‘think’
Argument frame: |
X
(think) about
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. has a thoughtful look.)
P.
is thinking about
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
думать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(думать) об
Y
-е (об отце)
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(У П. задумчивый вид).
П.
думает о
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]qʷəc
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
murad |
fatima |
d-lə-z-qʷə́c-əj-ṭ |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
ben
-think-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Murad is thinking about Fatima.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
je-gʷəpšəse
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
č̣ʼale-r |
pŝaŝe-m |
je-gʷəpšəse |
guy-
abs
|
girl-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-think
|
‘The guy is thinking about the girl.’ |
Aghul
fikir q’.a-
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
fikir |
q’.a-a |
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
thought
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan is thinking about Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
fikirreşmiş xhiyic
Valency pattern:
NOM_baraca
|
X: NOM |
Y: baraca |
Locus: Y |
terlan |
leyla |
baraca |
fikirreşmiş |
şe-re |
pn
|
pn
|
for
|
think
|
be.
ipfv
-
prs
.
m
|
‘Terlan is thinking about Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Archi
-arhas
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATxir
|
X: NOM |
Y: DATxir |
Locus: Y |
paša |
w-arhar-ši |
w-i |
moħommad-li-s |
χir |
pn
|
1-think-
ipfv
-
advz
|
1-be
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
after
|
‘Pasha is thinking about Muhammad.’ |
Note: The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. The combination of the dative case and “χir” is analyzed as an argument-encoding device. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
taxmən
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: bar |
Locus: Y |
naša |
taxmun=əl |
+bar |
baxt-u |
person(
m
)
|
think.
prog
=3
m
|
after
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘The man is thinking about his wife.’ |
Avar
pikrabazda buk’ine
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ʕali |
marjam-il |
pikrabaz-da |
w-ugo |
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
idea.
pl
.
obl
-
loc
|
m
-
cop
|
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Azerbaijani
düşünmək
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Aslan |
Leyla-nı |
düşün-ür |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
think-
ipfv
(3)
|
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’ |
Bafut
wáʔátə̂
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
wáʔátə̂-nɨ̀ |
sùù |
pn
|
sm
|
think-
ipfv
|
pn
|
‘Ambe is thinking about Suh.’ |
Bambara
míiri
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
bɛ |
míiri |
Fántà |
lá |
pn
|
ipfv
|
think
|
pn
|
in
|
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
pensar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
X: SBJ |
Y: em |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
pens-a |
em |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
think-3
sg
.
prs
|
in
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’ |
Budugh
fikir süʔü
Valency pattern:
ERG_gurece
|
X: ERG |
Y: gurece |
Locus: Y |
aslan-ır |
leyla' |
güre-ce |
fikir |
süʔü-ra'vi |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
|
considering-
loc
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
prog
|
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’ |
Catalan
pensar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
està |
pens-ant |
en |
la |
Maria |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
think-
ger
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pere is thinking about Marc.’ |
Chirag
pikri b-uč’i
Valency pattern:
ABS_GEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
babaj |
gal-la |
pikri |
r-uk’-le |
mother(
abs
)
|
boy-
gen
|
thought
|
f
.
sg
-say:
ipf
-
dur
.
