‘remain’
| Argument frame: |
X
(have)
Y
left
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. had 100 euro, but he bought a TV, so now)
P.
has
10 euros
left.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
оставаться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
у
X
-а (оставаться)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(У П. было 100 долларов, но он купил телевизор и теперь) у
П.
осталось
10 долларов
.
|
Abaza
[zə-]ʕa-n-χa
|
Valency pattern:
BEN_ABS
|
| X: BEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| rasúl |
ẑa–dollar-ḳ |
j-zə́-ʕa-n-χa-d |
|
pn
|
ten–dollar-
unit
|
3
pl
.
abs
+3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
ben
-
cisl
-
loc
-become(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul has ten dollars left.’ |
Adyghe
fe-ne-žʼə
|
Valency pattern:
BEN_ABS
|
| X: BEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m |
dollar-jə-pṣ̂ |
qə-fe-ne-žʼə-ʁ |
|
учитель-
obl
|
доллар-
lnk
-десять
|
csl
-
ben
-остаться-
re
-
pst
|
| ‘У учителя осталось десять долларов.’ |
Aghul
fame-
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_ABS
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-w |
ic’u |
manat |
fame-a |
|
pn
-
apud
|
10
|
ruble
|
{
apud
}remain-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan has 10 rubles left.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
payəš
|
Valency pattern:
ces_SBJ
|
| X: ces |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| cəs |
yala |
sura |
pəš-lə |
əmma |
+manət |
zuzə |
|
near
|
boy(
m
)
|
small.
m
|
remain.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
hundred
|
rouble(
m
)
|
money(
pl
)
|
| ‘The boy has one hundred roubles left.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
tó
|
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| fɔ́rɔmɛ |
kélen |
tó-ra |
Sékù |
bólo |
|
5.francs
|
one
|
remain-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
| ‘Seku has 5 francs left.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ficar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
fic-ou |
com |
dez |
dólar-es |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
get-3
sg
.
pst
|
with
|
10
|
dollar(
m
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro has ten dollars left.’ |
Catalan
quedar
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SBJ
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| al |
Pere |
li |
qued-en |
deu |
euro-s |
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dat
.3
sg
|
remain-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
ten
|
euro(
m
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pere has ten euros left.’ |
Czech
zůstat
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-ovi |
zůsta-l-o |
deset |
dolar-ů |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
remain(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
|
ten[
nom
]
|
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Petr has ten dollars left.’ |
Danish
have tilbage
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
ha-r |
ti |
euro |
tilbage |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
ten
|
euro(
c
)
|
left
|
| ‘Peter has 10 euros left.’ |
Dutch
overhebben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
nog |
tien |
dollar |
over |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
still
|
ten
|
dollar(
c
)
|
over
|
| ‘Piet has ten dollars left.’ |
Eastern Maninka
tó
|
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Wáa |
kélen |
nè |
tó-nin |
Sékù |
bólo. |
|
thousand
|
one
|
foc
|
remain-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
| ‘Seku has 1000 francs left.’ |
English
have left
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Peter |
has |
10 |
euros |
left. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination. |
Estonian
alles olema
|
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
| X: ADESS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peetri-l |
on |
kümme |
euro-t |
alles |
|
pn
-
adess
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
ten.
sg
.
nom
|
euro-
sg
.
part
|
left
|
| ‘Peeter has ten euros left.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Finnish
jäädä
|
Valency pattern:
ALL_NOM
|
| X: ALL |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peka-lle |
jä-i |
yksi |
euro |
|
pn
-
all
|
remain-
pst
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
|
euro.
nom
|
| ‘Pekka has 1 euro left.’ |
Forest Enets
kaji
|
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲuʔ |
bɛse-za |
kaja |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
hundred
|
iron-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
stay_behind(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend has one hundred roubles left’. |
French
rester
|
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
| X: a |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| dix |
dollar-s |
restent |
à |
Paul |
|
ten
|
dollar(
m
)-
pl
|
remain.
prs
.3
pl
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul has ten dollars left.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-rč-eb-a (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
at-i |
dolar-i |
da-Ø-rč-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
ten-
nom
|
dollar-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
io
3-stay-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre has ten dollars left.’ |
| Note: da-Ø-rč-a features here Ø- IO3 marker, as opposed to da-m-rč-a, da-g-rč-a 'I have… left, you (SG) have… left', cf. with homonymic da-Ø-rč-a that features Ø- S3 marker, as opposed to da-v-rč-i, da-Ø-rč-i 'I remained, you (SG) remainded'. |
German
übrig haben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
hat |
zehn |
Euro |
übrig |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
ten
|
e
uro[
acc
]
|
remaining
|
| ‘Peter has 10 euros left.’ |
Irish
fág
|
Valency pattern:
ar_SBJ
|
| X: ar |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Tá |
deich |
euro |
fág-tha |
air |
Pól. |
|
be.
