BivalTyp

‘think’

Argument frame: X (think) about Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. has a thoughtful look.) P. is thinking about M .
Predicate label Ru: думать
Argument frame Ru: X (думать) об Y -е (об отце)
Stimulus sentence Ru: (У П. задумчивый вид). П. думает о М .

Abaza [z-]qʷəc

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN
X: ABS
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
murad fatima d-lə-z-qʷə́c-əj-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io - ben -think- prs - dcl
‘Murad is thinking about Fatima.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-gʷəpšəse

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-r pŝaŝe-m je-gʷəpšəse
guy- abs girl- obl 3 sg . io + dat -think
‘The guy is thinking about the girl.’

Aghul fikir q’.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-k-as fikir q’.a-a
pn ( erg ) pn - sub / cont - elat thought do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is thinking about Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) uʁilode bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
patħudi musa-ƛƛi čundala uʁi-lo-de gudi
pn pn - gen always thought- pl . obl - erg m . cop
‘Pathudi is always thinking about Musa’ (lit. ‘Pathudi is always in thoughts of Musa’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Andi (Zilo) urʁ.u-mallo

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ali urʁ.u-mallo umarħadʒi-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ] think. pst - prog pn - super . lat
‘Ali is thinking about Umargaji.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) fkr

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Abrahām qa-yfakkǝr ˁala-Maryam.
pn prs -think. ipf .3 ms on- pn
‘Abraham is thinking about Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) šardān

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Aḥmad šardān b Salwa
pn think. ptcp . m . sg in pn
‘Ahmad is thinking about Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) f.k.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
Shadi ʿam bifakker bi-Reem
pn prog think. prs .3 m . sg in- pn
‘Shadi is thinking about Reem.’

Arabic (standard) fakkara

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-un yufakkiru bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom think. ipf .3 m by= pn - gen
‘Badr is thinking about Maryam.’

Archi -arhas

Valency pattern: NOM_DATxir
X: NOM
Y: DATxir
Locus: Y
paša w-arhar-ši w-i moħommad-li-s χir
pn 1-think- ipfv - advz 1-be pn - obl - dat after
‘Pasha is thinking about Muhammad.’
Note: The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. The combination of the dative case and “χir” is analyzed as an argument-encoding device.

Armenian (Eastern) mtacel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə mtacum+ē Mher-i masin
pn [ nom ]- def think: prs :3 sg pn - dat about
‘Petros is thinking about Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic taxmən

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar
X: SBJ
Y: bar
Locus: Y
naša taxmun=əl +bar baxt-u
person( m ) think. prog =3 m after woman( f )- p .3 m
‘The man is thinking about his wife.’

Avar pikrabazda buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali marjam-il pikrabaz-da w-ugo
pn pn - gen idea. pl . obl - loc m - cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Azerbaijani düşünmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan Leyla-nı düşün-ür
pn pn - acc think- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’

Bafut wáʔátə̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à wáʔátə̂-nɨ̀ sùù
pn sm think- ipfv pn
‘Ambe is thinking about Suh.’

Bambara míiri

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bɛ míiri Fántà lá
pn ipfv think pn in
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_darborayi
X: NOM
Y: darborayi
Locus: Y
Ahmed darborayi Abdullo fikri kix̌-t
pn about pn thought do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is thinking about Abdullo.’

Belarusian dumać

Valency pattern: NOM_praACC
X: NOM
Y: praACC
Locus: Y
Alieś duma-je pra Alien-u
pn [ nom . sg ] think( ipfv )- prs .3 sg about pn - acc . sg
‘Ales is thinking about Alena.’

Budugh fikir süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_LOCgure
X: ERG
Y: LOCgure
Locus: Y
aslan-ır leyla' gürece fikir süʔü-ra'vi
pn - erg pn ( loc ) considering thought( a ) a .do. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Arguably, "güre-ce" is a free variant of "güre".

Bulgarian mislya

Valency pattern: SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Petăr misli za Mihail
pn think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg for pn
‘Petar is thinking about Mihail.’