prs
.3
|
‘The mother is thinking about her son.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Czech
přemýšlet
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
přemýšlí |
o |
Michal-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Petr is thinking about Michal.’ |
Danish
tænke
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
tænke-r |
på |
Marie |
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Peter is thinking about Marie.’ |
Dutch
denken
Valency pattern:
SBJ_aan
|
X: SBJ |
Y: aan |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
denk-t |
aan |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
think-3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet is thinking about Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
míri
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ma |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
kà |
à |
míri |
Fántà |
mà. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
3
sg
|
think
|
pn
|
adr
|
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’ |
English
think
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
X: SBJ |
Y: about |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
is |
thinking |
about |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
mõtlema
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
X: NOM |
Y: ELA |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
mõtle-b |
Mareti-st |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
ela
|
‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’ |
Finnish
ajatella
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
ajattel-ee |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka is thinking about Matti’ |
Forest Enets
biis
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
kasa |
nʲe-da |
biiʔɛ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
man
|
child-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
remember(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend is thinking about his son’. |
French
penser
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
pense |
à |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul is thinking about Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-pikr-ob-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SUPERESS
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT.SUPERESS |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-ze |
Ø-pikr-ob-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
pstp
:
superess
|
s
3-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre is thinking about Masho.’ |
German
denken
Valency pattern:
NOM_anACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: anACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
denk-t |
an |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
at
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is thinking about Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
kíli ɲɛ́ hǐe
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
|
X: SBJ |
Y: bha |
Locus: Y |
Pépèe |
káa |
gìli |
ɲɛ́ |
hìé-ì |
Hɛ́ni |
ɓâ |
pn
|
cop
|
3
sg
\mind
|
on
|
walk-
inf
|
pn
|
on1
|
‘Pepee is thinking about Heni.’ |
Icari Dargwa
pikri-ik'ʷ-araj
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPLAT.CONT
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPLAT.CONT |
Locus: Y |
Islam |
Madina-lij-čilla |
pikri-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w |
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
suplat
-
cont
|
thought-(
m
)
lv
:
ipf
-
conv
-
cop
=
m
|
‘Islam is thinking about Madina.’ |
Irish
cuimhnigh
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ar |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
Pól |
aig |
cuimhneamh |
air |
Mháire. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
think.
nmlz
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’ |
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
pensare
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
pens-a |
a |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
think-3
sg
.
prs
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo thinks about Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
han-CL-ik-es / han-CL-irk-es
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
meħamad-i-s |
ʡaˤšura |
han-r-irk-ur |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
remember-
f
-fall.
ipfv
-
th
|
‘Muhammad is thinking about Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
gyndilpe
Valency pattern:
NOM_pa
|
X: NOM |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
gynd-iv-ma |
pa |
la-te |
think-
prs
.1
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
she-
loc
|
‘I am thinking about her.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT.ELAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONT.ELAT |
Locus: Y |
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi |
fatima.ji-k-an |
fikr-ar |
ap’-ura |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
cont
-
elat
|
thought-
pl
(
abs
)
|
do-
prs
|
‘Mahamad is thinking about Fatima.’ |
Karata
urʁel-ja bik’waɬa
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ʕali |
marjam-i-b |
urʁel-ja |
idja |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
n
|
thought-
dat
|
cop
|
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Kaytag Dargwa
pikri ik’vara
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENcevtar
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENcevtar |
Locus: Y |
petja |
pikri |
ik’-ulca |
miša-la |
č:evt:ar |
pn
|
thought
|
say-
prs
|
pn
-
gen
|
about
|
‘Petja is thinking about Misha.’ |
Kazakh
oyla
Valency pattern:
NOM_turaly
|
X: NOM |
Y: turaly |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša |
tuwralï |
oyla-ydï |
pn
|
pn
|
about
|
think-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya is thinking about Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
nǫmǝsti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMolenen
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMolenen |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
ɔλǝŋǝn |
nǫmǝs-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
about
|
think-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǂâi
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: xa |
Locus: Y |
Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s |
xa |
ra |
ǂâi |
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
by
|
ipfv
|
think
|
‘Peter is thinking about Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
urʁida
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
šamil |
urʁida-ha |
ʁina-ƛ'o |
pn
|
think-
prs
|
wife-
super
|
‘Shamil is thinking about his wife.’ |
Kina Rutul
fikir waɁara
Valency pattern:
ERG_INTER.EL
|
X: ERG |
Y: INTER.EL |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
samira-k-la |
fikir |
w-aɁa-r=a |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
inter
-
el
|
thought
|
3-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul is thinking about Samira.’ |
Kumyk
ojlamaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENhaqinda
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENhaqinda |
Locus: Y |
patimat |
musa-nɨ |
haqɨnda |
oj-la-j |
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
about
|
thought-
vblz
-3
sg
|
‘Patimat is thinking about Musa.’ |
Latin
meditor
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
nec |
iam |
furtiv-um |
Dido |
medita-tur |
amor-em |
and_not
|
now
|
secret-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
f
).
nom
.
