‘write’
Argument frame: |
X
(write)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
wrote
a letter
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
писать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(писать)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
написал письмо
.
|
Abaza
ʕʷə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
zarema |
pismo |
l-ʕʷə-d |
pn
|
letter
|
3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-write(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Zarema wrote a letter.’ |
Adyghe
txə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
pŝaŝe-m |
pisme-r |
ə-txə-ʁ |
девушка-
obl
|
письмо-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-писать-
pst
|
‘Девушка написала письмо.’ |
Aghul
lik’.i-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
k’eǯ |
lik’.i-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
letter
|
write.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
catəv
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
xa |
yala |
ctəv-lə |
xa |
ctava |
ka |
+xavr-u |
one
|
boy(
m
)
|
write.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
one
|
book(
m
)
|
to
|
friend(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘The boy wrote a letter.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
sɛ́bɛn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
lɛ́tɛrɛ` |
sɛ́bɛn |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
letter\
art
|
write
|
‘Seku wrote a letter.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
escrever
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
escrev-eu |
um-a |
carta |
pn
(
m
)
|
write-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
-
f
|
letter(
f
)
|
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’ |
Catalan
escriure
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
escriu-re |
un-a |
carta |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
write-
inf
|
indf
-
sg
.
f
|
letter(
f
)
|
‘Pere wrote a letter.’ |
Czech
napsat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
napsa-l |
dopis |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
write(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
letter(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr wrote a letter.’ |
Danish
skrive
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
skrev |
et |
brev |
pn
|
write.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
letter(
n
)
|
‘Peter wrote a letter.’ |
Dutch
schrijven
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
een |
brief |
ge-schrev-en |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
letter(
c
)
|
ptcp
-write-
ptcp
|
‘Piet wrote a letter.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sɛ́bɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
kà |
césɛbɛ` |
dó |
sɛ́bɛ. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
letter\
art
|
indf
|
write
|
‘Seku has written a letter.’ |
English
write
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
kirjutama
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
kirjuta-s |
kirja |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
write-
pst
.3
sg
|
letter.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Peeter wrote a letter.’ |
Finnish
kirjoittaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
kirjoitt-i |
kirje-en |
pn
.
nom
|
write-
pst
.3
sg
|
letter-
gen
|
‘Pekka wrote a letter.’ |
Forest Enets
pazu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
pazur |
paza |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
paper
|
write(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend wrote a letter’. |
French
écrire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
écrit |
une |
lettre |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
write.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
letter(
f
)
|
‘Paul wrote a letter.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-c'er-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
c'eril-i |
da-Ø-c'er-a |
pn
-
erg
|
letter-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-write-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre wrote a letter.’ |
German
schreiben
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
schrieb |
ein-en |
Brief |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
write.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
letter[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl wrote a letter.’ |
Irish
scríobh
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Do=scríobh |
Pól |
leitir. |
pst
=write
|
pn
|
letter
|
‘Pól wrote a letter.’ |
Italian
scrivere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
scritto |
un-a |
letter-a |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
write.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
-
f
|
letter-
sg
.
f
|
‘Leo wrote a letter.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ramol
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
ramo-sarď-a |
pisʼmo |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
write-
pst
-3
sg
|
letter[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Murša wrote a letter.’ |
Kazakh
žaz
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
xat |
žaz-dï |
pn
|
letter
|
write-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya wrote a letter.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǎnši
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
piśma |
χǎnš-ǝs |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
letter
|
write-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja wrote a letter.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
šamil-i |
q'waj-ja |
q'aʁat |
pn
-
erg
|
писать-
pst
.
w
|
письмо(
iii
)
|
‘Шамиль написал письмо.’ |
Kina Rutul
kixira
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
pisʲmo |
k-ixi-r=a |
pn
-
erg
|
letter(
nom
)
|
pv
-4.write.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul wrote a letter.’ |
Latin
scribo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
terti-am |
ad |
te |
hanc |
epistul-am |
scrips-i |
third-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
at
|
you.
acc
|
this.
