BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘think’

Argument frame:

X (think) about Y

Stimulus sentence:

(P. has a thoughtful look.) P. is thinking about M .

Predicate label Ru:

думать

Argument frame Ru:

X (думать) об Y -е (об отце)

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(У П. задумчивый вид). П. думает о М .

Abaza [z-]qʷəc

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN

X: ABS

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

murad	fatima	d-lə-z-qʷə́c-əj-ṭ
pn	pn	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io - ben -think- prs - dcl
‘Murad is thinking about Fatima.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-gʷəpšəse

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

č̣ʼale-r	pŝaŝe-m	je-gʷəpšəse
guy- abs	girl- obl	3 sg . io + dat -think
‘The guy is thinking about the girl.’

Aghul fikir q’.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT

X: ERG

Y: SUBCONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

aslan.a	meʜemed.i-k-as	fikir	q’.a-a
pn ( erg )	pn - sub / cont - elat	thought	do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is thinking about Muhammad.’

Alik Kryz fikirreşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_baraca

X: NOM

Y: baraca

Locus: Y

terlan	leyla	baraca	fikirreşmiş	şe-re
pn	pn	for	think	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan is thinking about Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_DATxir

X: NOM

Y: DATxir

Locus: Y

paša	w-arhar-ši	w-i	moħommad-li-s	χir
pn	1-think- ipfv - cvb . ipfv	1-be	pn - obl - dat	after
‘Pasha is thinking about Muhammad.’
Note: The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. The combination of the dative case and “χir” is analyzed as an argument-encoding device.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic taxmən

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar

X: SBJ

Y: bar

Locus: Y

naša	taxmun=əl	+bar	baxt-u
person( m )	think. prog =3 m	after	woman( f )- p .3 m
‘The man is thinking about his wife.’

Avar pikrabazda buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	marjam-il	pikrabaz-da	w-ugo
pn	pn - gen	idea. pl . obl - loc	m - cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Azerbaijani düşünmək

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	Leyla-nı	düşün-ür
pn	pn - acc	think- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’

Bambara míiri

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɛ	míiri	Fántà	lá
pn	ipfv	think	pn	in
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em

X: SBJ

Y: em

Locus: Y

Pedro	pens-a	em	Miguel
pn ( m )	think-3 sg . prs	in	pn ( m )
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’

Catalan pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en

X: SBJ

Y: en

Locus: Y

en	Pere	està	pens-ant	en	la	Maria
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	be.3 sg . prs . ind	think- ger	in	def . sg . f	pn ( f )
‘Pere is thinking about Marc.’

Chirag pikri b-uč’i

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN

X: ABS

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

babaj	gal-la	pikri	r-uk’-le
mother( abs )	boy- gen	thought	f . sg -say: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘The mother is thinking about her son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Czech přemýšlet

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Petr	přemýšlí	o	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr is thinking about Michal.’

Danish tænke

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	tænke-r	på	Marie
pn	think- prs	on	pn
‘Peter is thinking about Marie.’

Dutch denken

Valency pattern: SBJ_aan

X: SBJ

Y: aan

Locus: Y

Piet	denk-t	aan	Marie
pn (С)	think-3 sg	on	pn (С)
‘Piet is thinking about Marie.’

Eastern Maninka míri

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	à	míri	Fántà	mà.
pn	aor . tr	3 sg	think	pn	adr
‘Seku thinks about Fanta.’

English think

Valency pattern: SBJ_about

X: SBJ

Y: about

Locus: Y

Peter	is	thinking	about	Mary.

Estonian mõtlema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	mõtle-b	Mareti-st
pn . sg . nom	think- prs .3 sg	pn - ela
‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’
Note: Peeter mõtleb Maretle (ALL instead of ELA) is also possible, so the y-argument could be analysed as ELA~ALL

Finnish ajatella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	ajattel-ee	Matti-a
pn . nom	think- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka is thinking about Matti’

Forest Enets biis

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	kasa	nʲe-da	biiʔɛ
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	man	child- obl . sg .3 sg	remember( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is thinking about his son’.

French penser

Valency pattern: SBJ_a

X: SBJ

Y: a

Locus: Y

Paul	pense	à	Marie
pn ( m )	think. prs .3 sg	to	pn ( f )
‘Paul is thinking about Marie.’

Georgian Ø-pikr-ob-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT.SUPERESS

X: ERG

Y: DAT.SUPERESS

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-ze	Ø-pikr-ob-s
pn - nom	pn - pstp : superess	s 3-think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre is thinking about Masho.’

German denken

Valency pattern: NOM_anACC

X: NOM

Y: anACC

Locus: Y

Karl	denk-t	an	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	think- prs .3 sg	at	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is thinking about Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle kíli ɲɛ́ hǐe

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha

X: SBJ

Y: bha

Locus: Y

Pépèe	káa	gìli	ɲɛ́	hìé-ì	Hɛ́ní	ɓâ
pn	cop	3 sg \mind	on	walk- inf	pn	on1
‘Pepee is thinking about Heni.’

Icari Dargwa pikri-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT.CONT

X: ABS

Y: SUPLAT.CONT

Locus: Y

Islam	Madina-lij-čilla	pikri-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn - abs	pn - suplat - cont	thought-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is thinking about Madina.’

