‘think’
| Argument frame: |
X
(think) about
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. has a thoughtful look.)
P.
is thinking about
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
думать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(думать) об
Y
-е (об отце)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(У П. задумчивый вид).
П.
думает о
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]qʷəc
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
fatima |
d-lə-z-qʷə́c-əj-ṭ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
ben
-think-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad is thinking about Fatima.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
je-gʷəpšəse
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
pŝaŝe-m |
je-gʷəpšəse |
|
guy-
abs
|
girl-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-think
|
| ‘The guy is thinking about the girl.’ |
Aghul
fikir q’.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
fikir |
q’.a-a |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
thought
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is thinking about Muhammad.’ |
Akhvakh (Northern)
uʁilode bik’uruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_POSS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: POSS |
| Locus: Y |
| patħudi |
musa-ƛƛi |
čundala |
uʁi-lo-de |
gudi |
|
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
always
|
thought-
pl
.
obl
-
erg
|
m
.
cop
|
| ‘Pathudi is always thinking about Musa’ (lit. ‘Pathudi is always in thoughts of Musa’). |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Andi (Zilo)
urʁ.u-mallo
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
urʁ.u-mallo |
umarħadʒi-ʔo |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
think.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
| ‘Ali is thinking about Umargaji.’ |
Arabic (Northern Syrian)
šardān
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: b |
| Locus: Y |
| Aḥmad |
šardān |
b |
Salwa |
|
pn
|
think.
ptcp
.
ms
|
in
|
pn
|
| ‘Ahmad is thinking about Salwa.’ |
Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth)
f.k.r
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bi |
| Locus: Y |
| Shadi |
ʿam |
bifakker |
bi-Reem |
|
pn
|
prog
|
think.
prs
.3
m
.
sg
|
in-
pn
|
| ‘Shadi is thinking about Reem.’ |
Arabic (standard)
fakkara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_biGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: biGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Badr-un |
yufakkiru |
bi=Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
think.
ipf
.3
m
|
by=
pn
-
gen
|
| ‘Badr is thinking about Maryam.’ |
Archi
-arhas
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATxir
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DATxir |
| Locus: Y |
| paša |
w-arhar-ši |
w-i |
moħommad-li-s |
χir |
|
pn
|
1-think-
ipfv
-
advz
|
1-be
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
after
|
| ‘Pasha is thinking about Muhammad.’ |
| Note: The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. The combination of the dative case and “χir” is analyzed as an argument-encoding device. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
taxmən
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bar |
| Locus: Y |
| naša |
taxmun=əl |
+bar |
baxt-u |
|
person(
m
)
|
think.
prog
=3
m
|
after
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘The man is thinking about his wife.’ |
Avar
pikrabazda buk’ine
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| ʕali |
marjam-il |
pikrabaz-da |
w-ugo |
|
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
idea.
pl
.
obl
-
loc
|
m
-
cop
|
| ‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Azerbaijani
düşünmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
Leyla-nı |
düşün-ür |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
think-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’ |
Bafut
wáʔátə̂
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
wáʔátə̂-nɨ̀ |
sùù |
|
pn
|
sm
|
think-
ipfv
|
pn
|
| ‘Ambe is thinking about Suh.’ |
Bambara
míiri
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
míiri |
Fántà |
lá |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
think
|
pn
|
in
|
| ‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’ |
Belarusian
dumać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_praACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: praACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Alieś |
duma-je |
pra |
Alien-u |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ales is thinking about Alena.’ |
Budugh
fikir süʔü
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOCgure
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: LOCgure |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ır |
leyla' |
güre-ce |
fikir |
süʔü-ra'vi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
(
loc
)
|
considering-
loc
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
prog
|
| ‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’ |
| Note: Arguably, "güre-ce" is a free variant of "güre". |
Bulgarian
mislya
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_za
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: za |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
misli |
za |
Mihail |
|
pn
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
for
|
pn
|
| ‘Petar is thinking about Mihail.’ |
Catalan
pensar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: en |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
pens-ant |
en |
la |
Maria |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
think-
ger
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere is thinking about Marc.’ |
Chechen
dagalaetta
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-ana |
Madina |
dagalaetta |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
.
abs
|
think.
