BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘bite’

Argument frame: X (bite) Y
Stimulus sentence: A dog bit P. .
Predicate label Ru: кусать
Argument frame Ru: X (кусать) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: Собака укусила П .

Abaza cha

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
a-lá sará j-ʕa-sə-cha-d
def -dog i 3 sg . n . abs - cisl -1 sg . io -bite( aor )- dcl
‘The dog bit me.’

Adyghe je-ceqe

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
he-r č̣ʼale-m je-ceqa-ʁ
собака- abs парень- obl 3 sg . io + dat -кусать- pst
‘Собака укусила парня.’

Aghul fac.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
χuj.i fac.u-ne aslan
dog( erg ) grasp. pf - aor pn
‘A dog bit (lit. ‘grasped’) Aslan.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəṭ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata calba +krəṭ-o=l
girl( f ) dog( m ) bite. pst - p .3 f =3 m
‘A dog bit the girl.’

Bambara cín

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
wùlu` ye Sékù cín
dog\ art pfv . tr pn bite
‘A dog bit Seku.’

Brazilian Portuguese morder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o cachorro mord-eu Pedro
def . m dog( m ) bite-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

Catalan mossegar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un gos va mosseg-ar en Pere
indf . sg . m dog( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind bite- inf def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Pere.’

Czech kousat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-a kous-l pes
pn ( m )- acc . sg bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] dog( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘A dog bit Petr.’

Danish bide

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
En hund bed Peter
indf . sg dog( c ) bite. pst pn
‘A dog bit Peter.’

Dutch bijten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
de hond heeft Piet ge-bet-en
art . def . c dog(С) have.3 sg pn ( c ) ptcp -bite- ptcp
‘The dog bit Piet.’

Eastern Maninka kín

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Wùlu` kà Sékù kín.
dog\ art aor . tr pn bite
‘A dog bit Seku.’

English bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
A dog bit Peter.

Estonian hammustama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
koer hammusta-s Peetri-t
dog. sg . nom bite- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘A dog bit Peeter.’

Finnish purra

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
koira pur-i Pekka-a
dog. nom bite- pst .3 sg pn - part
‘A dog bit Pekka.’

Forest Enets sɛkuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
buniki kasa-jʔ sɛkura
dog man- nom . sg .1 sg bite( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘A dog bit my friend’.

French mordre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un chien a mordu Paul
indf . sg . m dog( m ) have. prs .3 sg bite. pst . ptcp . m pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Paul.’

Georgian Ø-u-k'b-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-s ʒaγl-ma Ø-u-k'b-in-a
pn - dat dog- erg io 3- ver : o -bite- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Petre.’

German beißen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ein Hund biss Karl
indf [ m . nom . sg ] dog[ nom . sg ] bite. pst .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘A dog bit Karl.’

Irish beir greim

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=rug madra greim ar Phól.
pst =take dog seizure on pn
‘A dog bit Pól.’

Italian mordere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
il can-e ha morso Leo
def . sg . m dog- sg . m aux .3 sg . prs bite. pst . ptcp pn ( m )
‘The dog bit Leo.’

Kalderash Romani dandarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o źukəl dand-ar-ď-a le Murš-as
art . m . dir . sg dog[ nom . sg ] bite- pst -3 sg art . m . obl pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Murša.’

Kazakh qap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
It Petya-nï qap-tï
dog pn - acc bite- pst 1.3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

Kazym Khanty pǒrԑmǝti + PASS

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
tǎm amp-ǝn pet’a-j-en pǒrԑm-ǝs-i
this dog- loc pn - ep - poss .2 sg bite- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘This dog bit Petja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN1
X: ERG
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
ʁwa-ji hajna šamil-es
собака( iii )- erg кусать\ pst . w pn - gen 1
‘Собака укусила Шамиля.’.
Note: ИГ: тут реально генитив; абсолютив можно выразить, если мы знаем конкретное место, за которое Шамиль укушен – и тогда будет собака укусила руку Шамиля. Но если просто Шамиля – то Шамиль в генитиве. В очерке хваршинского об этом есть, и ЯГТ считает, что это эллипсис, но он ведь не восстановим однозначно же.