prs
|
ten
|
euro
|
remain-
part
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól has ten euro left.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
rimanere
|
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
| X: a |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Leo |
sono |
rimast-i |
dieci |
dollar-i |
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
pl
.
prs
|
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
pl
.
m
|
10
|
dollar-
pl
.
m
|
| ‘Leo has ten dollars left.’ |
Kalderash Romani
aśel
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ka |
Murš-a |
aš-il-e |
les |
deš |
řubl-i |
|
at
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
remain-
pst
-3
pl
|
he.
cl
|
ten
|
rouble-
nom
.
pl
|
| ‘Murša has ten roubles left.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal X argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used. |
Kazakh
qal
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-da |
on |
dollar |
qal-dï |
|
pn
-
loc
|
ten
|
dollar
|
remain-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya has 10 dollars left.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǎjǝλti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
jaŋ |
šɔjt-at |
χǎjλ-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
ten
|
rouble-
pl
|
leave-
pst
|
| ‘Petja has ten roubles left.’ |
| Note: It is not (yet) certain that this translation is semantically accurate. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
CONT_ABS
|
| X: CONT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| di-qo |
ƛiχ-χa |
q'uni |
ʁuruš |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
cont
|
оставаться-
pst
.
w
|
два
|
рубль(
v
)
|
| ‘У меня осталось два рубля.’ |
Kina Rutul
χamabani wiɁi
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-da |
χa-ma<b>a-ni |
w-iɁi |
jic’ɨ-d |
manud |
|
pn
-
apud
|
pv
-<3>remain-
cvb
|
3-
cop
|
ten-4
|
rouble(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul has 10 roubles left.’ |
Latin
supersum
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| quamvis |
null-a |
me-i |
superest |
tibi |
cur-a |
|
although
|
no-
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
my-
dat
.
sg
.
m
|
remain.
prs
.
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
you.
dat
|
care(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Although you have no thought of me anymore.’ |
| Note: (Lygd. 6) |
Mandarin Chinese
shèngxià
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
hái |
shèngxià |
shí-kuài |
qián |
|
pn
|
still
|
remain
|
ten-
clf
|
money
|
| ‘Zhangsan has 10 yuan left.’ |
Mingrelian
d-Ø-a-sk'id-un-Ø (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
ku-d-Ø-a-sk'id-(u) |
xvale |
vit |
lar-k. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
-
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-remain-(
s
3
sg
.
pst
)
|
only
|
ten
|
l
ari-
erg
|
| ‘Chelo has ten Laris left.’ |
Modern Hebrew
niʃar-u
|
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
| X: le |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| niʃar-u |
le |
Pinχas |
asara |
juro |
|
be.left-3
pl
|
to
|
pn
|
ten[
m
]
|
euro
|
| ‘Pinchas has ten euro left.’ |
Nanai
osigo-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Pətjə-du |
ǯoan |
tiəsə |
ose-go-xa-ni |
|
pn
-
dat
|
ten
|
rouble
|
become-
rep
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia has ten roubles left.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
ārijtas
|
Valency pattern:
POSS_NOM
|
| X: POSS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| am |
sotǝr |
solkowi |
ārijt-as |
|
i
|
thousand
|
rouble
|
be.left-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘I only have a thousand roubles left.’ |
| Note: Although X is construed as a possessor of Y, it displays some properties of a clause-level rather than NP-internal constituent (e.g. discontinuous uses are possible). |
Northern Yukaghir
ponˈа̄=
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Sǝmiǝn-ɣа |
kunilˈ |
dollаrа-k |
ponˈа̄-l |
|
pn
-
loc
|
ten
|
dollar-
foc
|
remain-
sf
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien has ten dollars left.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ha igjen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| nå |
ha-r |
Per |
10 |
dollar |
igjen |
|
now
|
have-
prs
|
pn
|
10
|
dollar
|
again
|
| ‘Per has ten dollars left.’ |
Polish
zostać
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| zosta-ł-o |
Anni-e |
dziesięć |
dolar-ów |
|
remain:
pfv
-
pst
-
n
.3
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
ten[
nom
]
|
dollar-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Anna has ten dollars left.’ |
Russian
ostatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
|
| X: uGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| u |
Pet-i |
osta-l-o-sʹ |
desjatʹ |
dollar-ov |
|
at
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
remain(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
-
refl
|
ten[
nom
]
|
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Petja has ten dollars left.’ |
Serbian
ostati
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-u |
je |
osta-lo |
deset |
dolar-a |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
remain-
part
.