prs
|
| ‘Islam is thinking about Nadir.’ |
Chinese (Mandarin)
xiǎng
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
xiǎng |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
prog
|
think
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan is thinking about Lisi.’ |
Chirag
pikri b-uč’i
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_GEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| babaj |
gal-la |
pikri |
r-uk’-le |
|
mother(
abs
)
|
boy-
gen
|
thought
|
f
.
sg
-say:
ipf
-
dur
.
prs
.3
|
| ‘The mother is thinking about her son.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Croatian
misliti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Per-o |
misli |
na |
Marij-u |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Pero is thinking about Marija.’ |
Czech
přemýšlet
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
přemýšlí |
o |
Michal-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is thinking about Michal.’ |
Danish
tænke
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
tænke-r |
på |
Marie |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Marie.’ |
Dargwa (Itsari)
pikri-B-ik'ʷ-araj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
Madina-li-jčilla |
pikri-ik'ʷ-il=ca-w |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
cont
|
thought-(
m
)
lv
.
ipfv
-
cvb
=
cop
-
m
|
| ‘Islam is thinking about Madina.’ |
Dargwa (Kadar)
han-CL-ik-es / han-CL-irk-es
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| meħamad-i-s |
ʡaˤšura |
han-r-irk-ur |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
remember-
f
-fall.
ipfv
-
th
|
| ‘Muhammad is thinking about Ashura.’ |
Dargwa (Kaytag)
pikri ik’vara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENcevtar
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENcevtar |
| Locus: Y |
| Petja |
pikri |
ik’-ul=ca |
Miša-la |
č:evt:ar |
|
pn
|
thought
|
say-
prog
.
cvb
=
cop
(3)
|
pn
-
gen
|
about
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Misha.’ |
Dargwa (Kubachi)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPERABL |
| Locus: Y |
| gal |
pikre |
uk'-ul=saw |
aba-ži-l |
|
boy
|
thought
|
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
mother-
super
-
abl
|
| ‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’ |
Dargwa (Tsudakhar)
pikri b-ič'-iz
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENcela
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENcela |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
neš-la |
če-la |
pikri |
ik'-ule=saj |
|
boy
|
mother-
gen
|
on-
abl
1
|
thought
|
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’ |
Dargwa (Tsugni)
pikri b-ik'ʷ-i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.ABL.DOWN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.ABL.DOWN |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ |
rursːi-ge-rka |
pikri |
w-ik'-ule=caj |
|
boy
|
girl-
super
-
abl
.
down
|
thought
|
m
-say-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is thinking about the girl.’ |
Dutch
denken
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_aan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: aan |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
denk-t |
aan |
Marie |
|
pn
(С)
|
think-3
sg
|
on
|
pn
(С)
|
| ‘Piet is thinking about Marie.’ |
Enets (Forest)
biis
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
kasa |
nʲe-da |
biiʔɛ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
man
|
child-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
remember(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is thinking about his son’. |
English
think
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: about |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
thinking |
about |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
mõtlema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
mõtle-b |
Mareti-st |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
ela
|
| ‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’ |
Finnish
ajatella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
ajattel-ee |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is thinking about Matti’ |
French
penser
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
pense |
à |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is thinking about Marie.’ |
Gban
gbí ta̋kȁ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ye
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ye |
| Locus: Y |
| Zá̰ |
∅ |
gbí |
tá-kȁ |
Mɔ̰̈bì |
yɛ̋ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
|
breast
|
ipfv
\walk‑
caus
|
pn
|
with
|
| ‘Zan is thinking about Monbi.’ |
Georgian
Ø-pikr-ob-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT.SUPERESS/SUPERLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-ze |
Ø-pikr-ob-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
pstp
:
superess
/
superlat
|
s
3-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is thinking about Masho.’ |
German
denken
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_anACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: anACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
denk-t |
an |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think-
prs
.3
sg
|
at
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is thinking about Marie.’ |
Hebrew (modern)
hoʃev
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
hoʃev |
al |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
think[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is thinking about Menachem.’ |
Hindi
socnā
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_OBLke.bare.me
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: OBLke.bare.me |
| Locus: Y |
| Pratīk |
Mīnakṣī |
ke |
bāre |
meṁ |
soc |
rah-ā |
hɛ |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
adjz
.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
in
|
think
|
dur
-
m
.
sg
|
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Prateek is thinking about Meenakshi.’ |
Indonesian (standard)
ber-pikir
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_tentang
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: tentang |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmad |
ber-pikir |
tentang |
Siti |
|
pn
|
ber
-think
|
about
|
pn
|
| ‘Ahmad is thinking about Siti.’ |
Irish
cuimhnigh
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ar |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
aig |
cuimhneamh |
air |
Mháire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
think.
