‘bite’
| Argument frame: | X (bite) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | A dog bit P. . |
| Predicate label Ru: | кусать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (кусать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | Собака укусила П . |
Abaza cha
| Valency pattern: ABS_IO |
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| a-lá | sará | j-ʕa-sə-cha-d |
| def -dog | i | 3 sg . n . abs - cisl -1 sg . io -bite( aor )- dcl |
| ‘The dog bit me.’ | ||
Adyghe je-ceqe
| Valency pattern: ABS_DAT |
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| he-r | č̣ʼale-m | je-ceqa-ʁ |
| собака- abs | парень- obl | 3 sg . io + dat -кусать- pst |
| ‘Собака укусила парня.’ | ||
Aghul fac.u-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| χuj.i | fac.u-ne | aslan |
| dog( erg ) | grasp. pf - aor | pn |
| ‘A dog bit (lit. ‘grasped’) Aslan.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəṭ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata | calba | +krəṭ-o=l |
| girl( f ) | dog( m ) | bite. pst - p .3 f =3 m |
| ‘A dog bit the girl.’ | ||
Bambara cín
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| wùlu` | ye | Sékù | cín |
| dog\ art | pfv . tr | pn | bite |
| ‘A dog bit Seku.’ | |||
Brazilian Portuguese morder
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| o | cachorro | mord-eu | Pedro |
| def . m | dog( m ) | bite-3 sg . pst | pn ( m ) |
| ‘A dog bit Pedro.’ | |||
Catalan mossegar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| un | gos | va | mosseg-ar | en | Pere |
| indf . sg . m | dog( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | bite- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘A dog bit Pere.’ | |||||
Czech kousat
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr-a | kous-l | pes |
| pn ( m )- acc . sg | bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | dog( m )[ nom . sg ] |
| ‘A dog bit Petr.’ | ||
Danish bide
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| En | hund | bed | Peter |
| indf . sg | dog( c ) | bite. pst | pn |
| ‘A dog bit Peter.’ | |||
Dutch bijten
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| de | hond | heeft | Piet | ge-bet-en |
| art . def . c | dog(С) | have.3 sg | pn ( c ) | ptcp -bite- ptcp |
| ‘The dog bit Piet.’ | ||||
Eastern Maninka kín
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Wùlu` | kà | Sékù | kín. |
| dog\ art | aor . tr | pn | bite |
| ‘A dog bit Seku.’ | |||
English bite
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| A | dog | bit | Peter. |
Estonian hammustama
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| koer | hammusta-s | Peetri-t |
| dog. sg . nom | bite- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘A dog bit Peeter.’ | ||
Finnish purra
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| koira | pur-i | Pekka-a |
| dog. nom | bite- pst .3 sg | pn - part |
| ‘A dog bit Pekka.’ | ||
Forest Enets sɛkuru
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| buniki | kasa-jʔ | sɛkura |
| dog | man- nom . sg .1 sg | bite( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘A dog bit my friend’. | ||
French mordre
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| un | chien | a | mordu | Paul |
| indf . sg . m | dog( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | bite. pst . ptcp . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘A dog bit Paul.’ | ||||
Georgian Ø-u-k'b-en-s (FUT)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-s | ʒaγl-ma | Ø-u-k'b-in-a |
| pn - dat | dog- erg | io 3- ver : o -bite- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘A dog bit Petre.’ | ||
German beißen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ein | Hund | biss | Karl |
| indf [ m . nom . sg ] | dog[ nom . sg ] | bite. pst .3 sg | pn [ acc . sg ] |
| ‘A dog bit Karl.’ | |||
Irish beir greim
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ar |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ar |
| Locus: Y |
| Do=rug | madra | greim | ar | Phól. |
| pst =take | dog | seizure | on | pn |
| ‘A dog bit Pól.’ | ||||
Italian mordere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| il | can-e | ha | morso | Leo |
| def . sg . m | dog- sg . m | aux .3 sg . prs | bite. pst . ptcp | pn ( m ) |
| ‘The dog bit Leo.’ | ||||
Kalderash Romani dandarəl
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o | źukəl | dand-ar-ď-a | le | Murš-as |
| art . m . dir . sg | dog[ nom . sg ] | bite- pst -3 sg | art . m . obl | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘A dog bit Murša.’ | ||||
Kazakh qap
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| It | Petya-nï | qap-tï |
| dog | pn - acc | bite- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘A dog bit Petya.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty pǒrԑmǝti + PASS
| Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| tǎm | amp-ǝn | pet’a-j-en | pǒrԑm-ǝs-i |
| this | dog- loc | pn - ep - poss .2 sg | bite- pst - pass [3 sg ] |
| ‘This dog bit Petja.’ | |||
| Note: This is a passive construction. | |||
| Valency pattern: ERG_GEN1 |
| X: ERG |
| Y: GEN1 |
| Locus: Y |
| ʁwa-ji | hajna | šamil-es |
| собака( iii )- erg | кусать\ pst . w | pn - gen 1 |
| ‘Собака укусила Шамиля.’. | ||
| Note: ИГ: тут реально генитив; абсолютив можно выразить, если мы знаем конкретное место, за которое Шамиль укушен – и тогда будет собака укусила руку Шамиля. Но если просто Шамиля – то Шамиль в генитиве. В очерке хваршинского об этом есть, и ЯГТ считает, что это эллипсис, но он ведь не восстановим однозначно же. | ||
Kina Rutul sɨs kiʔɨr
