‘give birth’
| Argument frame: |
X
(give birth) to
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
M.
gave birth to
a son
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
рожать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(рожать)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
М.
родила
сына
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-rə-j
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatíma |
č’ḳʷən–χʷə́c |
d-ʕa-l-rə́-j-d |
|
pn
|
boy-little
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-
cisl
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-
caus
-come(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatime gave birth to a son.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
qə-fe-χʷə
|
Valency pattern:
BEN_ABS
|
| X: BEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| bzəλfəʁe-xe-m |
č̣ʼale-xe-r |
q-a-fe-χʷə-ʁe-x |
|
woman-
pl
-
obl
|
guy-
pl
-
abs
|
csl
-3
pl
.
io
-
ben
-become-
pst
-
pl
|
| ‘The women gave birth to sons.’ |
Aghul
ruχ.u-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| fat’im.i-s |
gada |
ruχ.u-ne |
|
pn
-
dat
|
son
|
be.born.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’ |
Alik Kryz
xuy-ic
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| leyla-r |
sar |
gada |
xuy-id |
|
pn
-
erg
|
one.
m
|
boy
|
give_birth.
pf
-
aor
.
m
|
| ‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| marin-ni-s |
wišdu |
uw |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
son
|
1.do.
pfv
|
| ‘Марина родила сына.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
barə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| xat-i |
bri-la |
bruna |
|
sister(
f
)-
p
.1
sg
|
create.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
son(
m
)
|
| ‘My sister gave birth to a son.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Azerbaijani
doğmaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Leyla |
bir |
oğul |
doğ-du |
|
pn
|
one
|
son
|
give_birth-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’ |
Bambara
wólo
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Fántà |
wólo-la |
dén` |
ná |
|
pn
|
give.birth-
pfv
.
intr
|
child\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Fanta gave birth to a child.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
dar à luz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Maria |
deu |
à |
luz |
um |
filho |
|
pn
(
f
)
|
give.3
sg
.
pst
|
to+
def
.
f
|
light(
f
)
|
indf
|
son(
m
)
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Catalan
donar a llum
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| la |
Maria |
va |
don-ar |
a |
llum |
un |
fill |
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
give-
inf
|
to
|
light(
f
)
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
son(
m
)
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Czech
porodit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Michael-a |
porodi-l-a |
syn-a |
|
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Michaela gave birth to a son.’ |
Danish
føde
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie |
fød-te |
en |
søn |
|
pn
|
give_birth-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
son(
c
)
|
| ‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ |
Dutch
baren
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie |
heeft |
een |
zoon |
ge-baar-d |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
son(
c
)
|
ptcp
-give.birth-
ptcp
|
| ‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sɔ̀rɔn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Fántà |
bára |
dénkɛ` |
sɔ̀rɔn. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
son\
art
|
get
|
| ‘Fanta has given birth to a son.’ |
English
give birth
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_to
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: to |
| Locus: Y |
| Mary |
gave |
birth |
to |
a |
son. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
sünnitama
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Maret |
sünnita-s |
poja |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
bear-
pst
.3
sg
|
son.
sg
.
gen
|
| ‘Maret gave birth to a son.’ |
Finnish
synnyttää
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Lotta |
synnytt-i |
poja-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
give.birth-
pst
.3
sg
|
son-
gen
|
| ‘Lotta gave birth to a son.’ |
Forest Enets
sɔja
|
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi |
nɛ |
nʲe-jʔ |
kasa |
nʲe-za |
sɔja-ʃ |
|
i
|
woman
|
child-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
man
|
child-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_born(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
s
.