Catalan pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
en Pere està pens-ant en la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind think- ger in def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere is thinking about Marc.’

Chechen dagalaetta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-ana Madina dagalaetta
pn - dat pn . abs think. prs
‘Islam is thinking about Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) xiǎng

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zhèngzài xiǎng Lǐsì
pn prog think pn
‘Zhangsan is thinking about Lisi.’

Chirag pikri b-uč’i

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
babaj gal-la pikri r-uk’-le
mother( abs ) boy- gen thought f . sg -say: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘The mother is thinking about her son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Croatian misliti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Per-o misli na Marij-u
pn - nom . sg think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn - acc . sg
‘Pero is thinking about Marija.’

Czech přemýšlet

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Petr přemýšlí o Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr is thinking about Michal.’

Danish tænke

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Peter tænke-r på Marie
pn think- prs on pn
‘Peter is thinking about Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) pikri-B-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
Islam Madina-li-jčilla pikri-ik'ʷ-il=ca-w
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - cont thought-( m ) lv . ipfv - cvb = cop - m
‘Islam is thinking about Madina.’

Dargwa (Kadar) han-CL-ik-es / han-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡaˤšura han-r-irk-ur
pn - obl - dat pn remember- f -fall. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is thinking about Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) pikri ik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcevtar
X: NOM
Y: GENcevtar
Locus: Y
Petja pikri ik’-ul=ca Miša-la č:evt:ar
pn thought say- prog . cvb = cop (3) pn - gen about
‘Petja is thinking about Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal pikre uk'-ul=saw aba-ži-l
boy thought ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3) mother- super - abl
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) pikri b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcela
X: NOM
Y: GENcela
Locus: Y
uršːi neš-la če-la pikri ik'-ule=saj
boy mother- gen on- abl 1 thought ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) pikri b-ik'ʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL.DOWN
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ABL.DOWN
Locus: Y
durħaˤ rursːi-ge-rka pikri w-ik'-ule=caj
boy girl- super - abl . down thought m -say- cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is thinking about the girl.’

Dutch denken

Valency pattern: SBJ_aan
X: SBJ
Y: aan
Locus: Y
Piet denk-t aan Marie
pn (С) think-3 sg on pn (С)
‘Piet is thinking about Marie.’

Enets (Forest) biis

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ kasa nʲe-da biiʔɛ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg man child- obl . sg .3 sg remember( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is thinking about his son’.

English think

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter is thinking about Mary.

Estonian mõtlema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter mõtle-b Mareti-st
pn . sg . nom think- prs .3 sg pn - ela
‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’

Finnish ajatella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka ajattel-ee Matti-a
pn . nom think- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka is thinking about Matti’

French penser

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Paul pense à Marie
pn ( m ) think. prs .3 sg to pn ( f )
‘Paul is thinking about Marie.’

Gascon pensa

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pau pensa a Maria
pn think. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pau is thinking about Maria.’

Gban gbí ta̋kȁ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye
X: SBJ
Y: ye
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ∅ gbí tá-kȁ Mɔ̰̈bì yɛ̋
pn 3 sg breast ipfv \walk‑ caus pn with
‘Zan is thinking about Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-pikr-ob-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø mašo-ze Ø-pikr-ob-s
pn - nom pn - pstp : superess / superlat s 3-think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre is thinking about Masho.’

German denken

Valency pattern: NOM_anACC
X: NOM
Y: anACC
Locus: Y
Karl denk-t an Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] think- prs .3 sg at pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is thinking about Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) hoʃev

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
Pinχas hoʃev al Menaχem
pn think[ ptcp . sg . m ] on pn
‘Pinchas is thinking about Menachem.’

Hindi socnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLke.bare.me
X: ERG
Y: OBLke.bare.me
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mīnakṣī ke bāre meṁ soc rah-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( f ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl about in think dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is thinking about Meenakshi.’