sg
|
think[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
love(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘And Dido does not think about the secrecy of her love.’ |
Note: (Verg. Aen. IV, 171) |
Laz
o-dušun-u
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
Käzim-i-k |
Mehmet'-i |
Ø-i-dušun-am-s |
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
do
3-
ver
:
s
-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Käzim thinks about Mehmet'.’ |
Note: The verb is a borrowing from Turkish. |
Mandarin Chinese
xiǎng
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
xiǎng |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
prog
|
think
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan is thinking about Lisi.’ |
Mano
yɛ́lɛ́ táá
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mo
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mo |
Locus: Y |
Pèé |
lɛ̄ |
ē |
yɛ́lɛ́ |
táá-pɛ̀lɛ̀ |
ī |
mɔ̀ |
pn
|
3
sg
.
exi
|
3
sg
.
refl
|
spirit
|
walk-
inf
|
2
sg
|
on
|
‘Pe is thinking about you.’ |
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). Labile verb used transitively. The object’s possessor is necessarily coreferential with the subject. |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Pajzula |
le-w |
Madinat-la |
pikri-li-če-w |
pn
|
be-
m
|
pn
-
gen
|
thought-
obl
-
super
-
m
|
‘Islam is thinking about Madinat.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Mingrelian
Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-še(n) |
Ø-pirk-en-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
abl
|
s
3-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hoʃev
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
hoʃev |
al |
Menaχem |
pn
|
think[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas is thinking about Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
fikir vıʔın
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONTEL
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONTEL |
Locus: Y |
murad-a |
majram-ı-klaa |
fikir |
vaʔa-ra |
a |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
contel
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in
|
‘Murad is thinking about Majram.’ |
Nanai
murči-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
murči-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
think.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’ |
Nivkh
kʰəmləd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DAT/ADD |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana-rоχ |
kʰəmlə-d |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
add
|
think-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
uʁilode bik’uruƛa
Valency pattern:
NOM_POSS
|
X: NOM |
Y: POSS |
Locus: Y |
patħudi |
musa-ƛƛi |
čundala |
uʁi-lo-de |
gudi |
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
always
|
thought-
pl
.
obl
-
erg
|
m
.
cop
|
‘Pathudi is always thinking about Musa’ (lit. ‘Pathudi is always in thoughts of Musa’). |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Northern Mansi
nomsaxti
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
āɣi |
noms-axt-i |
ɕān’-ēl |
girl
|
think-
refl
-
npst
.3
sg
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
.
el
|
‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn |
čundǝ-dǝ-ɣа |
Əkulˈǝ |
lˈǝ-j |
pn
|
thought-
poss
.3-
loc
|
pn
|
be-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien is thinking about Akulina.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å tenke
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Per |
tenke-r |
på |
Kari |
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Per is thinking about Kari.’ |
Polish
myśleć
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Tadeusz |
myśli |
o |
Hanc-e |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Tadeusz is thinking about Hanka.’ |
Russian
dumatʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
duma-et |
o |
Maš-e |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
think(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’ |
Serbian
misliti
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
misli |
na |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
fikɨr havʔɨ-n
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONTEL
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONTEL |
Locus: Y |
basir |
fikɨr |
vaʔa-r |
a |
peri-kla |
pn
(
erg
)
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
exist
|
pn
-
contel
|
‘Basir is thinking about Peri.’ |
Shughni
fikri čīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim |
Lola |
fikri |
kix̌-t |
pn
|
pn
|
thought
|
do-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed is thinking about Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
juurdčed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
juurdač |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete is thinking about Maria’ |
Slovak
rozmýšľať
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
rozmýšľa |
o |
Mark-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’ |
Slovenian
razmišljati
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
razmišlja |
o |
An-i |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Peter is thinking about Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bir kirdinewe
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_le
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
bîr |
le |
Zanko-î |
de-ka-t-ewe |
pn
|
think
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
|
‘Hiwa is thinking about Zanko.’ |
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Southern Rutul
fikir havʔın
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
murad-a |
natig-di |
fikir |
vaʔa-r |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
attr
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Murad is thinking about Natig.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
pensar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
está |
pensa-ndo |
en |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
be_
prog
.
prs
.3
sg
|
think-
ger
:
prog
|
in
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro is thinking about Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
fakkara
Valency pattern:
NOM_biGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: biGEN |
Locus: Y |
Badr-un |
yufakkiru |
bi=Maryam-a |
pn
-
nom
|
think.