pst
|
| ‘My daughter gave birth to a son’. |
French
avoir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie |
a |
eu |
un |
garçon |
|
pn
(
f
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
have.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
boy(
m
)
|
| ‘Marie gave birth to a son.’ |
Georgian
ga-Ø-a-čen-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| mašo-m |
bič'-i |
ga-Ø-a-čin-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
boy-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
do
3-
fact
-bear-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Masho gave birth to a son.’ |
German
gebären
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Marie |
gebar |
ein |
Kind |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
give_birth.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
child[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Marie gave birth to a child.’ |
Icari Dargwa
AGR=яркь-иб
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Madina-l |
durħu |
w=aˤrq'-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
son.
abs
|
m
=give_birth:
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Madina gave birth to a son.’ |
Irish
beir
|
Valency pattern:
do(PREP)_SBJ
|
| X: do(PREP) |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Do=rug-adh |
leanbh |
mic |
do |
Mháire. |
|
pst
=take-
pst
.
pass
|
child
|
son/
gs
|
for
|
pn
|
| ‘Máire gave birth to a son.’ |
Italian
partorire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Maria |
ha |
partorito |
un |
figli-o |
|
pn
(
f
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
give_birth.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
son-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Kalderash Romani
arakhavel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ə |
Marijk-a |
arakha-ď-a |
le |
śav-es |
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
obl
|
son-
obl
.
sg
|
| ‘Marijka gave birth to a son.’ |
Kazakh
tap
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Maša |
ul |
tap-tï |
|
pn
|
son
|
give_birth-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Masha gave birth to a son.’ |
Kazym Khanty
tăjti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| maša-j-en |
pǒχ |
tăj-əs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
son
|
have-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ |
Khwarshi
j/uwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatima |
uj-ja |
uža |
|
pn
\
erg
|
[
i
]give.birth-
pst
.
w
|
son
|
| ‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’ |
Kina Rutul
jišɨra
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| madina-s |
duχ |
jišɨ-r=a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
son(
nom
)
|
1.become.
pfv
-
cbv
=be
|
| ‘Madina gave birth to a son.’ |
Kumyk
tapmaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
ulan |
tap-d-ɨ |
|
pn
|
son
|
find-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’ |
Latin
pario
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| peper-erunt |
ov-es |
agn-os |
human-o |
capit-e |
|
give_birth[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
sheep(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
lamb(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
human-
abl
.
sg
.
n
|
head(
n
)-
abl
.
sg
|
| ‘Sheep gave birth to lambs with a human head.’ |
| Note: (Ter. Ph. 3, 3, 4) |
Laz
o-Ɂ-u
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Fatma-s |
be(r)e-Ø |
Ø-a-[ʔ]-u. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
child-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-[have]-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim gave birth to a child.’ |
| Note: The verb is assoicated with animate possessees. |
Mandarin Chinese
shēng-xià
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Lǐsì |
shēng-xià |
le |
yí-gè |
háizi |
|
pn
|
give_birth-down
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
son
|
| ‘Lisi gave birth to a son.’ |
Mano
yē
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ka
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ká |
| Locus: Y |
| āà |
yē |
nɛ́ |
pèèlɛ̄ |
ká |
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
give.birth
|
child
|
two
|
with
|
| ‘She gave birth to two children.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-rčkin-u-an-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| anučia-k |
boš-(i) |
g-Ø-a-rčkin-(u) |
|
pn
-
erg
|
boy-(
nom
)
|
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-beget-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Anuchia gave birth to a son.’ |
Modern Hebrew
jald-a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Mirjam |
jald-a |
ben |
|
pn
|
give.birth[
pst
]-3
sg
.
f
|
son
|
| ‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
huχun
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| majram-a |
duχ |
huχu-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
son
|
m
.be_born.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Majram gave birth to a son.’ |
Nanai
baa-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Maša |
Petia-wa |
baa-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
find-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Masha gave birth to a son.’ |
Nivkh
pand
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Ajsana |
azməc |
+ |
eʁlŋ |
pan-d |
|
pn
|
man
|
+
|
child
|
give.birth-
ind
|
| ‘Ajsana gave birth to a son.’ |
Northern Mansi
on’ɕas
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| mārja |
mōlxōtal |
on’ɕ-as |
āji |
|
pn
|
yesterday
|
have-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
daughter
|
| ‘Yesterday Mary gave birth to a daughter.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
mǝdˈuorī=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Əkulˈǝ |
kuodˈǝ-d-uo-k |
mǝdˈuo-rī-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
male-
gen
-child-
foc
|
be_born-
appl
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Akulina gave birth to a son.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å føde
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kari |
fød-te |
en |
sønn |
|
pn
|
give_birth-
pst
|
indf
.
