BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘milk’

Argument frame: X (milk) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. milked the cow .
Predicate label Ru: доить
Argument frame Ru: X (доить) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. подоил корову .

Abaza χ’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
s-aχš’á a-ẑ l-χ’a-ṭ
1 sg . io -sister def -cow 3 sg . f . erg -milk( aor )- dcl
‘My sister milked the cow.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) šʼə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
bzəλfəʁe-m čʼemə-r ə-šʼə-ʁ
woman- obl cow- abs 3 sg . erg -milk- pst
‘The girl milked the cow.’

Aghul uz.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a ʜüni uz.u-ne
pn ( erg ) cow milk. pf - aor
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

Alik Kryz vazayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir zar v-aza-du
pn - erg cow f -milk. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan milked the cow.’

Archi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patʼimat-li χˁon b-acu
pn - obl ( erg ) cow 3-milk. pfv
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +xaləv

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta +xliv-e-la tavəryay
woman( f ) milk. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f cow( f ). pl
‘The woman milked the cows.’

Avar beč’č’ize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕaka b-eč’č’-ana
pn - erg cow n -milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

Azerbaijani sağmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan inǝyi sağ-dı
pn cow. acc milk- pst (3)
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

Bambara bíri

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Àbú ye mìsi` bíri
pn pfv . tr cow\ art milk
‘Abu milked a cow.’

Brazilian Portuguese ordenhar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ordenh-ou a vaca
pn ( m ) milk-3 sg . pst def . f cow( f )
‘Pedro milked the cow.’

Catalan munyir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va muny-ir la vaca
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind milk- inf def . sg . f cow( f )
‘Pere milked the cow.’

Chirag b-ircːi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
babaj-le q’ʷa̰l b-ircː-ib
mom- erg cow( abs ) n . sg -milk: pf - aor .3
‘Mom milked the cow.’

Czech podojit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr podoji-l kráv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr milked the cow.’

Danish malke

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter malke-de ko-en
pn milk- pst cow( c )- def . sg
‘Peter milked the cow.’

Dutch melken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft de koe ge-melk-t
pn (С) have.3 sg art . def . c cow( c ) ptcp -milk- ptcp
‘Piet milked the cow.’

Eastern Maninka bídin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà nìsi` bídin.
pn aor . tr cow\ art milk
‘Seku milked a cow.’

English milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter milked the cow.

Estonian lüpsma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter lüps-is lehma
pn . sg . nom milk- pst .3 sg cow. sg . part
‘Peeter milked the cow.’

Finnish lypsää

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka lyps-i lehmä-n
pn . nom milk- pst .3 sg cow- gen
‘Pekka milked the cow.’

Forest Enets dɔir

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi nɛ-jʔ dʲɔxazi-da dɔi-bi
i woman- nom . sg .1 sg female_reindeer- obl . sg .3 sg milk( pfv )- prf .3 sg . s
‘My wife has milked the female reindeer’.

French traire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a trait sa vache
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg milk. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f cow( f )
‘Paul milked his cow.’

Georgian mo-Ø-c'vel-i-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m ʒroxa-Ø mo-Ø-c'vel-a
pn - erg cow- nom prv : prox - do 3-milk- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre milked the cow.’

German melken

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl molk die Kuh
pn [ nom . sg ] milk. pst .3 sg def . f . acc . sg cow[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl milked the cow.’

Guinean Kpelle ɲíni yá kǔlo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe àá ŋwɔ̀ nìŋɛ ɲíni yá kǔlo
pn 3 sg . pfv 3 sg . poss cow breast milk\ if go_out
‘Pepee has milked his cow.’

Icari Dargwa b=ircː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il q'ʷaˤl b=ircː-ib
pn - erg cow. abs n =milk: pf - aor
‘Islam milked the cow.’

Irish crúigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chrúig Pól an bhó.
pst =milk pn def cow
‘Pól milked the cow.’

Italian mungere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha munto la mucc-a
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs milk. pst . ptcp def . sg . f cow- sg . f
‘Leo milked the cow.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʡašura-li q'aˤl b-irz-ib
pn - erg cow n -milk. pfv - pret
‘Ashura milked the cow.’

Kalderash Romani strangol

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ə Marijk-a strango-sarď-a la gurumnʼ-a
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg milk- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg cow- acc . sg
‘Marijka milked the cow.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji χni kːudu<b>z-nu
pn - erg cow( abs ) < n . sg >milk- pst
‘Fatima milked the cow.’

Karata ƛ’ƛ’araɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l zini ƛ’ƛ’ar-e
pn - erg cow milk- pf
‘Ali milked the cow.’

Kaytag Dargwa kabirc:ara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
petja-l q’vaˁl kabirc:-ur
pn - erg cow n .milk. pf - aor
‘Petja milked the cow.’

Kazakh saw

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya siyïr saw-dï
pn cow milk- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya milked the cow.’

Kazym Khanty pǫsti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
maša-j-en mis-ǝλ pǫsǝ-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cow- poss .3 sg milk- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja milked the cow.’

Khoekhoe ǀao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge goma-s-a go ǀao
pn -3 m . sg decl cow-3 f . sg - obl rpst milk
‘Peter milked the cow.’

Khwarshi t'it'a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
šamil-i t’it’-t’a zihi
pn - erg milk- pst . w cow( iii )
‘Shamil milked the cow.’

Kina Rutul wezɨra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a zer w-ezɨ-r=a
pn - erg cow( nom ) 3-milk. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul milked the cow.’

