‘take off’
| Argument frame: |
X
(take off)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
took off
his shirt
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
снимать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(снимать)
Y
(рубашку)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
снял
рубашку
.
|
Abaza
[ŝə-]χ
|
Valency pattern:
LOCsERG_ABS
|
| X: LOCsERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| rasúl |
j-ás |
jə-ŝ-jə-χ-ṭ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-shirt
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-take_off(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul took off his shirt.’ |
| Note: The X argument is indexed on the verb twice (in the ergative slot and in the slot associated with the locative preverb ŝ-). |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
zə.šʼə-xə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| λ̣ə-m |
jə-ǯʼane |
zə-šʼ-jə-xə-ʁ |
|
man-
obl
|
3
sg
.
pr
+
poss
-shirt
|
rfl
.
io
-
loc
-3
sg
.
erg
-remove-
pst
|
| ‘The man took off his shirt.’ |
Aghul
latːaq.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
berʜem |
latːaq.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
shirt
|
take_off.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ |
Alik Kryz
yaha-yc
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
pirem |
yaha-du |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt(
f
)
|
flay.
pf
-
aor
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan took off his shirt.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| paša-mu |
χːoˁšon |
b-aχːa |
a<b>u |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
shirt
|
3-away
|
<3>do.
pfv
|
| ‘Паша снял рубашку.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
šaləx
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
kam-šalx-a-la |
+oym-o |
|
girl(
f
)
|
prf
-undress.
prs
-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
f
|
dress(
f
)-
p
.3
f
|
| ‘The girl took off her dress.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Azerbaijani
soyunmaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
köynǝyi-ni |
soy-un-du |
|
pn
|
shirt.
pos
3-
acc
|
peel-
refl
-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ |
Bambara
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
dùlɔki` |
bɔ́ |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
gown\
art
|
go.out
|
| ‘Seku took off the gown.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
tirar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
tir-ou |
a |
camisa |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
remove-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
|
shirt(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro took off the shirt.’ |
Catalan
treure's
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
es |
va |
treu-re |
la |
camisa |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
remove-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
shirt(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere took off his shirt.’ |
Czech
sundat si
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
si |
sunda-l |
košil-i |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
dat
|
put_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
shirt(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr took off his shirt.’ |
Danish
tage af
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
tog |
skjort-en |
af |
|
pn
|
take.
pst
|
shirt(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
of
|
| ‘Peter took off his shirt.’ |
Dutch
uittrekken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
zijn |
hemd |
uit-ge-trokk-en |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
poss
.
n
.3
sg
|
shirt(
n
)
|
out-
ptcp
-pull-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet took off his shirt.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bára |
à |
lá |
dìriki` |
bɔ́. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
shirt\
art
|
exit
|
| ‘Seku has taken off his shirt.’ |
English
take off
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
took |
off |
his |
shirt. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
seljast võtma
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
võtt-is |
särgi |
selja-st |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
shirt.
sg
.
gen
|
back-
elat
|
| ‘Peeter took off his shirt.’ |
Finnish
riisua
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
riisu-i |
paida-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
take.off-
pst
.3
sg
|
shirt-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka took off the shirt.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲika
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
lubaxa-da |
dʲika |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
cloth-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
take_off(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend took off his shirt’. |
French
ôter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
ôté |
sa |
chemise |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
take_off.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
one’s.
sg
.
f
|
shirt(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul took off his shirt.’ |
Georgian
ga-Ø-i-xd-i-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
p'erang-i |
ga-Ø-i-xad-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-(un)dress-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre took off his shirt.’ |
German
ausziehen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
zieh-t |
sein |
Hemd |
aus |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pull-
prs
.3
sg
|
his[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
shirt[
acc
.
sg
]
|
out
|
| ‘Karl takes off his shirt.’ |
Icari Dargwa
чи-р-ихь-уб
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
kːurtːi |
či-r-ix-ub |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt.
abs
|
on
-
elat
-throw-
aor
|
| ‘Islam took off his shirt.’ |
Irish
bain do
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=bhain |
Pól |
dó |
a |
léine. |
|
pst
=take_off
|
pn
|
from.3
sg
|
poss
.3
sg
|
shirt
|
| ‘Pól took off his shirt.’ |
Italian
levarsi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
si |
è |
levat-o |
la |
camici-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
remove.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
shirt-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo took off the shirt.’ |
Kalderash Romani
śudel pa peste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
śuď-a |
o |
gad |
pa |
pes-te |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
shirt[
acc
.
sg
]
|
from
|
oneself-
loc
|
| ‘Murša took off his shirt.’ |
Kazakh
šeš
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
žeyde-sі-n |
šeš-tі |
|
pn
|
shirt-
poss
3-
acc
|
take_off-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya took off his shirt.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ԑŋχti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
jεrnas-λ |
ԑŋχ-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
shirt-
poss
.3
sg
|
put_off-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ |
Khwarshi
j/eʁʷa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| de |
l-eʁ-ʁa |
q'emqosa |
|
1
sg
.
erg
|
iv
-take.off-
pst
.
w
|
shawl(
iv
)
|
| ‘I took off my shawl.’ |
Kina Rutul
saɁ qiwir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
saɁ |
qi-wi-r |
rubaška |
|
pn
-
erg
|
down.
lat
|
re
-take.off.
pfv
-
cvb
|
shirt(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul took off his shirt.’ |
Kumyk
čečmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| musa |
göleg-in |
čeč-d-i |
|
pn
|
shirt-3
sg
.
acc
|
untie-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Musa took off his shirt.’ |
Latin
se devestio
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| (Pamphile) |
omn-ibus |
lacini-is |
se |
devesti-t |
|
pn
(
f
)
nom
.
