BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘remain’

Argument frame: X (have) Y left
Stimulus sentence: (P. had 100 euro, but he bought a TV, so now) P. has 10 euros left.
Predicate label Ru: оставаться
Argument frame Ru: у X -а (оставаться) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: (У П. было 100 долларов, но он купил телевизор и теперь) у П. осталось 10 долларов .

Abaza [zə-]ʕa-n-χa

Valency pattern: BEN_ABS
X: BEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
rasúl ẑa–dollar-ḳ j-zə́-ʕa-n-χa-d
pn ten–dollar- unit 3 pl . abs +3 sg . m . io - ben - cisl - loc -become( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul has ten dollars left.’

Adyghe fe-ne-žʼə

Valency pattern: BEN_ABS
X: BEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m dollar-jə-pṣ̂ qə-fe-ne-žʼə-ʁ
учитель- obl доллар- lnk -десять csl - ben -остаться- re - pst
‘У учителя осталось десять долларов.’

Aghul fame-

Valency pattern: APUD_ABS
X: APUD
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-w ic’u manat fame-a
pn - apud 10 ruble { apud }remain- prs
‘Aslan has 10 rubles left.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic payəš

Valency pattern: ces_SBJ
X: ces
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
cəs yala sura pəš-lə əmma +manət zuzə
near boy( m ) small. m remain. pst - ls .3 m hundred rouble( m ) money( pl )
‘The boy has one hundred roubles left.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Bambara tó

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
fɔ́rɔmɛ kélen tó-ra Sékù bólo
5.francs one remain- pfv . intr pn cntrl
‘Seku has 5 francs left.’

Brazilian Portuguese ficar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro fic-ou com dez dólar-es
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst with 10 dollar( m )- pl
‘Pedro has ten dollars left.’

Catalan quedar

Valency pattern: DAT_SBJ
X: DAT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
al Pere li qued-en deu euro-s
to. def . sg . m pn ( m ) dat .3 sg remain-3 pl . prs . ind ten euro( m )- pl
‘Pere has ten euros left.’

Czech zůstat

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi zůsta-l-o deset dolar-ů
pn ( m )- dat . sg remain( pfv )- pst - n . sg ten[ nom ] dollar( m )- gen . pl
‘Petr has ten dollars left.’

Danish have tilbage

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter ha-r ti euro tilbage
pn have- prs ten euro( c ) left
‘Peter has 10 euros left.’

Dutch overhebben

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft nog tien dollar over
pn ( c ) have.3 sg still ten dollar( c ) over
‘Piet has ten dollars left.’

Eastern Maninka tó

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Wáa kélen nè tó-nin Sékù bólo.
thousand one foc remain- ptcp . res pn cntrl
‘Seku has 1000 francs left.’

English have left

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peter has 10 euros left.
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination.

Estonian alles olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM
X: ADESS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peetri-l on kümme euro-t alles
pn - adess be. prs .3 sg ten. sg . nom euro- sg . part left
‘Peeter has ten euros left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Finnish jäädä

Valency pattern: ALL_NOM
X: ALL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peka-lle jä-i yksi euro
pn - all remain- pst .3 sg one. nom euro. nom
‘Pekka has 1 euro left.’

Forest Enets kaji

Valency pattern: TOP_NOM
X: TOP
Y: NOM
Locus: X
modʲi kasa-jʔ dʲuʔ bɛse-za kaja
i man- nom . sg .1 sg hundred iron- nom . sg .3 sg stay_behind( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend has one hundred roubles left’.

French rester

Valency pattern: a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
dix dollar-s restent à Paul
ten dollar( m )- pl remain. prs .3 pl to pn ( m )
‘Paul has ten dollars left.’