Indonesian (standard) ber-pikir

Valency pattern: SBJ_tentang
X: SBJ
Y: tentang
Locus: Y
Ahmad ber-pikir tentang Siti
pn ber -think about pn
‘Ahmad is thinking about Siti.’

Irish cuimhnigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Tá Pól aig cuimhneamh air Mháire.
be. prs pn at think. nmlz on pn
‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian pensare

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo pens-a a Maria
pn ( m ) think-3 sg . prs to pn ( f )
‘Leo thinks about Maria.’

Karata urʁel-ja bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali marjam-i-b urʁel-ja idja
pn pn - obl - n thought- dat cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kazakh oyla

Valency pattern: NOM_turaly
X: NOM
Y: turaly
Locus: Y
Petya Maša tuwralï oyla-ydï
pn pn about think- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is thinking about Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) nǫmǝsti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMolenen
X: NOM
Y: NOMolenen
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en ɔλǝŋǝn nǫmǝs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg about think- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǂâi

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s xa ra ǂâi
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg by ipfv think
‘Peter is thinking about Maria.’

Khwarshi urʁida

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
šamil urʁida-ha ʁina-ƛ'o
pn think- prs wife- super
‘Shamil is thinking about his wife.’

Komi-Permyak думайтны

Valency pattern: NOM_ponda
X: NOM
Y: ponda
Locus: Y
Петя думайт-ӧ Маша понда
pn думать- prs .3 pn о
‘Петя думает о Маше.’

Komi-Zyrian me̮vpavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a me̮vpal-e̮ Maša ji̮l-i̮ś
pn think- prs .3 pn top- ela
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) kíli ɲɛ́ hǐe

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe káa gìli ɲɛ́ hìé-ì Hɛ́ni ɓâ
pn cop 3 sg \mind on walk- inf pn on1
‘Pepee is thinking about Heni.’

Kryz (Alik) fikirreşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_baraca
X: NOM
Y: baraca
Locus: Y
terlan leyla baraca fikirreşmiş şe-re
pn pn for think be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is thinking about Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (Ismayilli) fikirlaşmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_INESShaqqina
X: NOM
Y: INESShaqqina
Locus: Y
aslan leyla haq'q'ina fikirlaşmiş şe-re
pn pn ( iness ) about thinking be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (proper) düşünmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqhina
X: NOM
Y: GENhaqhina
Locus: Y
aslan leyla haqhina düşünmiş şa-ri
pn pn ( gen ) about think be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk ojlamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqinda
X: NOM
Y: GENhaqinda
Locus: Y
patimat musa-nɨ haqɨnda oj-la-j
pn pn - gen about thought- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is thinking about Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) bîr kirdinewe

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_le
X: SBJ.TR
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa bîr le Zanko-î de-ka-t-ewe
pn think from pn - obl ind -do. prs -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa is thinking about Zanko.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) fikirîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_li.serOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: li.serOBL
Locus: Y
zilam li ser jinik-ê di-fikir-e
man at on woman- obl . f prs -think. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man thinks about the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad Aˁšura-j-a pikr-irda-j ur
pn pn - sup - el thought- obl - sup 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is thinking about Ashura.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin meditor

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
nec iam furtiv-um Dido medita-tur amor-em
and_not now secret- acc . sg . m pn ( f ). nom . sg think[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg love( m )- acc . sg
‘And Dido does not think about the secrecy of her love.’
Note: (Verg. Aen. IV, 171)

Laz o-dušun-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Mehmet'-i Ø-i-dušun-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3- ver : s -think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim thinks about Mehmet'.’
Note: The verb is a borrowing from Turkish.

Lezgian (Yargun) fikirin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL
X: ERG
Y: SUB/POSTEL
Locus: Y
Sahib-a Samire-d-kaa fikir-zva
pn - erg pn - obl - sub / postel think- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is thinking about Samira.’

Macedonian misli

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Petar misli na Maja
pn think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar is thinking about Maja.’

