‘bite’
Argument frame: |
X
(bite)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
A dog
bit
P.
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
кусать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(кусать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Собака
укусила
П
.
|
Abaza
cha
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
a-lá |
sará |
j-ʕa-sə-cha-d |
def
-dog
|
i
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-
cisl
-1
sg
.
io
-bite(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The dog bit me.’ |
Adyghe
je-ceqe
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
he-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
je-ceqa-ʁ |
собака-
abs
|
парень-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-кусать-
pst
|
‘Собака укусила парня.’ |
Aghul
fac.u-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
χuj.i |
fac.u-ne |
aslan |
dog(
erg
)
|
grasp.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
|
‘A dog bit (lit. ‘grasped’) Aslan.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+karəṭ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
brata |
calba |
+krəṭ-o=l |
girl(
f
)
|
dog(
m
)
|
bite.
pst
-
p
.3
f
=3
m
|
‘A dog bit the girl.’ |
Bambara
cín
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
wùlu` |
ye |
Sékù |
cín |
dog\
art
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
bite
|
‘A dog bit Seku.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
morder
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
o |
cachorro |
mord-eu |
Pedro |
def
.
m
|
dog(
m
)
|
bite-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘A dog bit Pedro.’ |
Catalan
mossegar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
un |
gos |
va |
mosseg-ar |
en |
Pere |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dog(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
bite-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘A dog bit Pere.’ |
Czech
kousat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr-a |
kous-l |
pes |
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
bite(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
dog(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘A dog bit Petr.’ |
Danish
bide
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
En |
hund |
bed |
Peter |
indf
.
sg
|
dog(
c
)
|
bite.
pst
|
pn
|
‘A dog bit Peter.’ |
Dutch
bijten
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
de |
hond |
heeft |
Piet |
ge-bet-en |
art
.
def
.
c
|
dog(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
ptcp
-bite-
ptcp
|
‘The dog bit Piet.’ |
Eastern Maninka
kín
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Wùlu` |
kà |
Sékù |
kín. |
dog\
art
|
aor
.
tr
|
pn
|
bite
|
‘A dog bit Seku.’ |
English
bite
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
hammustama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
koer |
hammusta-s |
Peetri-t |
dog.
sg
.
nom
|
bite-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘A dog bit Peeter.’ |
Finnish
purra
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
koira |
pur-i |
Pekka-a |
dog.
nom
|
bite-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘A dog bit Pekka.’ |
Forest Enets
sɛkuru
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
buniki |
kasa-jʔ |
sɛkura |
dog
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
bite(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘A dog bit my friend’. |
French
mordre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
un |
chien |
a |
mordu |
Paul |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dog(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
bite.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘A dog bit Paul.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-k'b-en-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-s |
ʒaγl-ma |
Ø-u-k'b-in-a |
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
erg
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-bite-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘A dog bit Petre.’ |
German
beißen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ein |
Hund |
biss |
Karl |
indf
[
m
.
nom
.
sg
]
|
dog[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bite.
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘A dog bit Karl.’ |
Irish
beir greim
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ar |
Locus: Y |
Do=rug |
madra |
greim |
ar |
Phól. |
pst
=take
|
dog
|
seizure
|
on
|
pn
|
‘A dog bit Pól.’ |
Italian
mordere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
il |
can-e |
ha |
morso |
Leo |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
dog-
sg
.
m
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
bite.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘The dog bit Leo.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dandarəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
źukəl |
dand-ar-ď-a |
le |
Murš-as |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
dog[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bite-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
obl
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A dog bit Murša.’ |
Kazakh
qap
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
It |
Petya-nï |
qap-tï |
dog
|
pn
-
acc
|
bite-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘A dog bit Petya.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǒrԑmǝti + PASS
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
tǎm |
amp-ǝn |
pet’a-j-en |
pǒrԑm-ǝs-i |
this
|
dog-
loc
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
bite-
pst
-
pass
[3
sg
]
|
‘This dog bit Petja.’ |
Note: This is a passive construction. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN1
|
X: ERG |
Y: GEN1 |
Locus: Y |
ʁwa-ji |
hajna |
šamil-es |
собака(
iii
)-
erg
|
кусать\
pst
.
w
|
pn
-
gen
1
|
‘Собака укусила Шамиля.’. |
Note: ИГ: тут реально генитив; абсолютив можно выразить, если мы знаем конкретное место, за которое Шамиль укушен – и тогда будет собака укусила руку Шамиля. Но если просто Шамиля – то Шамиль в генитиве. В очерке хваршинского об этом есть, и ЯГТ считает, что это эллипсис, но он ведь не восстановим однозначно же. |
Kina Rutul
sɨs kiʔɨr
Valency pattern:
ERG_INTER
|
X: ERG |
Y: INTER |
Locus: Y |
rasul-u-k |
tɨlɨj-ra |
sɨs |
k-iʔɨ-r |
pn
-
obl
-
inter
|
dog.