Kina Rutul sɨs kiʔɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER
X: ERG
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
rasul-u-k tɨlɨj-ra sɨs k-iʔɨ-r
pn - obl - inter dog. obl - erg tooth( nom ) pv -4. lv . pfv - cvb
‘A dog bit Rasul.’

Latin mordeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
si me canis memord-eri-t
if i . acc dog. nom . sg bite- fut 2. ind - act .3 sg
‘... if a dog bites me.’
Note: (Enn. Sat. 63)

Mandarin Chinese yǎo

Valency pattern: bei_SBJ
X: bei
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Zhāngsān bèi yì-zhī gǒu yǎo le
pn pass one- clf dog bite pfv
‘Zhangsan was bitten by a dog.’
Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity.

Mingrelian Ø-a-č-am-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-s ǯoγor-k k-Ø-a-č-(u).
pn - dat dog- erg aff - io 3- ver : r -bite- s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Chelo.’

Modern Hebrew naʃaχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kelev naʃaχ et Pinχas
dog bite[ pst .3 sg . m ] do pn
‘A dog bit Pinchas.’

Nanai səkpən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
enda Petia-wə səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog pn - obl bite- pst - p .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’

Nivkh rukt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
qanŋ Kaskazik + ruk-t
dog pn + bite- ind
‘A dog bit Kaskazik.’

Northern Mansi purəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw pur-əs-t-e n’āwram
dog bite- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s child
‘The dog bit the child.’

Northern Yukaghir nǝrǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
lа̄mа Sǝmiǝn nǝrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
dog pn bite- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘A dog bit Semien.’

Norwegian Bokmål å bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
hund-en bet Per
dog- def . m . sg bite. pst pn
‘The dog bit Per.’

Polish ugryźć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pies ugryz-ł mam-ę
dog[ nom . sg ] bite: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] mummy- acc . sg
‘A dog bit mummy.’

Russian kusatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
sobak-a ukusi-l-a Pet-ju
dog( f )- nom . sg bite( pfv )- pst - f . sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petja.’

Serbian ujesti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pas je uje-o Petr-a
dog. nom . sg be. prs .3 sg bite- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’

Shughni pirentow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
yu kūd=i wam vorǰ piren-t
d 3. m . sg dog=3 sg d 3. f . sg . obl horse bite- pst
‘The dog bit the horse.’

Skolt Saami snäuʹǩǩed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
piânnai snauʹǩ-i suu
dog. sg . nom bite- pst .3 sg 3 sg . acc
‘A dog bit him.’

Slovak kúsať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pes kúso-l Petr-a
dog( m )[ nom . sg ] bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Peter.’

Slovenian ugrizniti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pes je ugrizni-l mam-o
dog[ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg bite: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] mother- acc . sg
‘A dog bit the mother.’

Sorani Kurdish geztin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
seg-êk Hîwa=î gezit-Ø
dog- indf pn =3 sg . pc bite. pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit Hiwa.’

Spanish morder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un perro mordi-ó a Pedro
art . ndef . sg . m dog[ sg . m ] bite- aor .3 sg dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . m ]
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

Swedish att bita

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en hund bet Björn
indf . c . sg dog bite. pst pn
‘A dog bit Björn.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
K<in>agat ng aso si Pedro
< pv > pfv ~bite gen dog pers . subj pn
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

Telugu karucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
oka kukka pravīṇ-ni kariciṁdi
one dog( n ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc bite. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A dog bit Praveen.’

Turkish ısırmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
köpek Mehmed-i ısır-dı
dog pn - acc bite- pst
‘A dog bit Mehmet.’

Ulcha iktəmən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
min xusə piktə-wə-ji iŋda iktəmən-či-ni
my male child- acc -1 sg dog bite- pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit my son.’

Uzbek tišlab olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
it Petya-ni tišla-b ol-di
dog pn - acc bite- cvb take- pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petja.’

West Central Oromo tʃiniina

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
saree-n tolaa tʃ'iniin-t-e
dog- nom pn . abs bite-3 sg . f - pfv
‘A dog bit Tola.’

Zilo Andi qχ’amm.i-j

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
χʷedo-di qχ’amm.i-j pat’imati-ʔa
dog. obl - erg bite. pst - pf pn - super
‘The dog bit Patimat.’