Georgian da-Ø-rč-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s at-i dolar-i da-Ø-rč-a
pn - dat ten- nom dollar- nom prv :downward- io 3-stay- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre has ten dollars left.’
Note: da-Ø-rč-a features here Ø- IO3 marker, as opposed to da-m-rč-a, da-g-rč-a 'I have… left, you (SG) have… left', cf. with homonymic da-Ø-rč-a that features Ø- S3 marker, as opposed to da-v-rč-i, da-Ø-rč-i 'I remained, you (SG) remainded'.

German übrig haben

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hat zehn Euro übrig
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg ten e uro[ acc ] remaining
‘Peter has 10 euros left.’

Irish fág

Valency pattern: ar_SBJ
X: ar
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
deich euro fág-tha air Pól.
be. prs ten euro remain- part on pn
‘Pól has ten euro left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian rimanere

Valency pattern: a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a Leo sono rimast-i dieci dollar-i
to pn ( m ) aux .3 pl . prs stay. pst . ptcp - pl . m 10 dollar- pl . m
‘Leo has ten dollars left.’

Kalderash Romani aśel

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ka Murš-a aš-il-e les deš řubl-i
at pn - nom . sg remain- pst -3 pl he. cl ten rouble- nom . pl
‘Murša has ten roubles left.’
Note: With a pronominal X argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

Kazakh qal

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-da on dollar qal-dï
pn - loc ten dollar remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya has 10 dollars left.’

Kazym Khanty χǎjǝλti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jaŋ šɔjt-at χǎjλ-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg ten rouble- pl leave- pst
‘Petja has ten roubles left.’
Note: It is not (yet) certain that this translation is semantically accurate.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS
X: CONT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
di-qo ƛiχ-χa q'uni ʁuruš
1 sg . o - cont оставаться- pst . w два рубль( v )
‘У меня осталось два рубля.’

Kina Rutul χamabani wiɁi

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-da χa-ma<b>a-ni w-iɁi jic’ɨ-d manud
pn - apud pv -<3>remain- cvb 3- cop ten-4 rouble( nom )
‘Rasul has 10 roubles left.’

Latin supersum

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
quamvis null-a me-i superest tibi cur-a
although no- nom . sg . f my- dat . sg . m remain. prs . ind . act .3 sg you. dat care( f )- nom . sg
‘Although you have no thought of me anymore.’
Note: (Lygd. 6)

Mandarin Chinese shèngxià

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān hái shèngxià shí-kuài qián
pn still remain ten- clf money
‘Zhangsan has 10 yuan left.’

Mingrelian d-Ø-a-sk'id-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s ku-d-Ø-a-sk'id-(u) xvale vit lar-k.
pn - dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : sup -remain-( s 3 sg . pst ) only ten l ari- erg
‘Chelo has ten Laris left.’

Modern Hebrew niʃar-u

Valency pattern: le_SBJ
X: le
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
niʃar-u le Pinχas asara juro
be.left-3 pl to pn ten[ m ] euro
‘Pinchas has ten euro left.’

Nanai osigo-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pətjə-du ǯoan tiəsə ose-go-xa-ni
pn - dat ten rouble become- rep - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has ten roubles left.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi ārijtas

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
am sotǝr solkowi ārijt-as
i thousand rouble be.left- pst [3 sg ]
‘I only have a thousand roubles left.’
Note: Although X is construed as a possessor of Y, it displays some properties of a clause-level rather than NP-internal constituent (e.g. discontinuous uses are possible).

Northern Yukaghir ponˈа̄=

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sǝmiǝn-ɣа kunilˈ dollаrа-k ponˈа̄-l
pn - loc ten dollar- foc remain- sf .3 sg
‘Semien has ten dollars left.’

Norwegian Bokmål å ha igjen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ha-r Per 10 dollar igjen
now have- prs pn 10 dollar again
‘Per has ten dollars left.’

Polish zostać

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
zosta-ł-o Anni-e dziesięć dolar-ów
remain: pfv - pst - n .3 sg pn - dat . sg ten[ nom ] dollar- gen . pl
‘Anna has ten dollars left.’