nmlz
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
pensare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
pens-a |
a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
think-3
sg
.
prs
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo thinks about Maria.’ |
Karata
urʁel-ja bik’waɬa
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| ʕali |
marjam-i-b |
urʁel-ja |
idja |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
n
|
thought-
dat
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Kazakh
oyla
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_turaly
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: turaly |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša |
tuwralï |
oyla-ydï |
|
pn
|
pn
|
about
|
think-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is thinking about Masha.’ |
Khanty (Kazym)
nǫmǝsti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMolenen
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMolenen |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
ɔλǝŋǝn |
nǫmǝs-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
about
|
think-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǂâi
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: xa |
| Locus: Y |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s |
xa |
ra |
ǂâi |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
by
|
ipfv
|
think
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
urʁida
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil |
urʁida-ha |
ʁina-ƛ'o |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
wife-
super
|
| ‘Shamil is thinking about his wife.’ |
Komi-Zyrian
мöвпавны
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_jylys
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: jylys |
| Locus: Y |
| Петя |
мӧвпал-ӧ |
Маша |
йыл-ысь |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
.3
|
pn
|
top-
ela
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’ |
Kpelle (Guinean)
kíli ɲɛ́ hǐe
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bha |
| Locus: Y |
| Pépèe |
káa |
gìli |
ɲɛ́ |
hìé-ì |
Hɛ́ni |
ɓâ |
|
pn
|
cop
|
3
sg
\mind
|
on
|
walk-
inf
|
pn
|
on1
|
| ‘Pepee is thinking about Heni.’ |
Kryz (Alik)
fikirreşmiş xhiyic
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_baraca
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: baraca |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan |
leyla |
baraca |
fikirreşmiş |
şe-re |
|
pn
|
pn
|
for
|
think
|
be.
ipfv
-
prs
.
m
|
| ‘Terlan is thinking about Rasul.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kryz (Ismayilli)
fikirlaşmiş xhayic
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INESShaqqina
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INESShaqqina |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
leyla |
haq'q'ina |
fikirlaşmiş |
şe-re |
|
pn
|
pn
(
iness
)
|
about
|
thinking
|
be.
ipf
-
prs
.
m
|
| ‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kryz (proper)
düşünmiş xhayic
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENhaqhina
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENhaqhina |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
leyla |
haqhina |
düşünmiş |
şa-ri |
|
pn
|
pn
(
gen
)
|
about
|
think
|
be.
ipf
-
prs
.
m
|
| ‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kumyk
ojlamaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENhaqinda
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENhaqinda |
| Locus: Y |
| patimat |
musa-nɨ |
haqɨnda |
oj-la-j |
|
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
about
|
thought-
vblz
-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat is thinking about Musa.’ |
Kurdish (Sorani)
bîr kirdinewe
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_le
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
bîr |
le |
Zanko-î |
de-ka-t-ewe |
|
pn
|
think
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
-
asp
|
| ‘Hiwa is thinking about Zanko.’ |
| Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
fikirîn (intr)
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_li.serOBL
|
| X: SBJ.INTR |
| Y: li.serOBL |
| Locus: Y |
| zilam |
li |
ser |
jinik-ê |
di-fikir-e |
|
man
|
at
|
on
|
woman-
obl
.
f
|
prs
-think.
ipfv
-3
sg
|
| ‘The man thinks about the woman.’ |
Lak (Quba)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPEL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPEL |
| Locus: Y |
| Maħammad |
Aˁšura-j-a |
pikr-irda-j |
ur |
|
pn
|
pn
-
sup
-
el
|
thought-
obl
-
sup
|
1.be.
prs
.3
p
|
| ‘Mohammad is thinking about Ashura.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Latin
meditor
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| nec |
iam |
furtiv-um |
Dido |
medita-tur |
amor-em |
|
and_not
|
now
|
secret-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
f
).
nom
.