obl
-
erg
|
tooth(
nom
)
|
pv
-4.
lv
.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘A dog bit Rasul.’ |
Latin
mordeo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
si |
me |
canis |
memord-eri-t |
if
|
i
.
acc
|
dog.
nom
.
sg
|
bite-
fut
2.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
‘... if a dog bites me.’ |
Note: (Enn. Sat. 63) |
Mandarin Chinese
yǎo
Valency pattern:
bei_SBJ
|
X: bei |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Zhāngsān |
bèi |
yì-zhī |
gǒu |
yǎo |
le |
pn
|
pass
|
one-
clf
|
dog
|
bite
|
pfv
|
‘Zhangsan was bitten by a dog.’ |
Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity. |
Mingrelian
Ø-a-č-am-un-Ø (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-s |
ǯoγor-k |
k-Ø-a-č-(u). |
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
erg
|
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-bite-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘A dog bit Chelo.’ |
Modern Hebrew
naʃaχ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
kelev |
naʃaχ |
et |
Pinχas |
dog
|
bite[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘A dog bit Pinchas.’ |
Nanai
səkpən-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
enda |
Petia-wə |
səkpəŋ-ki-ni |
dog
|
pn
-
obl
|
bite-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘A dog bit Petia.’ |
Nivkh
rukt
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
qanŋ |
Kaskazik |
+ |
ruk-t |
dog
|
pn
|
+
|
bite-
ind
|
‘A dog bit Kaskazik.’ |
Northern Mansi
purəste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
kūt’uw |
pur-əs-t-e |
n’āwram |
dog
|
bite-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
child
|
‘The dog bit the child.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nǝrǝj=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
lа̄mа |
Sǝmiǝn |
nǝrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ |
dog
|
pn
|
bite-
pf
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘A dog bit Semien.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bite
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
hund-en |
bet |
Per |
dog-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
bite.
pst
|
pn
|
‘The dog bit Per.’ |
Polish
ugryźć
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pies |
ugryz-ł |
mam-ę |
dog[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bite:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
mummy-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A dog bit mummy.’ |
Russian
kusatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
sobak-a |
ukusi-l-a |
Pet-ju |
dog(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
bite(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A dog bit Petja.’ |
Serbian
ujesti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pas |
je |
uje-o |
Petr-a |
dog.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
bite-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A dog bit Petar.’ |
Shughni
pirentow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
yu |
kūd=i |
wam |
vorǰ |
piren-t |
d
3.
m
.
sg
|
dog=3
sg
|
d
3.
f
.
sg
.
obl
|
horse
|
bite-
pst
|
‘The dog bit the horse.’ |
Skolt Saami
snäuʹǩǩed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
piânnai |
snauʹǩ-i |
suu |
dog.
sg
.
nom
|
bite-
pst
.3
sg
|
3
sg
.
acc
|
‘A dog bit him.’ |
Slovak
kúsať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pes |
kúso-l |
Petr-a |
dog(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bite(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A dog bit Peter.’ |
Slovenian
ugrizniti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pes |
je |
ugrizni-l |
mam-o |
dog[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
bite:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
mother-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A dog bit the mother.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
geztin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
seg-êk |
Hîwa=î |
gezit-Ø |
dog-
indf
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
bite.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘A dog bit Hiwa.’ |
Spanish
morder
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
un |
perro |
mordi-ó |
a |
Pedro |
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
dog[
sg
.
m
]
|
bite-
aor
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘A dog bit Pedro.’ |
Swedish
att bita
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
hund |
bet |
Björn |
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
dog
|
bite.
pst
|
pn
|
‘A dog bit Björn.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
K<in>agat |
ng |
aso |
si |
Pedro |
<
pv
>
pfv
~bite
|
gen
|
dog
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘A dog bit Pedro.’ |
Telugu
karucu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
oka |
kukka |
pravīṇ-ni |
kariciṁdi |
one
|
dog(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
bite.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘A dog bit Praveen.’ |
Turkish
ısırmak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
köpek |
Mehmed-i |
ısır-dı |
dog
|
pn
-
acc
|
bite-
pst
|
‘A dog bit Mehmet.’ |
Ulcha
iktəmən-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
min |
xusə |
piktə-wə-ji |
iŋda |
iktəmən-či-ni |
my
|
male
|
child-
acc
-1
sg
|
dog
|
bite-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘A dog bit my son.’ |
Uzbek
tišlab olmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
it |
Petya-ni |
tišla-b |
ol-di |
dog
|
pn
-
acc
|
bite-
cvb
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘A dog bit Petja.’ |
West Central Oromo
tʃiniina
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
saree-n |
tolaa |
tʃ'iniin-t-e |
dog-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
bite-3
sg
.
f
-
pfv
|
‘A dog bit Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
qχ’amm.i-j
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
χʷedo-di |
qχ’amm.i-j |
pat’imati-ʔa |
dog.
obl
-
erg
|
bite.
pst
-
pf
|
pn
-
super
|
‘The dog bit Patimat.’ |