Russian ostatʹsja

Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM
X: uGEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
u Pet-i osta-l-o-sʹ desjatʹ dollar-ov
at pn ( m )- gen . sg remain( pfv )- pst - n . sg - refl ten[ nom ] dollar( m )- gen . pl
‘Petja has ten dollars left.’

Serbian ostati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je osta-lo deset dolar-a
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg remain- part . perf . n . sg ten dollar- gen . pl
‘Petar has ten dollars left.’

Shughni redow

Valency pattern: P.LOC_NOM
X: P.LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Azim-ǰā δis som=ga red
pn - p . loc 10 somoni=more remain. pst
‘Azim has ten somoni left.’

Skolt Saami leeʹd teänab

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peâtt-ast lie teänab pâi 10 eurr-âd
pn - sg . loc be. prs .3 pl (any)more only 10 euro- part
‘Pete has only 10 euros left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The Y argument (‘10 euros’) is in the nominative case, the use of the partitive case is determined by the numeral.

Slovak ostať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi ostáva desať eur
pn ( m )- dat . sg remain( ipfv ). prs .3 sg ten[ nom ] euro( n )[ gen . pl ]
‘Peter has ten euros left.’

Slovenian ostati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
An-i je osta-l-o deset dolarj-ev
pn - dat . sg aux .3 sg remain: pfv - lpt - n . sg 10[ nom ] dollar- gen . pl
‘Ana has 10 dollars left.’

Sorani Kurdish manewe

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa êsta 10 yoro=î pê-ma-w-e
pn now 10 euro=3 sg . pc to-remain. pst - ptcp -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa has now 10 euros left.’

Spanish quedar

Valency pattern: NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
X: NDIR.OBJ
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a Pedro le ha-n queda-do diez dólar-es
ndir . obj pn [ sg . m ] he. ndir . obj aux .3- pl remain- ptcp : prf ten dollar[ sg . m ]- pl
‘Pedro has ten dollars left.’

Swedish att ha kvar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn ha-r 10 euro kvar
pn have- prs 10 euro left
‘Björn has ten euro left.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
May sampung-piso na lang si Pedro
exist ten-pesos now only pers . subj pn
‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Alternative that was actually suggested first was a cleft construction: “Sampung-piso na lang ang na-ti~tira kay Pedro.” [Ten-pesos now only SUBJ POTPV-IPFV~leave PERS.DAT PN] ‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’ Here, X is LOC.

Telugu migulu

Valency pattern: OBLdaggara_NOM
X: OBLdaggara
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pravīṇ daggara padi yūro migul' unnāyi
pn ( m ). sg . obl near ten euro( n ). sg . nom remain. cvb . ant be. prs .3 pl . n
‘Praveen has 10 euros left.’

Turkish kalmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mehmed-in şimdi on lira-sı kal-dı
pn - gen now ten lira- p .3 remain- pst
‘Now Mehmet has 10 liras left.’

Ulcha puləǯu-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ama-du um taŋgu gumasaka-kən pulə-ǯu-xə-n
father- dat one hundred rouble- rstr be_redundant- rep - pst -3 sg
‘Father has one hundred roubles left.’

Uzbek qolmoq

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-da on dollar qol-di
pn - loc ten dollar remain- pst .3 sg
‘Petja has ten dollars left.’

West Central Oromo hafa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
obsaa-n birrii-n kuɗan isaa-f haf-e
pn - nom birr- nom ten. nom 3 sg . m - dat remain-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa has ten birr left.’
Note: The first NP is fronted, but this is not obligatory. The subject is not grammatically marked for the plural, hence no PL index on the verb.

Zilo Andi <b>-ekː.u-j

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ali-tʃ’u hots’o-ɡu som b-ekː.u-j
pn - cont ten- card rouble[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-stay. pst - pf
‘Ali has ten roubles left.’