sg
|
think[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
love(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘And Dido does not think about the secrecy of her love.’ |
| Note: (Verg. Aen. IV, 171) |
Laz
o-dušun-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
Mehmet'-i |
Ø-i-dušun-am-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
do
3-
ver
:
s
-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim thinks about Mehmet'.’ |
| Note: The verb is a borrowing from Turkish. |
Lezgian (Yargun)
fikirin
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUB/POSTEL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUB/POSTEL |
| Locus: Y |
| Sahib-a |
Samire-d-kaa |
fikir-zva |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
sub
/
postel
|
think-
prs
|
| ‘Sahib is thinking about Samira.’ |
Macedonian
misli
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_na
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: na |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
misli |
na |
Maja |
|
pn
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Petar is thinking about Maja.’ |
Maltese
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fuq
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fuq |
| Locus: Y |
| Ġwanni |
qed |
jaħseb |
fuq |
Mark |
|
pn
|
prog
|
think.
ipf
.
m
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Ġwanni is thinking about Mark.’ |
Maninka (Eastern)
míri
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ma |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
kà |
à |
míri |
Fántà |
mà. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
3
sg
|
think
|
pn
|
adr
|
| ‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’ |
Mano
yɛ́lɛ́ táá
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mo
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mo |
| Locus: Y |
| Pèé |
lɛ̄ |
ē |
yɛ́lɛ́ |
táá-pɛ̀lɛ̀ |
ī |
mɔ̀ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
exi
|
3
sg
.
refl
|
spirit
|
walk-
inf
|
2
sg
|
on
|
| ‘Pe is thinking about you.’ |
| Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). Labile verb used transitively. The object’s possessor is necessarily coreferential with the subject. |
Mansi (Northern)
nomsaxti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| āɣi |
noms-axt-i |
ɕān’-ēl |
|
girl
|
think-
refl
-
npst
.3
sg
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
.
el
|
| ‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’ |
Mehweb
pikriliče- le-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pajzula |
le-w |
Madinat-la |
pikri-li-če-w |
|
pn
|
be-
m
|
pn
-
gen
|
thought-
obl
-
super
-
m
|
| ‘Pajzula is thinking about Madinat.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Mingrelian
Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-še(n) |
Ø-pirk-en-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
abl
|
s
3-think-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’ |
Nanai
murči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
murči-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
think.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’ |
Nivkh
kʰəmləd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana-rоχ |
kʰəmlə-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
add
|
think-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å tenke
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
tenke-r |
på |
Kari |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is thinking about Kari.’ |
Oromo (West Central)
jaada
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_waa7eeGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: waa7eeGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
waaʔee |
boontuu |
jaad-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
about
|
pn
.
gen
|
think-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is thinking about Bontu.’ |
Persian
fekr kardan
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_beNOM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: beNOM |
| Locus: Y |
| ahmad |
be |
mariam |
fekr |
mī-kon-ad |
|
pn
|
to
|
pn
|
thought
|
cont
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmad is thinking about Mariam.’ |
Polish
myśleć
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Tadeusz |
myśli |
o |
Hanc-e |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Tadeusz is thinking about Hanka.’ |
Portuguese (Brazilian)
pensar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: em |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
pens-a |
em |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
think-3
sg
.
prs
|
in
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’ |
Romani (Kalderash)
gyndilpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| gynd-iv-ma |
pa |
la-te |
|
think-
prs
.1
sg
-
refl
|
with
|
she-
loc
|
| ‘I am thinking about her.’ |
Russian
dumatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
duma-et |
o |
Maš-e |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
think(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’ |
Rutul (Kina)
fikir waɁara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_INTER.EL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: INTER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a |
samira-k-la |
fikir |
w-aɁa-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
inter
-
el
|
thought
|
3-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is thinking about Samira.’ |
Rutul (Mukhad)
fikir vıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONTEL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONTEL |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
majram-ı-klaa |
fikir |
vaʔa-ra |
a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
contel
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad is thinking about Majram.’ |
Rutul (Shinaz)
fikɨr havʔɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONTEL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONTEL |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
fikɨr |
vaʔa-r |
a |
peri-kla |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
simul
|
exist
|
pn
-
contel
|
| ‘Basir is thinking about Peri.’ |
Rutul (Southern)
fikir havʔın
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| murad-a |
natig-di |
fikir |
vaʔa-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
attr
|
thought(
a
)
|
a
.do.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is thinking about Natig.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Saami (Skolt)
juurdčed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
juurdač |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is thinking about Maria’ |
Serbian
misliti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
misli |
na |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’ |
Shughni
fikri čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM.CL |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
Lola |
fikri |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
|
pn
|
thought
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim is thinking about Lola.’ |
Slovak
rozmýšľať
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
rozmýšľa |
o |
Mark-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’ |
Slovenian
razmišljati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
razmišlja |
o |
An-i |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
think:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is thinking about Ana.’ |
Spanish
pensar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: en |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
pensa-ndo |
en |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
be_
prog
.