| Valency pattern: ERG_INTER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: INTER |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-u-k | tɨlɨj-ra | sɨs | k-iʔɨ-r |
| pn - obl - inter | dog. obl - erg | tooth( nom ) | pv -4. lv . pfv - cvb |
| ‘A dog bit Rasul.’ | |||
Latin mordeo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| si | me | canis | memord-eri-t |
| if | i . acc | dog. nom . sg | bite- fut 2. ind - act .3 sg |
| ‘... if a dog bites me.’ | |||
| Note: (Enn. Sat. 63) | |||
Mandarin Chinese yǎo
| Valency pattern: bei_SBJ |
| X: bei |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Zhāngsān | bèi | yì-zhī | gǒu | yǎo | le |
| pn | pass | one- clf | dog | bite | pfv |
| ‘Zhangsan was bitten by a dog.’ | |||||
| Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity. | |||||
Mingrelian Ø-a-č-am-un-Ø (FUT)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-s | ǯoγor-k | k-Ø-a-č-(u). |
| pn - dat | dog- erg | aff - io 3- ver : r -bite- s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘A dog bit Chelo.’ | ||
Modern Hebrew naʃaχ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| kelev | naʃaχ | et | Pinχas |
| dog | bite[ pst .3 sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘A dog bit Pinchas.’ | |||
Nanai səkpən-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| enda | Petia-wə | səkpəŋ-ki-ni |
| dog | pn - obl | bite- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘A dog bit Petia.’ | ||
Nivkh rukt
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| qanŋ | Kaskazik | + | ruk-t |
| dog | pn | + | bite- ind |
| ‘A dog bit Kaskazik.’ | |||
Northern Mansi purəste
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| kūt’uw | pur-əs-t-e | n’āwram |
| dog | bite- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s | child |
| ‘The dog bit the child.’ | ||
Northern Yukaghir nǝrǝj=
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| lа̄mа | Sǝmiǝn | nǝrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ |
| dog | pn | bite- pf - tr - of .3 sg |
| ‘A dog bit Semien.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å bite
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| hund-en | bet | Per |
| dog- def . m . sg | bite. pst | pn |
| ‘The dog bit Per.’ | ||
Polish ugryźć
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pies | ugryz-ł | mam-ę |
| dog[ nom . sg ] | bite: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] | mummy- acc . sg |
| ‘A dog bit mummy.’ | ||
Russian kusatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| sobak-a | ukusi-l-a | Pet-ju |
| dog( f )- nom . sg | bite( pfv )- pst - f . sg | pn ( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘A dog bit Petja.’ | ||
Serbian ujesti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pas | je | uje-o | Petr-a |
| dog. nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | bite- part . perf . m . sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘A dog bit Petar.’ | |||
Shughni pirentow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| yu | kūd=i | wam | vorǰ | piren-t |
| d 3. m . sg | dog=3 sg | d 3. f . sg . obl | horse | bite- pst |
| ‘The dog bit the horse.’ | ||||
Skolt Saami snäuʹǩǩed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| piânnai | snauʹǩ-i | suu |
| dog. sg . nom | bite- pst .3 sg | 3 sg . acc |
| ‘A dog bit him.’ | ||
Slovak kúsať
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pes | kúso-l | Petr-a |
| dog( m )[ nom . sg ] | bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘A dog bit Peter.’ | ||
Slovenian ugrizniti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pes | je | ugrizni-l | mam-o |
| dog[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | bite: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | mother- acc . sg |
| ‘A dog bit the mother.’ | |||
Sorani Kurdish geztin
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| seg-êk | Hîwa=î | gezit-Ø |
| dog- indf | pn =3 sg . pc | bite. pst -3 sg |
| ‘A dog bit Hiwa.’ | ||
Spanish morder
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| un | perro | mordi-ó | a | Pedro |
| art . ndef . sg . m | dog[ sg . m ] | bite- aor .3 sg | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . m ] |
| ‘A dog bit Pedro.’ | ||||
Swedish att bita
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | hund | bet | Björn |
| indf . c . sg | dog | bite. pst | pn |
| ‘A dog bit Björn.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| K<in>agat | ng | aso | si | Pedro |
| < pv > pfv ~bite | gen | dog | pers . subj | pn |
| ‘A dog bit Pedro.’ | ||||
Telugu karucu
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| oka | kukka | pravīṇ-ni | kariciṁdi |
| one | dog( n ). sg . nom | pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc | bite. pst .3 sg . nm |
| ‘A dog bit Praveen.’ | |||
Turkish ısırmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| köpek | Mehmed-i | ısır-dı |
| dog | pn - acc | bite- pst |
| ‘A dog bit Mehmet.’ | ||
Ulcha iktəmən-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| min | xusə | piktə-wə-ji | iŋda | iktəmən-či-ni |
| my | male | child- acc -1 sg | dog | bite- pst -3 sg |
| ‘A dog bit my son.’ | ||||
Uzbek tišlab olmoq
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| it | Petya-ni | tišla-b | ol-di |
| dog | pn - acc | bite- cvb | take- pst .3 sg |
| ‘A dog bit Petja.’ | |||
West Central Oromo tʃiniina
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| saree-n | tolaa | tʃ'iniin-t-e |
| dog- nom | pn . abs | bite-3 sg . f - pfv |
| ‘A dog bit Tola.’ | ||
Zilo Andi qχ’amm.i-j
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| χʷedo-di | qχ’amm.i-j | pat’imati-ʔa |
| dog. obl - erg | bite. pst - pf | pn - super |
| ‘The dog bit Patimat.’ | ||