m
.
sg
|
son
|
| ‘Kari gave birth to a son.’ |
Polish
urodzić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mariol-a |
urodzi-ł-a |
syn-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Mariola gave birth to a son.’ |
Russian
roditʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Maš-a |
rodi-l-a |
syn-a |
|
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ |
Serbian
roditi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Marij-a |
je |
rodi-la |
sin-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
give.birth-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Shughni
vīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Lola=yi |
puc |
vūd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
son
|
bring.
pst
|
| ‘Lola gave birth to a son.’ |
Skolt Saami
šõddeed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mäʹrjj |
šõddi-i |
pääʹrn |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
give.birth-
pst
.3
sg
|
child.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Slovak
porodiť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mári-a |
porodi-l-a |
syn-a |
|
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Slovenian
roditi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
je |
rodi-l-a |
sin-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
give_birth-
lpt
-
f
.
sg
|
son-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana gave birth to a son.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bûn
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Sirwe |
kur̂-êk=î |
bû-Ø |
|
pn
|
boy-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
be.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Sirwe gave birth to a son.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Southern Rutul
hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ayten-ra |
sa |
dix |
hıʔı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
one
|
son
|
m
.do.
pf
-
indic
|
| ‘Ayten gave birth to a son.’ |
Spanish
tener
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| María |
ha |
teni-do |
un |
hijo |
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
have-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
son[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| lile-d |
č'q'int'-Ø |
an-Ø-taw-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
boy-
nom
|
prv
:
prox
-
do
3-beget-
pst
|
| ‘Lile begot a boy.’ |
Swedish
att föda
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Maja |
föd-de |
en |
son |
|
pn
|
give_birth-
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
son
|
| ‘Maja gave birth to a son.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Na-nganak |
ng |
anak |
na |
lalaki |
si |
Maria |
|
av
.
pfv
-give_birth
|
gen
|
child
|
lin
|
male
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Maria gave birth to a son’ |
Telugu
puṭṭu
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| madhuri-ki |
koḍuku |
puṭṭāḍu |
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
son(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
be_born.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Madhuri gave birth to a son.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
h-ak'-i / h-alk'-i
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| zumra-la |
durħaˤ |
h-ak'-ub |
|
neighbor-
gen
|
boy
|
up
-be_born.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The neighbor gave birth to a son.’ |
| Note: NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent. |
Turkish
doğurmak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Filiz |
erkek |
çocuğ-u |
doğur-du |
|
pn
|
male
|
child-
p
.3
|
give_birth-
pst
|
| ‘Filiz gave birth to a baby boy.’ |
Ulcha
baqa-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj |
əktə |
xusə |
piktə-wə |
baqa-xa-ni |
|
this
|
female
|
male
|
child-
acc
|
find-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘This woman gave birth to a son.’ |
Uzbek
tuɣmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Maša |
o’ɣil |
tuɣ-di |
|
pn
|
son
|
give_birth-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Maša gave birth to a son.’ |
West Central Oromo
daʔa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| boontuu-n |
ilma |
deesse |
|
pn
-
nom
|
son.
abs
|
give_birth.3
sg
.
f
.
pfv
|
| ‘Bontu gave birth to a son.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒid.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| marjam-di |
woʃo |
dʒid.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
boy[
m
][
nom
]
|
make.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Mariam gave birth to a boy.’ |
