a hıʔın
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
murad-a |
ayten-ı-s |
hup'a |
hıʔı-r |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
kiss
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Murad kissed Ayten.’ |
Spanish
dar un beso
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
X: SBJ |
Y: NDIR.OBJ |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
ha |
da-do |
un |
beso |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
give-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
kiss[
sg
.
m
]
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
qabbala
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Badr-un |
qabbala |
Maryam-a |
pn
-
nom
|
kiss.
pf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
‘Badr kissed Maryam.’ |
Svan
x-e-qx-äːn (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
maizer-Ø |
lile-s |
xaq'ba-ži |
lä-x-qax-äːn |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
cheek-
superess
|
prv
:
slightly
-
io
3-kiss-
pst
|
‘Maizer kissed Lile on (her) cheek.’ |
Swedish
att kyssa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
kyss-te |
Maja |
pn
|
kiss-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Björn kissed Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
h<in>alik-an |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
pfv
.kiss-
pv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’ |
Telugu
muddu peṭṭu
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
madhuri-ki |
muddu |
peṭṭāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
kiss(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
put.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen kissed Madhuri.’ |
Tsakhur
uba haʔiy
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
murad-ee |
sona-ys |
uba |
haʔu |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
kiss
|
n
.do.
pf
|
‘Murad kissed Sona.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
č'op b-ičː-iz
Valency pattern:
ERG/LOC(LAT)_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
uršːi |
nešli-jaˤ |
č'op' |
ik-un |
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
mother-
super
(
lat
)
|
kiss
|
(
m
)say.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The boy kissed his mother.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
paj ag-i / ig-i
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
durħaˤ-li |
baba-j |
paj |
ag-ib |
boy-
erg
|
mother-
dat
|
kiss
|
say.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The boy kissed his mother.’ |
Turkish
öpmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
öp-tü |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
|
‘Mehmet kissed Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
nošəq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Gabriyel |
nšəq-le |
Yuḥanən |
pn
|
kiss.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
pn
|
‘Gabriyel kissed Yuḥanən.’ |
Twi
fe ano
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kofi |
fe-e |
nanabarima |
ano |
pn
|
like-
pst
|
grandfather
|
lip
|
‘Kofi kissed grandfather.’ |
Note: CV |
Ulcha
alawsi-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
alawsa-xa-ni |
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘The boy kissed the girl.’ |
Uzbek
o’pmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
o’p-ti |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kiss-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja kissed Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗungata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
boontuu |
ɗungat-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
kiss-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa kissed Bontu.’ |
Wolof
fóon
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
k-i |
ma-y |
fóon |
moom |
la |
cl
k
-
rel
|
s
i
:1
sg
-
incpl
|
kiss
|
3
sg
|
e
q
cop
|
‘The one I’ll kiss, it’s him.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Sahib-a |
Lale-di-z |
siv |
ga-na |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
mouth
|
give.
pfv
-
aor
|
‘Sahib kissed Lale.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
ɛj |
a |
pʼat͡ʃ |
kɛrd-ə |
3
sg
.
m
.
obl
|
3
sg
.
f
.
abs
|
kiss
|
make.
pst
-3
sg
.
f
|
‘He kissed her.’ |
Zilo Andi
ts’omm.i
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
χadiʒati-di |
ts’omm.i |
marjam-ʔa |
pn
-
erg
|
kiss.
pst
(
aor
)
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Khadizhat kissed Mariam.’ |