‘hit’
Argument frame: |
X
(hit)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
hit
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
ударить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(ударять)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
ударил
М
.
|
Abaza
sə
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
a-ʁa |
a-phʷə́s |
d-lə-s-ṭ |
def
-enemy
|
def
-woman
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-hit(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The enemy hit the woman.’ |
Adyghe
je-we
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
təʁʷaḳʷe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
je-wa-ʁ |
вор-
abs
|
парень-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-бить-
pst
|
‘Грабитель ударил парня.’ |
Aghul
ačarx.u-
Valency pattern:
ERG_IN
|
X: ERG |
Y: IN |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-ʔ |
ačarx.u-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
in
|
{
in
.
lat
}get.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan hit Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
maxə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
baxta |
məxy-a-la |
švot-o |
woman(
f
)
|
beat.
pst
-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
f
|
neighbour(
f
)-
p
.3
f
|
‘The woman hit her neighbor.’ |
Bambara
bùgɔ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
Fùséni |
bùgɔ |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
hit
|
‘Seku hit Fuseyni.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
bater
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
X: SBJ |
Y: em |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
bat-eu |
em |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
hit-3
sg
.
pst
|
in
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro hit Miguel.’ |
Catalan
colpejar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
colpej-ar |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
hit-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere hit Marc.’ |
Czech
uhodit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
uhodi-l |
Michal-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr hit Michal.’ |
Danish
slå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
slog |
Marie |
pn
|
hit.
pst
|
pn
|
‘Peter hit Marie.’ |
Dutch
slagen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
Marie |
ge-slag-en |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
ptcp
-hit-
ptcp
|
‘Piet hit Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
gbàsi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bára |
Fónbà |
gbàsi. |
pn
|
prf
|
pn
|
hit
|
‘Seku has hit Fomba.’ |
English
hit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
lööma
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
lõ-i |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hit-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter hit Maret.’ |
Finnish
lyödä
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
löi |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
hit.
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka hit Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔzi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
vasʲa |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲɔzie |
pn
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
hit(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘Vasja hit my friend’. |
French
frapper
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
frappé |
Michel |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
hit.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Paul hit Michel.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-a-rt'q'-am-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-m |
mašo-s |
xel-i |
da-Ø-a-rt'q'-a |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
hand-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-
ver
:
n
-strike-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre hit Masho.’ |
German
schlagen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
schlug |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hit.
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl hit Marie.’ |
Irish
buail
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Do=bhuail |
Pól |
Máire. |
pst
=hit
|
pn
|
pn
|
‘Pól hit Máire.’ |
Italian
colpire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
colpito |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
hit.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo hit Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
del
Valency pattern:
NOM_ande
|
X: NOM |
Y: ande |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
ď-a |
ande |
man-de |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
give-
pst
.3
sg
|
in
|
i
-
loc
|
‘Murša hit me.’ |
Kazakh
ur
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-nï |
ur-dï |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
hit-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya hit Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǎtśǝti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-en |
χǎtśǝ-s-λe |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
hit-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
‘Petja hit Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN2
|
X: ERG |
Y: GEN2 |
Locus: Y |
šamil-i |
l-ejk'a |
ʁwe-lo |
pn
-
erg
|
iv
-бить\
pst
.
w
|
собака(
iii
)-
gen
2
|
‘Шамиль ударил собаку.’ |
Kina Rutul
liwxir
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUP.ELga
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUP.ELga |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
asijet-ɨ-la |
ʁaʔ |
li-w-xi-r |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
on
|
pv
-3-hit.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘Rasul hit Asijat.’ |
Note: Agreement marker on the verb cross-references the understood argument ‘hand’ (3rd class). |
Latin
percutio
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(Torquat-us) |
quod |
vero |
secur-i |
percuss-it |
fili-um |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
because
|
truly
|
axe(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
hit[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘... (Torquatus), when he indeed struck his son with a pole-axe...’ |
Note: (Cic. De Fin. I, 23) |
Mandarin Chinese
dǎ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
dǎ |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
hit
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan hit Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
xe-s mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
anučia-s |
xe-Ø |
mi-Ø-o-g-u. |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
hand-
nom
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-hit-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo hit Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hika
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
hika |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
hit[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas hit Menachem.’ |
Nanai
pačila-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
pače.la-xa-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
hit.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia hit Masha.’ |
Nivkh
zad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
Irgun |
+ |
za-d |
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
hit-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik hit Irgun.’ |
Northern Mansi
junijtas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pijriɕ |
āji |
junijt-as |
boy
|
girl
|
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘The boy hit the girl.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
pа̄j=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Čiǝri |
pāj-mǝ-lǝ |
pn
|
pn
|
hit-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien hit Cheri.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å slå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
slo |
Ola |
pn
|
hit.
pst
|
pn
|
‘Per hit Ola.’ |
Polish
uderzyć
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Franek |
uderzy-ł |
Andrzej-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hit:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Franek hit Andrzej.’ |
Russian
udaritʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
udari-l |
Maš-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja hit Maša.’ |
Serbian
udariti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
udari-o |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
hit-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar hit Maria.’ |
Shughni
δêdow1
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Šamil=i |
Azim |
δod |
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
give.
pst
|
‘Shamil hit Azim.’ |
Skolt Saami
čormmeed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
čormmi-i |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hit-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete hit Maria’ |
Slovak
udrieť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
udre-l |
Mári-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter hit Maria.’ |
Slovenian
udariti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
udari-l |
Pavl-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
hit:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter hit Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
lêdan
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
le |
Marî-î |
da-Ø |
pn
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa hit Marie.’ |
Spanish
dar un golpe
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
X: SBJ |
Y: NDIR.OBJ |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
ha |
da-do |
un |
golpe |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
give-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
strike[
sg
.
m
]
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro hit Maria.’ |
Swedish
att slå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
slog |
Maja |
pn
|
hit.
pst
|
pn
|
‘Björn hit Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
S<in>untok |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
<
pv
>
pfv
.hit
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro hit Miguel’ |
Telugu
koṭṭu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
koṭṭāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
beat.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen hit Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
vurmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-a |
vur-du |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
strike-
pst
|
‘Mehmet hit Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
pātila-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
ńima-nča-wa |
pātila-xa-ni |
father
|
neighbour-
dem
-
acc
|
hit-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father hit the neighbor.’ |
Uzbek
urvolmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
urvol-di |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
hit-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja hit Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
rukkuta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
boontuu |
rukkut-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
hit-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa hit Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒab.i
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
ali-di |
dʒab.i |
muħammadi-ʔa |
pn
-
erg
|
beat.
pst
(
aor
)
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Ali hit Muhammad.’ |