‘write’
| Argument frame: | X (write) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. wrote a letter . |
| Predicate label Ru: | писать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (писать) Y |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. написал письмо . |
Abaza ʕʷə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| zarema | pismo | l-ʕʷə-d |
| pn | letter | 3 sg . f . erg -write( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Zarema wrote a letter.’ | ||
Aghul lik’.i-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | k’eǯ | lik’.i-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | letter | write. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan wrote a letter.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic catəv
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| xa | yala | ctəv-lə | xa | ctava | ka | +xavr-u |
| one | boy( m ) | write. pst - ls .3 m | one | book( m ) | to | friend( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘The boy wrote a letter.’ | ||||||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. | ||||||
Brazilian Portuguese escrever
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | escrev-eu | um-a | carta |
| pn ( m ) | write-3 sg . pst | indf - f | letter( f ) |
| ‘Pedro wrote a letter.’ | |||
Catalan escriure
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | escriu-re | un-a | carta |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | write- inf | indf - sg . f | letter( f ) |
| ‘Pere wrote a letter.’ | |||||
Czech napsat
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | napsa-l | dopis |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | write( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | letter( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Petr wrote a letter.’ | ||
Danish skrive
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | skrev | et | brev |
| pn | write. pst | indf . sg | letter( n ) |
| ‘Peter wrote a letter.’ | |||
Dutch schrijven
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | een | brief | ge-schrev-en |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | art . indf | letter( c ) | ptcp -write- ptcp |
| ‘Piet wrote a letter.’ | ||||
Estonian kirjutama
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | kirjuta-s | kirja |
| pn . sg . nom | write- pst .3 sg | letter. sg . gen |
| ‘Peeter wrote a letter.’ | ||
Finnish kirjoittaa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | kirjoitt-i | kirje-en |
| pn . nom | write- pst .3 sg | letter- gen |
| ‘Pekka wrote a letter.’ | ||
Forest Enets pazu
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | pazur | paza |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | paper | write( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend wrote a letter’. | |||
German schreiben
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | schrieb | ein-en | Brief |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | write. pst .3 sg | indf - m . acc . sg | letter[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl wrote a letter.’ | |||
Italian scrivere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | scritto | un-a | letter-a |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | write. pst . ptcp | indf . sg - f | letter- sg . f |
| ‘Leo wrote a letter.’ | ||||
Kazakh žaz
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | xat | žaz-dï |
| pn | letter | write- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya wrote a letter.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty χǎnši
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | piśma | χǎnš-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | letter | write- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja wrote a letter.’ | ||
Latin scribo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| terti-am | ad | te | hanc | epistul-am | scrips-i |
| third- acc . sg . f | at | you. acc | this. acc . sg . f | letter( f )- acc . sg | write[ prf . ind ]- act .1 sg |
| ‘This is the third letter I have written to you.’ | |||||
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 16, 6, 1) | |||||
Modern Hebrew katav
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | katav | miχtav |
| pn | write[ pst .3 sg . m ] | letter |
| ‘Pinchas wrote a letter.’ | ||
Nanai niru-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | bičxə-wə | niru-xə-ni |
| pn | leter- obl | write- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia wrote a letter.’ | ||
Nivkh rajud
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | pitɣəŋ | raju-d |
| pn | letter | write- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik wrote a letter.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å skrive
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | skrev | et | brev |
| pn | write. pst | indf . n . sg | letter |
| ‘Per wrote a letter.’ | |||
Polish napisać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Staszek | napisa-ł | list |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | write: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] | letter[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Staszek wrote a letter.’ | ||
Russian napisatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | napisa-l | pisʹm-o |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | write( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | letter( n )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja wrote a letter.’ | ||
Rutul kixira
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | pisʲmo | k-ixi-r=a |
| pn - erg | letter( nom ) | pv -4.write. pfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul wrote a letter.’ | ||
Serbian napisao
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | napisa-o | pism-o |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | написать- part . perf .М. sg | письмо- acc . sg |
| ‘Петар написал письмо.’ | |||
Shughni nivištow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Lola=yi | xāt | niviš-t |
| pn =3 sg | letter | write- pst |
| ‘Lola wrote a letter.’ | ||
Skolt Saami ǩeeʹrjted
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | ǩeeʹrjt-i | ǩeeʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | write- pst .3 sg | letter. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete wrote a letter.’ | ||
Slovenian napisati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a | je | napisa-l-a | pism-o |
| pn - nom . sg | aux .3 sg | write: pfv - lpt - f . sg | letter- acc . sg |
| ‘Ana wrote a letter.’ | |||
Spanish escribir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | escribi-ó | una | carta |
| pn [ sg ] | write- aor .3 sg | art . ndef . sg . f | letter[ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro wrote a letter.’ | |||
Swedish att skriva
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | skrev | ett | brev |
| pn | write. pst | indf . n . sg | letter |
| ‘Björn wrote a letter.’ | |||
Turkish yazmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | mektup | yaz-dı |
| pn | letter | write- pst |
| ‘Mehmet wrote a letter.’ | ||
Ulcha ńuru-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama | bitxə-wə | ńur-xə-ni |
| father | letter- acc | write- pst -3 sg |
| ‘Father wrote a letter.’ | ||
Zilo Andi qχʷar.i-j
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di | qχʷar.i-j | kaʁar |
| pn - erg | write. pst - pf | letter[ inan 1][ nom ] |
| ‘Patimat has written a letter.’ | ||