prs
.3
sg
|
think-
ger
:
prog
|
in
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is thinking about Maria.’ |
Svan
a-Ø-sk'oːr-e (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPERESS/SUPERLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPERESS/SUPERLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-Ø |
lile-ži |
a-Ø-sk'oːr-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
superess
/
superlat
|
prv
:
dist
-
do
3-think-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer is thinking about Lile.’ |
Swedish
att tänka
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
tänk-er |
på |
Maja |
|
pn
|
think-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is thinking about Maja.’ |
Tabasaran (Kandyk)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT.ELAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONT.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maˁhaˁmad-ǯi |
fatima.ji-k-an |
fikr-ar |
ap’-ura |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
cont
-
elat
|
thought-
pl
(
abs
)
|
do-
prs
|
| ‘Mahamad is thinking about Fatima.’ |
Tagalog
isipin
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| <in>i~isip |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
<
ipfv
>
ipfv
~think[
lv
]
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’ |
| Note: It seems to be impossible to find examples with the GEN ("ng") encoding of Y in the Actor Voice. Hence, this is classified as LV and ACT_LOC. |
Telugu
ālōciṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgurinci
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLgurinci |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
madhuri |
guriṁci |
ālōcistunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
think.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’ |
Tsakhur
fıkırrašmıšхhay
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ATTRhakee
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ATTRhakee |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
nigar-ni |
haˁk’ee |
vo-r |
fıkırrašmıš-eхhi |
|
pn
|
pn
-
attr
.
obl
|
about
|
cop
-
h
|
think-
aux
.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad is thinking about Nigar.’ |
Tswana
akanya
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| ke-akany-a |
ka |
wena |
|
s
i
:1
sg
-think-
fv
|
ins
|
2
sg
|
| ‘I am thinking about you.’ |
Turkish
düşünmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
düşün-üyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
think-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
mətfakər
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: b |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
ko-mətfakər |
b |
Yuḥanən |
|
pn
|
prs
-think.
ipfv
.3
m
|
in
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel thinks about Yuḥanən.’ |
Twi
dwene
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ho
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ho |
| Locus: Y |
| Kofi |
re-dwene |
nana |
ho |
|
pn
|
prog
-think
|
grandfather
|
inner_self
|
| ‘Kofi is thinking about grandfather.’ |
| Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device. |
Udi
fikir+LV
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Asya-n |
Roman-axun |
fikir=e=b-sa |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
abl
|
think=3
sg
=
lv
-
prs
|
| ‘Asya is thinking about Roman.’ |
Udmurt
malpani̮
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMsaris
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMsaris |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet'a |
Maša |
śari̮ś |
malpa |
|
pn
.
nom
|
pn
.
nom
|
about
|
think.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’ |
Ukrainian
dumaty
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_proACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: proACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr-o |
dumaj-e |
pro |
Marij-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
think(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petro is thinking about Mariya.’ |
Ulcha
muruči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
sup |
muruč-i-n |
əj |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
constantly
|
think-
prs
-3
sg
|
this
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
| ‘This boy is constantly thinking about this girl.’ |
Uzbek
o’ylamoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_haqida
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: haqida |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Miša |
haqida |
o’yla-b |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
about
|
think-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is thinking about Miša.’ |
Wolof
xalaat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| dama-y |
xalaat |
sama |
yaay |
|
f
oc
v
.s
i
:1
sg
-
incpl
|
think
|
poss
:1
sg
|
mother(
j
)
|
| ‘I am thinking about my mother.’ |
Yukaghir (Northern)
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sǝmiǝn |
čundǝ-dǝ-ɣа |
Əkulˈǝ |
lˈǝ-j |
|
pn
|
thought-
poss
.3-
loc
|
pn
|
be-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is thinking about Akulina.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_sero.PSTP
|
| X: SBJ.INTR |
| Y: sero.PSTP |
| Locus: Y |
| a |
lad͡z-e |
xo=sɛro |
pos-ɛn-a |
|
3
sg
.
f
.
abs
|
son-
ez
.
m
|
refl
=onto
|
ponder.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
f
|
| ‘She is pondering about her son.’ |