‘think’
| Argument frame: |
X
(think) about
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. has a thoughtful look.)
P.
is thinking about
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
думать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(думать) об
Y
-е (об отце)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(У П. задумчивый вид).
П.
думает о
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]qʷəc
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
fatima |
d-lə-z-qʷə́c-əj-ṭ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
ben
-think-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad is thinking about Fatima.’ |
Adyghe
je-gʷəpšəse
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
pŝaŝe-m |
je-gʷəpšəse |
|
парень-
abs
|
девушка-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-думать
|
| ‘Парень думает о девушке.’ |
Aghul
fikir q’.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
fikir |
q’.a-a |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
thought
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is thinking about Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
taxmən
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bar |
| Locus: Y |
| naša |
taxmun=əl |
+bar |
baxt-u |
|
person(
m
)
|
think.
prog
=3
m
|
after
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘The man is thinking about his wife.’ |
Bambara
míiri
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
míiri |
Fántà |
lá |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
think
|
pn
|
in
|
| ‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
pensar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: em |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
pens-a |
em |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
think-3
sg
.
prs
|
in
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’ |
Catalan
pensar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: en |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
pens-ant |
en |
la |
Maria |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
think-
ger
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere is thinking about Marc.’ |
Czech
přemýšlet
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
přemýšlí |
o |
Michal-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is thinking about Michal.’ |
Danish
tænke
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
tænke-r |
på |
Marie |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Marie.’ |
Dutch
denken
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_aan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: aan |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
denk-t |
aan |
Marie |
|
pn
(С)
|
think-3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(С)
|
| ‘Piet is thinking about Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
míri
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ma |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
kà |
à |
míri |
Fántà |
mà. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
3
sg
|
think
|
pn
|
adr
|
| ‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’ |
English
think
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: about |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
thinking |
about |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
mõtlema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
mõtle-b |
Mareti-st |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
ela
|
| ‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’ |
| Note: Peeter mõtleb Maretle (ALL instead of ELA) is also possible, so the y-argument could be analysed as ELA~ALL |
Finnish
ajatella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
ajattel-ee |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is thinking about Matti’ |
Forest Enets
biis
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
kasa |
nʲe-da |
biiʔɛ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
man
|
child-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
remember(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is thinking about his son’. |
French
penser
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
pense |
à |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is thinking about Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-pikr-ob-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SUPERESS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT.SUPERESS |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-ze |
Ø-pikr-ob-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
pstp
:
superess
|
s
3-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is thinking about Masho.’ |
German
denken
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_anACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: anACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
denk-t |
an |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
at
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is thinking about Marie.’ |
Irish
cuimhnigh
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ar |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
aig |
cuimhneamh |
air |
Mháire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
think.
nmlz
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
pensare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
pens-a |
a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
think-3
sg
.
prs
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo is thinking about Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
gyndilpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| gynd-iv-ma |
pa |
la-te |
|
think-
prs
.1
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
she-
loc
|
| ‘I am thinking about her.’ |
Kazakh
oyla
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_turaly
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: turaly |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša |
tuwralï |
oyla-ydï |
|
pn
|
pn
|
about
|
think-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is thinking about Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
nǫmǝsti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMolenen
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMolenen |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
ɔλǝŋǝn |
nǫmǝs-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
about
|
think-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil |
urʁida-ha |
ʁina-ƛ'o |
|
pn
|
думать
|
-
prs
жена-
super
|
| ‘Шамиль думает о жене.’ |
Kina Rutul
fikir waɁara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_INTER.EL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: INTER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a |
samira-k-la |
fikir |
w-aɁa-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
inter
-
el
|
thought
|
3-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is thinking about Samira.’ |
Latin
meditor
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| nec |
iam |
furtiv-um |
Dido |
medita-tur |
amor-em |
|
and_not
|
now
|
secret-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
f
).
nom
.
sg
|
think[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
love(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘And Dido does not think about the secrecy of her love.’ |
| Note: (Verg. Aen. IV, 171) |
Mandarin Chinese
xiǎng
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
xiǎng |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
prog
|
think
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan is thinking about Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-še(n) |
Ø-pirk-en-s. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
abl
|
s
3-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hoʃev
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
hoʃev |
al |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
think[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is thinking about Menachem.’ |
Nanai
murči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
murči-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
think.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’ |
Nivkh
kʰəmləd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana-rоχ |
kʰəmlə-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
add
|
think-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
nomsaxti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| āɣi |
noms-axt-i |
ɕān’-ēl |
|
girl
|
think-
refl
-
npst
.3
sg
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
.
el
|
| ‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sǝmiǝn |
čundǝ-dǝ-ɣа |
Əkulˈǝ |
lˈǝ-j |
|
pn
|
thought-
poss
.3-
loc
|
pn
|
be-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is thinking about Akulina.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å tenke
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
tenke-r |
på |
Kari |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is thinking about Kari.’ |
Polish
myśleć
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Tadeusz |
myśli |
o |
Hanc-e |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Tadeusz is thinking about Hanka.’ |
Russian
dumatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
duma-et |
o |
Maš-e |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
think(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’ |
Serbian
misliti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
misli |
na |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’ |
Shughni
fikri čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
Lola |
fikri |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
|
pn
|
thought
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmed is thinking about Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
juurdčed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
juurdač |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is thinking about Maria’ |
Slovak
rozmýšľať
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
rozmýšľa |
o |
Mark-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’ |
Slovenian
razmišljati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
razmišlja |
o |
An-i |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bir kirdinewe
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
bîr |
le |
Zanko-î |
de-ka-t-ewe |
|
pn
|
think
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
|
| ‘Hiwa is thinking about Zanko.’ |
| Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
pensar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: en |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
pensa-ndo |
en |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
be_
prog
.
prs
.3
sg
|
think-
ger
:
prog
|
in
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is thinking about Maria.’ |
Swedish
att tänka
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
tänk-er |
på |
Maja |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is thinking about Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| <In>i~isip |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~think
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’ |
Telugu
ālōciṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgurinci
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLgurinci |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
madhuri |
guriṁci |
ālōcistunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
think.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’ |
Turkish
düşünmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
düşün-üyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
think-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
muruči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
sup |
muruč-i-n |
əj |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
constantly
|
think-
prs
-3
sg
|
this
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
| ‘This boy is constantly thinking about this girl.’ |
Uzbek
o’ylamoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_haqida
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: haqida |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Miša |
haqida |
o’yla-b |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
about
|
think-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Miša.’ |
West Central Oromo
jaada
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_waa7eeGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: waa7eeGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
waaʔee |
boontuu |
jaad-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
about
|
pn
.
gen
|
think-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is thinking about Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
urʁ.u-mallo
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
urʁ.u-mallo |
umarħadʒi-ʔo |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
think.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
| ‘Ali is thinking about Umargaji.’ |