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
letter(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
write[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.1
sg
|
‘This is the third letter I have written to you.’ |
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 16, 6, 1) |
Mandarin Chinese
xiě
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
xiě |
le |
yì-fēng |
xìn |
pn
|
write
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
letter
|
‘Zhangsan wrote a letter.’ |
Mingrelian
do-Ø-č'ar-un-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
č'aril-(i) |
do-Ø-č'ar-(u). |
pn
-
erg
|
letter-(
nom
)
|
prv
-
do
3-write-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo wrote a letter.’ |
Modern Hebrew
katav
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
katav |
miχtav |
pn
|
write[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
letter
|
‘Pinchas wrote a letter.’ |
Nanai
niru-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
bičxə-wə |
niru-xə-ni |
pn
|
leter-
obl
|
write-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia wrote a letter.’ |
Nivkh
rajud
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
raju-d |
pn
|
letter
|
write-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik wrote a letter.’ |
Northern Mansi
xansǝs
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
āɣi |
piɕma |
xans-ǝs |
girl
|
letter
|
write-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘A girl wrote a letter.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nimǝlǝs=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
nimǝlǝ |
nimǝlǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ |
pn
|
pattern
|
pattern-
vr
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien wrote a letter.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å skrive
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
skrev |
et |
brev |
pn
|
write.
pst
|
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
letter
|
‘Per wrote a letter.’ |
Polish
napisać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Staszek |
napisa-ł |
list |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
write:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
letter[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Staszek wrote a letter.’ |
Russian
napisatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
napisa-l |
pisʹm-o |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
write(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
letter(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja wrote a letter.’ |
Serbian
napisati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
napisa-o |
pism-o |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
write-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
letter-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar wrote a letter.’ |
Shughni
nivištow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Lola=yi |
xāt |
niviš-t |
pn
=3
sg
|
letter
|
write-
pst
|
‘Lola wrote a letter.’ |
Skolt Saami
ǩeeʹrjted
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
ǩeeʹrjt-i |
ǩeeʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
write-
pst
.3
sg
|
letter.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete wrote a letter.’ |
Slovak
písať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
písa-l |
list |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
write(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
letter(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Peter wrote a letter.’ |
Slovenian
napisati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
je |
napisa-l-a |
pism-o |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
write:
pfv
-
lpt
-
f
.
sg
|
letter-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Ana wrote a letter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
nûsîn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
name-yek=î |
nûsî-Ø |
pn
|
letter-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
write.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa wrote a letter.’ |
Spanish
escribir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
escribi-ó |
una |
carta |
pn
[
sg
]
|
write-
aor
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
letter[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’ |
Swedish
att skriva
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
skrev |
ett |
brev |
pn
|
write.
pst
|
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
letter
|
‘Björn wrote a letter.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
S<um>ulat |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
liham |
<
av
>
pfv
.write
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
letter
|
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’ |
Telugu
rāyu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
oka |
uttaramu |
rāsāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
one
|
answer(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
write.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen wrote a letter.’ |
Turkish
yazmak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
mektup |
yaz-dı |
pn
|
letter
|
write-
pst
|
‘Mehmet wrote a letter.’ |
Ulcha
ńuru-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
bitxə-wə |
ńur-xə-ni |
father
|
letter-
acc
|
write-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father wrote a letter.’ |
Uzbek
yozmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
xat |
yoz-di |
pn
|
letter
|
write-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja wrote a letter.’ |
West Central Oromo
barreessa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
t'alajaa |
barreess-e |
pn
-
nom
|
letter.
abs
|
write-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa wrote a letter.’ |
Zilo Andi
qχʷar.i-j
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
pat’imati-di |
qχʷar.i-j |
kaʁar |
pn
-
erg
|
write.
pst
-
pf
|
letter[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
‘Patimat has written a letter.’ |