ipf
.3
m
|
by=
pn
-
gen
|
‘Badr is thinking about Maryam.’ |
Svan
a-Ø-sk'oːr-e (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPERESS
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPERESS |
Locus: Y |
maizer-Ø |
lile-ži |
a-Ø-sk'oːr-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
superess
|
prv
:
dist
-
do
3-think-
prs
|
‘Maizer is thinking about Lile.’ |
Swedish
att tänka
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
tänk-er |
på |
Maja |
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Björn is thinking about Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
<in>i~isip |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
<
ipfv
>
ipfv
~think[
lv
]
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’ |
Note: It seems to be impossible to find examples with the GEN ("ng") encoding of Y in the Actor Voice. Hence, this is classified as LV and ACT_LOC. |
Telugu
ālōciṁcu
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgurinci
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLgurinci |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
madhuri |
guriṁci |
ālōcistunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
think.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’ |
Tsakhur
fıkırrašmıšхhay
Valency pattern:
NOM_ATTRhakee
|
X: NOM |
Y: ATTRhakee |
Locus: Y |
murad |
nigar-ni |
haˁk’ee |
vo-r |
fıkırrašmıš-eхhi |
pn
|
pn
-
attr
.
obl
|
about
|
cop
-
h
|
think-
aux
.
ipf
|
‘Murad is thinking about Nigar.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
pikri b-ič'-iz
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENcela
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENcela |
Locus: Y |
uršːi |
neš-la |
če-la |
pikri |
ik'-ule=saj |
boy
|
mother-
gen
|
on-
abl
1
|
thought
|
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
pikri b-ik'ʷ-i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.ABL.DOWN
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.ABL.DOWN |
Locus: Y |
durħaˤ |
rursːi-ge-rka |
pikri |
w-ik'-ule=caj |
boy
|
girl-
super
-
abl
.
down
|
thought
|
m
-say-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
‘The boy is thinking about the girl.’ |
Turkish
düşünmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
düşün-üyor |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
think-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
mətfakər
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
|
X: SBJ |
Y: b |
Locus: Y |
Gabriyel |
ko-mətfakər |
b |
Yuḥanən |
pn
|
prs
-think.
ipfv
.3
m
|
in
|
pn
|
‘Gabriyel thinks about Yuḥanən.’ |
Twi
dwene
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ho
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ho |
Locus: Y |
Kofi |
re-dwene |
nanabarima |
ho |
pn
|
prog
-think
|
grandfather
|
about
|
‘Kofi is thinking about grandfather.’ |
Ulcha
muruči-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
əj |
xusə |
piktə |
sup |
muruč-i-n |
əj |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
this
|
male
|
child
|
constantly
|
think-
prs
-3
sg
|
this
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
‘This boy is constantly thinking about this girl.’ |
Uzbek
o’ylamoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_haqida
|
X: NOM |
Y: haqida |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Miša |
haqida |
o’yla-b |
tur-ib-ti |
pn
|
pn
|
about
|
think-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja is thinking about Miša.’ |
West Central Oromo
jaada
Valency pattern:
NOM_waa7eeGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: waa7eeGEN |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
waaʔee |
boontuu |
jaad-aa |
dʒir-a |
pn
-
nom
|
about
|
pn
.
gen
|
think-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
‘Obsa is thinking about Bontu.’ |
Wolof
xalaat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
dama-y |
xalaat |
sama |
yaay |
f
oc
v
.s
i
:1
sg
-
incpl
|
think
|
poss
:1
sg
|
mother(
j
)
|
‘I am thinking about my mother.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUB/POSTEL
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUB/POSTEL |
Locus: Y |
Sahib-a |
Samire-d-kaa |
fikir-zva |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
sub
/
postel
|
think-
prs
|
‘Sahib is thinking about Samira.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP
|
X: SBJ.INTR |
Y: sero.PSTP |
Locus: Y |
a |
lad͡z-e |
xo=sɛro |
pos-ɛn-a |
3
sg
.
f
.
abs
|
son-
ez
.
m
|
refl
=onto
|
ponder.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
f
|
‘She is pondering about her son.’ |
Zilo Andi
urʁ.u-mallo
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
urʁ.u-mallo |
umarħadʒi-ʔo |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
think.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
‘Ali is thinking about Umargaji.’ |