Maltese ħaseb

Valency pattern: SBJ_fuq
X: SBJ
Y: fuq
Locus: Y
Ġwanni qed jaħseb fuq Mark
pn prog think. ipf . m .3 sg on pn
‘Ġwanni is thinking about Mark.’

Maninka (Eastern) míri

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù kà à míri Fántà mà.
pn aor . tr 3 sg think pn adr
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’

Mano yɛ́lɛ́ táá

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo
X: SBJ
Y: mo
Locus: Y
Pèé lɛ̄ ē yɛ́lɛ́ táá-pɛ̀lɛ̀ ī mɔ̀
pn 3 sg . exi 3 sg . refl spirit walk- inf 2 sg on
‘Pe is thinking about you.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). Labile verb used transitively. The object’s possessor is necessarily coreferential with the subject.

Mansi (Northern) nomsaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
āɣi noms-axt-i ɕān’-ēl
girl think- refl - npst .3 sg mother- poss .3 sg . el
‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’

Mehweb pikriliče- le-

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pajzula le-w Madinat-la pikri-li-če-w
pn be- m pn - gen thought- obl - super - m
‘Pajzula is thinking about Madinat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Mingrelian Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-še(n) Ø-pirk-en-s
pn - nom pn - abl s 3-think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’

Nanai murči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa murči-ni
pn pn - obl think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’

Nivkh kʰəmləd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ kʰəmlə-d
pn pn - dat / add think- ind
‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å tenke

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Per tenke-r på Kari
pn think- prs on pn
‘Per is thinking about Kari.’

Oromo (West Central) jaada

Valency pattern: NOM_waa7eeGEN
X: NOM
Y: waa7eeGEN
Locus: Y
obsaa-n waaʔee boontuu jaad-aa dʒir-a
pn - nom about pn . gen think- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is thinking about Bontu.’

Persian fekr kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM
X: NOM
Y: beNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad be mariam fekr mī-kon-ad
pn to pn thought cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is thinking about Mariam.’

Polish myśleć

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Tadeusz myśli o Hanc-e
pn [ nom . sg ] think: ipfv . prs .3 sg about pn - loc . sg
‘Tadeusz is thinking about Hanka.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro pens-a em Miguel
pn ( m ) think-3 sg . prs in pn ( m )
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) gyndilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_pa
X: NOM
Y: pa
Locus: Y
gynd-iv-ma pa la-te
think- prs .1 sg - refl with she- loc
‘I am thinking about her.’

Romanian a se gândi

Valency pattern: NOM_la
X: NOM
Y: la
Locus: Y
Petru se gândește la Maria
pn refl think. prs .3 sg at pn
‘Petru is thinking about Maria.’

Russian dumatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Pet-ja duma-et o Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg think( ipfv )- prs .3 sg about pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) fikir waɁara

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER.EL
X: ERG
Y: INTER.EL
Locus: Y
rasul-a samira-k-la fikir w-aɁa-r=a
pn - erg pn - inter - el thought 3-do. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is thinking about Samira.’

Rutul (Mukhad) fikir vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
murad-a majram-ı-klaa fikir vaʔa-ra a
pn - erg pn - obl - contel thought( a ) a .do. ipf - simul be_in
‘Murad is thinking about Majram.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
duxvar-a xatun-ı-kla fikır vaʔa-ra
son. obl - erg pn - obl - contel thought( a ) a .do. ipf - cv
‘The son is thinking about Rasul.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) fikir havʔın

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-a natig-di fikir vaʔa-r
pn - erg pn - attr thought( a ) a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is thinking about Natig.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Rutul (Shinaz) fikɨr havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
basir fikɨr vaʔa-r a peri-kla
pn ( erg ) thought( a ) a .do. ipf - simul exist pn - contel
‘Basir is thinking about Peri.’

Saami (Skolt) juurdčed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt juurdač Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom think. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is thinking about Maria’

Sagada urʁize boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pari urʁize j-oq-ii abuli-ƚ
pn ( ii ) think ii -become- pst . w pn - cont
‘Pari thinks about Abuli.’