Kumyk sawmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir sɨjɨr-nɨ saw-d-u
pn cow- acc milk- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

Latin mulgeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
hic alien-us ov-is custos bis mulge-t in hor-a
this. nom . sg . m alien- nom . sg . m sheep( f )- acc . pl shepherd( m )- nom . sg twice milk[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg in hour( f )- abl . sg
‘This alien shepherd milks his sheep twice an hour.’
Note: (Verg. Ecl. 3, 5)

Laz o-zd-im-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k puǯ-i-s ko-m-Ø-u-zd-u
pn - b - erg cow- b - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : o -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim milked the cow.’

Mandarin Chinese jǐ nǎi

Valency pattern: SBJ_gei
X: SBJ
Y: gei
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān gěi nǎiniú jǐ le nǎi
pn for cow squeeze pfv milk
‘Zhangsan milked the cow.’

Mano ɲɔ́yíí ɓō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèé ē dìì ɲɔ́yíí ɓō
pn 3 sg . pst cow milk remove
‘Pe milked a cow.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mehweb

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Patimat-li-ni q'ʷaˤl b-erz-ib
pn - obl - erg cow n -milk: pfv - pst
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

Mingrelian Ø-č'val-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k čxou-Ø ge-Ø-č'val-(u)
pn - erg cow- nom prv - do 3-milk- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo milked the cow.’

Modern Hebrew χalav

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas χalav et ha para
pn milk[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def cow
‘Pinchas milked the cow.’

Mukhad Rutul vezin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a zer vezi-ri
pn - erg cow a .milk. pf - aor
‘Murad milked the cow.’

Nanai siri-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Maša exa-mba sere-xa-ni
pn cow- obl milk- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha milked the cow.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Akhvakh ƛ’ƛ’aruruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
hwari-de žinwo ƛ’ƛ’ar-ari
pn - erg cow milk- aor
‘Pathudi milked the cow.’

Northern Mansi posəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ruɕ ēkwa kōsla-te pos-əs
r ussian woman goat- poss .3 sg milk- pst .3 sg
‘The Russian woman milked her goat.’

Northern Yukaghir sirbа̄=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn tu-ŋ kǝrǝwǝ īsī-k sirbа̄-mǝ-lǝ
pn prxm - at cow milk- foc squeeze- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien milked this cow.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Norwegian Bokmål å melke

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per melke-t ku-a
pn milk- pst cow- def . f . sg
‘Per milked the cow.’

Polish wydoić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Hank-a wydoi-ł-a krow-ę
pn - nom . sg milk: pfv - pst - f .3 sg cow- acc . sg
‘Hanka milked the cow.’

Russian podoitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja podoi-l korov-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

Serbian pomusti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pomuza-o krav-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg milk- part . perf . m . sg cow- acc . sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’

Shinaz Rutul v-ezi-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir v-ezi-rɨ zer
pn ( erg ) a -milk. pf - perf cow
‘Basir milked the cow.’

Shughni δīwdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Saida=yi žow δūy-d
pn =3 sg cow milk- pst
‘Saida milked the cow.’

Skolt Saami pââččad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt pââjja-i kuuzz
pn . sg . nom milk- pst .3 sg cow. sg . acc
‘Pete milked the cow.’

Slovak podojiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter podoji-l krav-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter milked the cow.’

Slovenian pomolzti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a je pomolz-l-a krav-o
pn - nom . sg aux .3 sg milk: pfv - lpt - f . sg cow- acc . sg
‘Ana milked the cow.’

Sorani Kurdish doʂîn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dilan manga-ke=î doʂî-Ø
pn cow- def =3 sg . pc milk. pst -3 sg
‘Dilan milked the cow.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul yezin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a zer vezi-r
pn - erg cow a .milk. pf - aor
‘Murad milked the cow.’

Spanish ordeñar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ordeñ-ó la vaca
pn [ sg . m ] milk- aor .3 sg art . def . sg . f cow[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro milked the cow.’

Standard Arabic ḥalaba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maryam-u ḥalabat il-baqarat-a
pn - nom milk. pf .3 f def -cow- acc
‘Maryam milked the cow.’

Svan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d pir-Ø an-iː-šg-e
pn - erg cow- nom prv : prox - do 3- ver : s -milk- pst
‘Maizer milked the cow.’

Swedish att mjölka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn mjölka-de ko-n
pn milk- pst cow- def . c . sg
‘Björn milked the cow.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
G<in>atas-an ni Pedro ang baka
< pv > pfv .milk- lv pers . gen pn subj cow
‘Pedro milked the cow’
Note: Ask Sergey. The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ āvu pāla-ni pitikāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cow( n ). sg . obl milk. pl . obl - acc milk. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen milked the cow.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Tsakhur gyaaziy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee zer gyaazı
pn - erg cow a .milk. pf
‘Murad milked the cow.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-ircː-iz/icː-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rursːi-le q'ʷaˤl b-ircː-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat ) cow n -milk. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl milked the cow.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-irc-i / icː-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rursːi-li q'ʷaˤl b-ircː-ib
girl- erg cow n -milk. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl milked the cow.’

Turkish sağmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Filiz ineğ-i sağ-dı
pn cow- acc milk- pst
‘Filiz milked the cow.’

Turoyo ḥolu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel ḥlu-le i tərto
pn milk. pfv - ls .3 m art . f cow( f )
‘Gabriyel milked the cow.’

Ulcha siri-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əńə ixa-wa sir-xə-ni
mother cow- acc milk- pst -3 sg
‘Mother milked the cow.’

Uzbek soɣmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya sigir-ni soɣ-di
pn cow- acc milk- pst .3 sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

West Central Oromo elma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n saʔ-ittii elm-e
pn - nom cow- def . abs milk-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa milked the cow.’

Zilo Andi <b>-ertʃ’.u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di b-ertʃ’.u ziw̃
pn - erg an -milk. pst ( aor ) cow[ an ][ nom ]
‘Patimat milked the cow.’