perf
.
n
.
sg
|
ten
|
dollar-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Petar has ten dollars left.’ |
Shughni
redow
|
Valency pattern:
P.LOC_NOM
|
| X: P.LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Azim-ǰā |
δis |
som=ga |
red |
|
pn
-
p
.
loc
|
10
|
somoni=more
|
remain.
pst
|
| ‘Azim has ten somoni left.’ |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd teänab
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peâtt-ast |
lie |
teänab |
pâi |
10 |
eurr-âd |
|
pn
-
sg
.
loc
|
be.
prs
.3
pl
|
(any)more
|
only
|
10
|
euro-
part
|
| ‘Pete has only 10 euros left.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The Y argument (‘10 euros’) is in the nominative case, the use of the partitive case is determined by the numeral. |
Slovak
ostať
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-ovi |
ostáva |
desať |
eur |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
remain(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
ten[
nom
]
|
euro(
n
)[
gen
.
pl
]
|
| ‘Peter has ten euros left.’ |
Slovenian
ostati
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| An-i |
je |
osta-l-o |
deset |
dolarj-ev |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
remain:
pfv
-
lpt
-
n
.
sg
|
10[
nom
]
|
dollar-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Ana has 10 dollars left.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
manewe
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Hîwa |
êsta |
10 |
yoro=î |
pê-ma-w-e |
|
pn
|
now
|
10
|
euro=3
sg
.
pc
|
to-remain.
pst
-
ptcp
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa has now 10 euros left.’ |
Spanish
quedar
|
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
| X: NDIR.OBJ |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Pedro |
le |
ha-n |
queda-do |
diez |
dólar-es |
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
aux
.3-
pl
|
remain-
ptcp
:
prf
|
ten
|
dollar[
sg
.
m
]-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro has ten dollars left.’ |
Swedish
att ha kvar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
ha-r |
10 |
euro |
kvar |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
10
|
euro
|
left
|
| ‘Björn has ten euro left.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_BARE
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: Y |
| May |
sampung-piso |
na |
lang |
si |
Pedro |
|
exist
|
ten-pesos
|
now
|
only
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. Alternative that was actually suggested first was a cleft construction: “Sampung-piso na lang ang na-ti~tira kay Pedro.” [Ten-pesos now only SUBJ POTPV-IPFV~leave PERS.DAT PN] ‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’ Here, X is LOC. |
Telugu
migulu
|
Valency pattern:
OBLdaggara_NOM
|
| X: OBLdaggara |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pravīṇ |
daggara |
padi |
yūro |
migul' |
unnāyi |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
near
|
ten
|
euro(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
remain.
cvb
.
ant
|
be.
prs
.3
pl
.
n
|
| ‘Praveen has 10 euros left.’ |
Turkish
kalmak
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Mehmed-in |
şimdi |
on |
lira-sı |
kal-dı |
|
pn
-
gen
|
now
|
ten
|
lira-
p
.3
|
remain-
pst
|
| ‘Now Mehmet has 10 liras left.’ |
Ulcha
puləǯu-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ama-du |
um |
taŋgu |
gumasaka-kən |
pulə-ǯu-xə-n |
|
father-
dat
|
one
|
hundred
|
rouble-
rstr
|
be_redundant-
rep
-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father has one hundred roubles left.’ |
Uzbek
qolmoq
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-da |
on |
dollar |
qol-di |
|
pn
-
loc
|
ten
|
dollar
|
remain-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja has ten dollars left.’ |
West Central Oromo
hafa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| obsaa-n |
birrii-n |
kuɗan |
isaa-f |
haf-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
birr-
nom
|
ten.
nom
|
3
sg
.
m
-
dat
|
remain-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa has ten birr left.’ |
| Note: The first NP is fronted, but this is not obligatory. The subject is not grammatically marked for the plural, hence no PL index on the verb. |
Zilo Andi
<b>-ekː.u-j
|
Valency pattern:
CONT_NOM
|
| X: CONT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-tʃ’u |
hots’o-ɡu |
som |
b-ekː.u-j |
|
pn
-
cont
|
ten-
card
|
rouble[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
inan
1-stay.
pst
-
pf
|
| ‘Ali has ten roubles left.’ |