Serbian misliti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar misli na Marij-u
pn . nom . sg think. prs .3 sg on pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’

Shughni fikri čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim Lola fikri kix̌-t
pn pn thought do-3 sg
‘Azim is thinking about Lola.’

Slovak rozmýšľať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter rozmýšľa o Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’

Slovenian razmišljati

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter razmišlja o An-i
pn [ nom . sg ] think: ipfv . prs .3 sg about pn - loc . sg
‘Peter is thinking about Ana.’

Spanish pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
Pedro está pensa-ndo en María
pn [ sg . m ] be_ prog . prs .3 sg think- ger : prog in pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is thinking about Maria.’

Svan a-Ø-sk'oːr-e (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-ži a-Ø-sk'oːr-e
pn - nom pn - superess / superlat prv : dist - do 3-think- prs
‘Maizer is thinking about Lile.’

Swedish att tänka

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn tänk-er på Maja
pn think- prs on pn
‘Björn is thinking about Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi fatima.ji-k-an fikr-ar ap’-ura
pn - erg pn - cont - elat thought- pl ( abs ) do- prs
‘Mahamad is thinking about Fatima.’

Tagalog isipin

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
<in>i~isip ni Pedro si Miguel
< ipfv > ipfv ~think[ lv ] pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’
Note: It seems to be impossible to find examples with the GEN ("ng") encoding of Y in the Actor Voice. Hence, this is classified as LV and ACT_LOC.

Telugu ālōciṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ madhuri guriṁci ālōcistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl about think. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’

Tsakhur fıkırrašmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRhakee
X: NOM
Y: ATTRhakee
Locus: Y
murad nigar-ni haˁk’ee vo-r fıkırrašmıš-eхhi
pn pn - attr . obl about cop - h think- aux . ipf
‘Murad is thinking about Nigar.’

Tswana akanya

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
ke-akany-a ka wena
s i :1 sg -think- fv ins 2 sg
‘I am thinking about you.’

Turkish düşünmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i düşün-üyor
pn pn - acc think- prs
‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’

Turoyo mətfakər

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-mətfakər b Yuḥanən
pn prs -think. ipfv .3 m in pn
‘Gabriyel thinks about Yuḥanən.’

Twi dwene

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho
X: SBJ
Y: ho
Locus: Y
Kofi re-dwene nana ho
pn prog -think grandfather inner_self
‘Kofi is thinking about grandfather.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udi fikirbes

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Asya-n Roman-axun fikir=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - abl think=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Asya is thinking about Roman.’

Udmurt malpani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsaris
X: NOM
Y: NOMsaris
Locus: Y
Pet'a Maša śari̮ś malpa
pn . nom pn . nom about think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

Ukrainian dumaty

Valency pattern: NOM_proACC
X: NOM
Y: proACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o dumaj-e pro Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg think( ipfv )- prs .3 sg about pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro is thinking about Mariya.’

Ulcha muruči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əj xusə piktə sup muruč-i-n əj əktə piktə-wə
this male child constantly think- prs -3 sg this female child- acc
‘This boy is constantly thinking about this girl.’

Uzbek o’ylamoq

Valency pattern: NOM_haqida
X: NOM
Y: haqida
Locus: Y
Petya Miša haqida o’yla-b tur-ib-ti
pn pn about think- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is thinking about Miša.’

Wolof xalaat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama-y xalaat sama yaay
f oc v .s i :1 sg - incpl think poss :1 sg mother( j )
‘I am thinking about my mother.’

Yukaghir (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn čundǝ-dǝ-ɣа Əkulˈǝ lˈǝ-j
pn thought- poss .3- loc pn be- intr .3 sg
‘Semien is thinking about Akulina.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: sero.PSTP
Locus: Y
a lad͡z-e xo=sɛro pos-ɛn-a
3 sg . f . abs son- ez . m refl =onto ponder. prs - aug -3 sg . f
‘She is pondering about her son.’