‘give birth’
Argument frame: |
X
(give birth) to
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
M.
gave birth to
a son
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
рожать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(рожать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
М.
родила
сына
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-rə-j
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
fatíma |
č’ḳʷən–χʷə́c |
d-ʕa-l-rə́-j-d |
pn
|
boy-little
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-
cisl
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-
caus
-come(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Fatime gave birth to a son.’ |
Aghul
ruχ.u-
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
fat’im.i-s |
gada |
ruχ.u-ne |
pn
-
dat
|
son
|
be.born.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
barə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
xat-i |
bri-la |
bruna |
sister(
f
)-
p
.1
sg
|
create.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
son(
m
)
|
‘My sister gave birth to a son.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Brazilian Portuguese
dar à luz
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Maria |
deu |
à |
luz |
um |
filho |
pn
(
f
)
|
give.3
sg
.
pst
|
to+
def
.
f
|
light(
f
)
|
indf
|
son(
m
)
|
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Catalan
donar a llum
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
la |
Maria |
va |
don-ar |
a |
llum |
un |
fill |
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
give-
inf
|
to
|
light(
f
)
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
son(
m
)
|
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Czech
porodit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Michael-a |
porodi-l-a |
syn-a |
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Michaela gave birth to a son.’ |
Danish
føde
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Marie |
fød-te |
en |
søn |
pn
|
give_birth-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
son(
c
)
|
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ |
Dutch
baren
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Marie |
heeft |
een |
zoon |
ge-baar-d |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
son(
c
)
|
ptcp
-give.birth-
ptcp
|
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ |
Estonian
sünnitama
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Maret |
sünnita-s |
poja |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
bear-
pst
.3
sg
|
son.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Maret gave birth to a son.’ |
Finnish
synnyttää
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Lotta |
synnytt-i |
poja-n |
pn
.
nom
|
give.birth-
pst
.3
sg
|
son-
gen
|
‘Lotta gave birth to a son.’ |
Forest Enets
sɔja
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
X: TOP |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
modʲi |
nɛ |
nʲe-jʔ |
kasa |
nʲe-za |
sɔja-ʃ |
i
|
woman
|
child-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
man
|
child-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_born(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
s
.
pst
|
‘My daughter gave birth to a son’. |
German
gebären
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Marie |
gebar |
ein |
Kind |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
give_birth.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
child[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ |
Italian
partorire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Maria |
ha |
partorito |
un |
figli-o |
pn
(
f
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
give_birth.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
son-
sg
.
m
|
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Kazakh
tap
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Maša |
ul |
tap-tï |
pn
|
son
|
give_birth-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’ |
Kazym Khanty
tăjti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
maša-j-en |
pǒχ |
tăj-əs |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
son
|
have-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ |
Latin
pario
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
peper-erunt |
ov-es |
agn-os |
human-o |
capit-e |
give_birth[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
sheep(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
lamb(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
human-
abl
.
sg
.
n
|
head(
n
)-
abl
.
sg
|
‘Sheep gave birth to lambs with a human head.’ |
Note: (Ter. Ph. 3, 3, 4) |
Modern Hebrew
jald-a
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Mirjam |
jald-a |
ben |
pn
|
give.birth[
pst
]-3
sg
.
f
|
son
|
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’ |
Nanai
baa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Maša |
Petia-wa |
baa-xa-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
find-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’ |
Nivkh
pand
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Ajsana |
azməc |
+ |
eʁlŋ |
pan-d |
pn
|
man
|
+
|
child
|
give.birth-
ind
|
‘Ajsana gave birth to a son.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å føde
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kari |
fød-te |
en |
sønn |
pn
|
give_birth-
pst
|
indf
.
m
.
sg
|
son
|
‘Kari gave birth to a son.’ |
Polish
urodzić
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mariol-a |
urodzi-ł-a |
syn-a |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Mariola gave birth to a son.’ |
Russian
roditʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Maš-a |
rodi-l-a |
syn-a |
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ |
Rutul
jišɨra
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
madina-s |
duχ |
jišɨ-r=a |
pn
-
dat
|
son(
nom
)
|
1.become.
pfv
-
cbv
=be
|
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’ |
Serbian
rodila
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Marij-a |
je |
rodi-la |
sin-a |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
быть.
prs
.3
sg
|
родить-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
|
сын-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Мария родила сына.’ |
Shughni
vīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Lola=yi |
puc |
vūd |
pn
=3
sg
|
son
|
bring.
pst
|
‘Lola gave birth to a son.’ |
Skolt Saami
šõddeed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mäʹrjj |
šõddi-i |
pääʹrn |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
give.birth-
pst
.3
sg
|
child.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Slovenian
roditi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
je |
rodi-l-a |
sin-a |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
give_birth-
lpt
-
f
.
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Ana gave birth to a son.’ |
Spanish
tener
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
María |
ha |
teni-do |
un |
hijo |
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
have-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
son[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Swedish
att föda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Maja |
föd-de |
en |
son |
pn
|
give_birth-
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
son
|
‘Maja gave birth to a son.’ |
Turkish
doğurmak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Filiz |
erkek |
çocuğ-u |
doğur-du |
pn
|
male
|
child-
p
.3
|
give_birth-
pst
|
‘Filiz gave birth to a baby boy.’ |
Ulcha
baqa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
əj |
əktə |
xusə |
piktə-wə |
baqa-xa-ni |
this
|
female
|
male
|
child-
acc
|
find-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘This woman gave birth to a son.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒid.i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
marjam-di |
woʃo |
dʒid.i |
pn
-
erg
|
boy[
m
][
nom
]
|
make.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Mariam gave birth to a boy.’ |