sg
|
all-
abl
.
pl
|
garment(
f
)-
abl
.
pl
|
refl
.
acc
|
take_off[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘(Pamphile) takes off all of her clothes.’ |
| Note: (Ap. Met. III, 21) |
Laz
o-c'k'-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
po(r)ča-Ø |
mo-Ø-i-c'k'-am-s. |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
shirt-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-put_on-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim is taking his shirt off.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
tuōxià
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
tuōxià |
le |
tā-de |
chènshān |
|
pn
|
take_off
|
pfv
|
he-
de
|
shirt
|
| ‘Zhangsan took off his shirt.’ |
Mano
ɓō
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ē |
sɔ̄ |
ɓō |
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
cloth
|
remove
|
| ‘He took the shirt off.’ |
Mingrelian
mik'-Ø-i-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
osare-Ø |
ga-mk'-Ø-i-nc'q'-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt-
nom
|
pfv
-
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-take_off-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo took off (his) shirt.’ |
Modern Hebrew
paʃat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
paʃat |
et |
ha |
χultsa |
ʃel-o |
|
pn
|
take.off[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
shirt
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pinchas took off his shirt.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
qhadžin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
rubaška |
qhabdži-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt(
a
)
|
a
.take_off.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad took off his shirt.’ |
Nanai
ačo-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
tətuə-i |
ačo-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
garment-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
take_off-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia took off his shirt.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
noxāŋxǝs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
xot-āŋx-ǝs-l-um |
i |
nox-tājat-as-l-um |
kūrtka-m |
|
1
sg
|
off-take_off-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
|
and
|
up-hang-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-1
sg
.
s
|
jacket-
poss
.1
sg
|
| ‘I took off and hung my jacket’ |
Northern Yukaghir
kǝriǝs=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
urbа̄hа-lǝ |
kǝriǝ-s-u-m |
|
pn
|
shirt-
acc
|
fall-
caus
-0-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien took off his shirt.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ta av seg
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
tok |
av |
seg |
skjort-a |
|
pn
|
take.
pst
|
of
|
refl
|
shirt-
def
.
f
.
sg
|
| ‘Per took off his shirt.’ |
Polish
zdjąć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ann-a |
zdję-ł-a |
koszul-ę |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
take_off:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
|
shirt-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna took off his shirt.’ |
Russian
snjatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
snja-l |
rubašk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
put_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
shirt(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ |
Serbian
skinuti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
skinu-o |
košulj-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
put.off-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
shirt-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar took off his shirt.’ |
Shughni
weδdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
xu |
kurtā |
weδ-d |
|
pn
|
refl
|
shirt
|
take_off-
pst
|
| ‘Azim took off his shirt.’ |
Skolt Saami
jäʹhssed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
jaauʹs-i |
pääiʹd-es |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
take.off-
pst
.3
sg
|
shirt.
sg
.
acc
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pete took off his shirt.’ |
Slovak
vyzliecť si
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
si |
vyzlieko-l |
košeľ-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
dat
|
put_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
shirt(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter took off his shirt.’ |
Slovenian
sleči
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
je |
slek-l-a |
bluz-o |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
take_off:
pfv
-
lpt
-
f
.
sg
|
shirt-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana took off her shirt.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
dakendin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
kiras-eke=î |
da-kend-Ø |
|
pn
|
shirt-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
prev
-pull.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa took off his shirt.’ |
Southern Rutul
eğlehin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
uxun |
eğlevi-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt(
a
)
|
a
.lift.
pf
-
indic
|
| ‘Murad took off his shirt.’ |
Spanish
quitarse
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
se |
ha |
quita-do |
la |
camisa |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
put_off-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
shirt[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro took off his shirt.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-d |
pupäik'a-Ø |
k-aː-Ø-t'k'id |
|
pn
-
erg
|
jersey-
nom
|
prv
:
outward
-
prv
:
dist
-
do
3-undress
|
| ‘Maizer took off (his) jersey.’ |
Swedish
att ta av sig
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
tog |
av |
sig |
sin |
tröja |
|
pn
|
take.
pst
|
of
|
refl
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
shirt
|
| ‘Björn took off his shirt.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| H<in>ubad |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
damit |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.take_off
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
.
lin
|
shirt
|
| ‘Pedro took off his shirt.’ |
Telugu
viḍacēyu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
tana |
cokka-ni |
viḍacēsāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
own
|
shirt(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
undo.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen took off/unbuttoned his shirt.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
če-rka-b-at-i / če-rka-b-alt-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
awa |
če-rka-b-at-ur |
|
boy-
erg
|
shirt
|
on
.
abl
-
down
-
n
-leave.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy took off his shirt.’ |
Turkish
çıkarmak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
gömleğ-i-ni |
çıkar-dı |
|
pn
|
shirt-
p
.3-
acc
|
extract-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet took off his shirt.’ |
Ulcha
ačo-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
tətu-j |
ačo-xa-ni |
|
father
|
garment-
refl
.
sg
|
take_off-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father took off his shirt (garment).’ |
Uzbek
ečmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
ko’ylag-i-ni |
eč-ti |
|
pn
|
dress-
poss
.3
sg
-
acc
|
take_off-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ |
West Central Oromo
baasa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
ʃamizii |
isaa |
of |
irraa |
baas-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
shirt.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
|
self
|
on.
abl
|
take_off-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa took off his shirt.’ |
Zilo Andi
<r>-uχ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
ɡurdo |
r-uχ.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shirt[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
inan
2-take_off.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Ali took off his shirt.’ |
