BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘hit’

Argument frame: X (hit) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. hit M .
Predicate label Ru: ударить
Argument frame Ru: X (ударять) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. ударил М .

Abaza sə

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
a-ʁa a-phʷə́s d-lə-s-ṭ
def -enemy def -woman 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -hit( aor )- dcl
‘The enemy hit the woman.’

Adyghe je-we

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
təʁʷaḳʷe-r č̣ʼale-m je-wa-ʁ
вор- abs парень- obl 3 sg . io + dat -бить- pst
‘Грабитель ударил парня.’

Aghul ačarx.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-ʔ ačarx.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn - in { in . lat }get. pf - aor
‘Aslan hit Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta məxy-a-la švot-o
woman( f ) beat. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 f neighbour( f )- p .3 f
‘The woman hit her neighbor.’

Bambara bùgɔ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye Fùséni bùgɔ
pn pfv . tr pn hit
‘Seku hit Fuseyni.’

Brazilian Portuguese bater

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro bat-eu em Miguel
pn ( m ) hit-3 sg . pst in pn ( m )
‘Pedro hit Miguel.’

Catalan colpejar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va colpej-ar en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind hit- inf def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere hit Marc.’

Czech uhodit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr uhodi-l Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr hit Michal.’

Danish slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter slog Marie
pn hit. pst pn
‘Peter hit Marie.’

Dutch slagen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft Marie ge-slag-en
pn ( c ) have.3 sg pn ( c ) ptcp -hit- ptcp
‘Piet hit Marie.’

Eastern Maninka gbàsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fónbà gbàsi.
pn prf pn hit
‘Seku has hit Fomba.’

English hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter hit Mary.

Estonian lööma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter lõ-i Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom hit- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter hit Maret.’

Finnish lyödä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka löi Matti-a
pn . nom hit. pst .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka hit Matti.’

Forest Enets dʲɔzi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
vasʲa modʲi kasa-jʔ dʲɔzie
pn i man- nom . sg .1 sg hit( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘Vasja hit my friend’.

French frapper

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a frappé Michel
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg hit. pst . ptcp . m pn ( m )
‘Paul hit Michel.’

Georgian da-Ø-a-rt'q'-am-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-m mašo-s xel-i da-Ø-a-rt'q'-a
pn - erg pn - dat hand- nom prv :downward- do 3- ver : n -strike- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre hit Masho.’

German schlagen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl schlug Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] hit. pst .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl hit Marie.’

Irish buail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail Pól Máire.
pst =hit pn pn
‘Pól hit Máire.’

Italian colpire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha colpito Maria
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs hit. pst . ptcp pn ( f )
‘Leo hit Maria.’

Kalderash Romani del

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a ď-a ande man-de
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg give- pst .3 sg in i - loc
‘Murša hit me.’

Kazakh ur

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï ur-dï
pn pn - acc hit- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya hit Masha.’

Kazym Khanty χǎtśǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-en χǎtśǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg hit- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja hit Vasja.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN2
X: ERG
Y: GEN2
Locus: Y
šamil-i l-ejk'a ʁwe-lo
pn - erg iv -бить\ pst . w собака( iii )- gen 2
‘Шамиль ударил собаку.’

Kina Rutul liwxir

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP.ELga
X: ERG
Y: SUP.ELga
Locus: Y
rasul-a asijet-ɨ-la ʁaʔ li-w-xi-r
pn - erg pn - obl ( sup )- el on pv -3-hit. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul hit Asijat.’
Note: Agreement marker on the verb cross-references the understood argument ‘hand’ (3rd class).

Latin percutio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
(Torquat-us) quod vero secur-i percuss-it fili-um
pn ( m )- nom . sg because truly axe( f )- abl . sg hit[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg son( m )- acc . sg
‘... (Torquatus), when he indeed struck his son with a pole-axe...’
Note: (Cic. De Fin. I, 23)

Mandarin Chinese dǎ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān dǎ le Lǐsì
pn hit pfv pn
‘Zhangsan hit Lisi.’

Mingrelian xe-s mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s xe-Ø mi-Ø-o-g-u.
pn - erg pn - dat hand- nom prv - io 3- ver : sup -hit- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo hit Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew hika

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas hika et Menaχem
pn hit[ pst .3 sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas hit Menachem.’

Nanai pačila-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa pače.la-xa-ni
pn pn - obl hit. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia hit Masha.’

Nivkh zad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Irgun + za-d
pn pn + hit- ind
‘Kaskazik hit Irgun.’

Northern Mansi junijtas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pijriɕ āji junijt-as
boy girl hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘The boy hit the girl.’

Northern Yukaghir pа̄j=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri pāj-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn hit- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien hit Cheri.’

Norwegian Bokmål å slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per slo Ola
pn hit. pst pn
‘Per hit Ola.’

Polish uderzyć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek uderzy-ł Andrzej-a
pn [ nom . sg ] hit: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Franek hit Andrzej.’

Russian udaritʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja udari-l Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja hit Maša.’

Serbian udariti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je udari-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg hit- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar hit Maria.’

Shughni δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Šamil=i Azim δod
pn =3 sg pn give. pst
‘Shamil hit Azim.’

Skolt Saami čormmeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt čormmi-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom hit- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete hit Maria’

Slovak udrieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter udre-l Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter hit Maria.’

Slovenian udariti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je udari-l Pavl-a
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg hit: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Peter hit Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish lêdan

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa le Marî-î da-Ø
pn from pn - obl give. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa hit Marie.’

Spanish dar un golpe

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pedro ha da-do un golpe a María
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg give- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . m strike[ sg . m ] ndir . obj pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro hit Maria.’

Swedish att slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn slog Maja
pn hit. pst pn
‘Björn hit Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
S<in>untok ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .hit pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro hit Miguel’

Telugu koṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni koṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc beat. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hit Mahesh.’

Turkish vurmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a vur-du
pn pn - dat strike- pst
‘Mehmet hit Orhan.’

Ulcha pātila-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama ńima-nča-wa pātila-xa-ni
father neighbour- dem - acc hit- pst -3 sg
‘Father hit the neighbor.’

Uzbek urvolmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni urvol-di
pn pn - acc hit- pst .3 sg
‘Petja hit Maša.’

West Central Oromo rukkuta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n boontuu rukkut-e
pn - nom pn . abs hit-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa hit Bontu.’

Zilo Andi dʒab.i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ali-di dʒab.i muħammadi-ʔa
pn - erg beat. pst ( aor ) pn - super
‘Ali hit Muhammad.’