‘give birth’
| Argument frame: | X (give birth) to Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | M. gave birth to a son . |
| Predicate label Ru: | рожать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (рожать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | М. родила сына . |
Abaza ʕa-rə-j
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatíma | č’ḳʷən–χʷə́c | d-ʕa-l-rə́-j-d |
| pn | boy-little | 3 sg . h . abs - cisl -3 sg . f . erg - caus -come( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Fatime gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Aghul ruχ.u-
| Valency pattern: DAT_ABS |
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| fat’im.i-s | gada | ruχ.u-ne |
| pn - dat | son | be.born. pf - aor |
| ‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic barə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| xat-i | bri-la | bruna |
| sister( f )- p .1 sg | create. pst - ls .3 f | son( m ) |
| ‘My sister gave birth to a son.’ | ||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. | ||
Brazilian Portuguese dar à luz
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Maria | deu | à | luz | um | filho |
| pn ( f ) | give.3 sg . pst | to+ def . f | light( f ) | indf | son( m ) |
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ | |||||
Catalan donar a llum
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| la | Maria | va | don-ar | a | llum | un | fill |
| def . sg . f | pn ( f ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | give- inf | to | light( f ) | indf . sg . m | son( m ) |
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ | |||||||
Czech porodit
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Michael-a | porodi-l-a | syn-a |
| pn ( f )- nom . sg | give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg | son( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘Michaela gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Danish føde
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie | fød-te | en | søn |
| pn | give_birth- pst | indf . sg | son( c ) |
| ‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ | |||
Dutch baren
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie | heeft | een | zoon | ge-baar-d |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | art . indf | son( c ) | ptcp -give.birth- ptcp |
| ‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ | ||||
Estonian sünnitama
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Maret | sünnita-s | poja |
| pn . sg . nom | bear- pst .3 sg | son. sg . gen |
| ‘Maret gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Finnish synnyttää
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Lotta | synnytt-i | poja-n |
| pn . nom | give.birth- pst .3 sg | son- gen |
| ‘Lotta gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Forest Enets sɔja
| Valency pattern: TOP_NOM |
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi | nɛ | nʲe-jʔ | kasa | nʲe-za | sɔja-ʃ |
| i | woman | child- nom . sg .1 sg | man | child- nom . sg .3 sg | be_born( pfv )-3 sg . s . pst |
| ‘My daughter gave birth to a son’. | |||||
German gebären
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie | gebar | ein | Kind |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | give_birth. pst .3 sg | indf [ n . acc . sg ] | child[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ | |||
Italian partorire
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Maria | ha | partorito | un | figli-o |
| pn ( f ) | aux .3 sg . prs | give_birth. pst . ptcp | indf . sg . m | son- sg . m |
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ | ||||
Kazakh tap
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Maša | ul | tap-tï |
| pn | son | give_birth- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Masha gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty tăjti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| maša-j-en | pǒχ | tăj-əs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | son | have- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Latin pario
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| peper-erunt | ov-es | agn-os | human-o | capit-e |
| give_birth[ prf . ind ]- act .3 pl | sheep( f )- nom . pl | lamb( m )- acc . pl | human- abl . sg . n | head( n )- abl . sg |
| ‘Sheep gave birth to lambs with a human head.’ | ||||
| Note: (Ter. Ph. 3, 3, 4) | ||||
Modern Hebrew jald-a
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Mirjam | jald-a | ben |
| pn | give.birth[ pst ]-3 sg . f | son |
| ‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Nanai baa-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Maša | Petia-wa | baa-xa-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | find- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Masha gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Nivkh pand
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Ajsana | azməc | + | eʁlŋ | pan-d |
| pn | man | + | child | give.birth- ind |
| ‘Ajsana gave birth to a son.’ | ||||
Norwegian Bokmål å føde
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kari | fød-te | en | sønn |
| pn | give_birth- pst | indf . m . sg | son |
| ‘Kari gave birth to a son.’ | |||
Polish urodzić
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mariol-a | urodzi-ł-a | syn-a |
| pn - nom . sg | give_birth- pst - f .3 sg | son- acc . sg |
| ‘Mariola gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Russian roditʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Maš-a | rodi-l-a | syn-a |
| pn ( f )- nom . sg | give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg | son( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Rutul jišɨra
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| madina-s | duχ | jišɨ-r=a |
| pn - dat | son( nom ) | 1.become. pfv - cbv =be |
| ‘Madina gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Serbian rodila
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Marij-a | je | rodi-la | sin-a |
| pn - nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | родить- part . perf . f . sg | сын- acc . sg |
| ‘Мария родила сына.’ | |||
Shughni vīdow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Lola=yi | puc | vūd |
| pn =3 sg | son | bring. pst |
| ‘Lola gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Skolt Saami šõddeed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mäʹrjj | šõddi-i | pääʹrn |
| pn . sg . nom | give.birth- pst .3 sg | child. sg . acc |
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ | ||
Slovenian roditi
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a | je | rodi-l-a | sin-a |
| pn - nom . sg | aux .3 sg | give_birth- lpt - f . sg | son- acc . sg |
| ‘Ana gave birth to a son.’ | |||
Spanish tener
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| María | ha | teni-do | un | hijo |
| pn [ sg . f ] | aux .3 sg | have- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . m | son[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ | ||||
Swedish att föda
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Maja | föd-de | en | son |
| pn | give_birth- pst | indf . c . sg | son |
| ‘Maja gave birth to a son.’ | |||
Turkish doğurmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Filiz | erkek | çocuğ-u | doğur-du |
| pn | male | child- p .3 | give_birth- pst |
| ‘Filiz gave birth to a baby boy.’ | |||
Ulcha baqa-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj | əktə | xusə | piktə-wə | baqa-xa-ni |
| this | female | male | child- acc | find- pst -3 sg |
| ‘This woman gave birth to a son.’ | ||||
Zilo Andi dʒid.i
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| marjam-di | woʃo | dʒid.i |
| pn - erg | boy[ m ][ nom ] | make. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Mariam gave birth to a boy.’ | ||