Irish cuimhnigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar

X: SBJ

Y: ar

Locus: Y

Tá	Pól	aig	cuimhneamh	air	Mháire.
be. prs	pn	at	think. nmlz	on	pn
‘Pól is thinking about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian pensare

Valency pattern: SBJ_a

X: SBJ

Y: a

Locus: Y

Leo	pens-a	a	Maria
pn ( m )	think-3 sg . prs	to	pn ( f )
‘Leo thinks about Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

meħamad-i-s	ʡašura	han-r-irk-ur
pn - obl - dat	pn	remember- f -fall. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is thinking about Ashura.’

Kalderash Romani gyndilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_pa

X: NOM

Y: pa

Locus: Y

gynd-iv-ma	pa	la-te
think- prs .1 sg - refl	with	she- loc
‘I am thinking about her.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT

X: ERG

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	fatima.ji-k-an	fikr-ar	ap’-ura
pn - erg	pn - cont - elat	thought- pl ( abs )	do- prs
‘Mahamad is thinking about Fatima.’

Karata urʁel-ja bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	marjam-i-b	urʁel-ja	idja
pn	pn - obl - n	thought- dat	cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kaytag Dargwa pikriik’wara

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcevtar

X: NOM

Y: GENcevtar

Locus: Y

petja	pikri	ik’-ulca	miša-la	č:evt:ar
pn	thought	say- prs	pn - gen	about
‘Petja is thinking about Misha.’

Kazakh oyla

Valency pattern: NOM_turaly

X: NOM

Y: turaly

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša	tuwralï	oyla-ydï
pn	pn	about	think- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is thinking about Masha.’

Kazym Khanty nǫmǝsti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMolenen

X: NOM

Y: NOMolenen

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en	ɔλǝŋǝn	nǫmǝs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg	about	think- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǂâi

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa

X: SBJ

Y: xa

Locus: Y

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s	xa	ra	ǂâi
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg	by	ipfv	think
‘Peter is thinking about Maria.’

Khwarshi urʁida

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

šamil	urʁida-ha	ʁina-ƛ'o
pn	think- prs	wife- super
‘Shamil is thinking about his wife.’

Kina Rutul fikir waɁara

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER.EL

X: ERG

Y: INTER.EL

Locus: Y

rasul-a	samira-k-la	fikir	w-aɁa-r=a
pn - erg	pn - inter - el	thought	3-do. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is thinking about Samira.’

Kumyk ojlamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqinda

X: NOM

Y: GENhaqinda

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-nɨ	haqɨnda	oj-la-j
pn	pn - gen	about	thought- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is thinking about Musa.’

Latin meditor

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

nec	iam	furtiv-um	Dido	medita-tur	amor-em
and_not	now	secret- acc . sg . m	pn ( f ). nom . sg	think[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg	love( m )- acc . sg
‘And Dido does not think about the secrecy of her love.’
Note: (Verg. Aen. IV, 171)

Laz o-dušun-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	Mehmet'-i	Ø-i-dušun-am-s
pn - b - erg	pn - nom	do 3- ver : s -think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim thinks about Mehmet'.’
Note: The verb is a borrowing from Turkish.

Mandarin Chinese xiǎng

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	zhèngzài	xiǎng	Lǐsì
pn	prog	think	pn
‘Zhangsan is thinking about Lisi.’

Mano yɛ́lɛ́ táá

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

Pèé	lɛ̄	ē	yɛ́lɛ́	táá-pɛ̀lɛ̀	ī	mɔ̀
pn	3 sg . exi	3 sg . refl	spirit	walk- inf	2 sg	on
‘Pe is thinking about you.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). Labile verb used transitively. The object’s possessor is necessarily coreferential with the subject.

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pajzula	le-w	Madinat-la	pikri-li-če-w
pn	be- m	pn - gen	thought- obl - super - m
‘Islam is thinking about Madinat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Mingrelian Ø-p'irk-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL

X: ERG

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-še(n)	Ø-pirk-en-s
pn - nom	pn - abl	s 3-think- sm - s 3 sg
‘Chelo thinks about Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew hoʃev

Valency pattern: SBJ_al

X: SBJ

Y: al

Locus: Y

Pinχas	hoʃev	al	Menaχem
pn	think[ ptcp . sg . m ]	on	pn
‘Pinchas is thinking about Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul fikir vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad-a	majram-ı-klaa	fikir	vaʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	pn - obl - contel	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is thinking about Majram.’

Nanai murči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	murči-ni
pn	pn - obl	think. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is thinking about Masha.’

Nivkh kʰəmləd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD

X: SBJ

Y: DAT/ADD

Locus: Y

Kaskazik	Ajsana-rоχ	kʰəmlə-d
pn	pn - dat / add	think- ind
‘Kaskazik is thinking about Ajsana.’

Northern Akhvakh uʁilode bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

patħudi	musa-ƛƛi	čundala	uʁi-lo-de	gudi
pn	pn - gen	always	thought- pl . obl - erg	m . cop
‘Pathudi is always thinking about Musa’ (lit. ‘Pathudi is always in thoughts of Musa’).
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Northern Mansi nomsaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

āɣi	noms-axt-i	ɕān’-ēl
girl	think- refl - npst .3 sg	mother- poss .3 sg . el
‘The girl is thinking about her mother.’

Northern Yukaghir *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sǝmiǝn	čundǝ-dǝ-ɣа	Əkulˈǝ	lˈǝ-j
pn	thought- poss .3- loc	pn	be- intr .3 sg
‘Semien is thinking about Akulina.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Norwegian Bokmål å tenke

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Per	tenke-r	på	Kari
pn	think- prs	on	pn
‘Per is thinking about Kari.’

Polish myśleć

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Tadeusz	myśli	o	Hanc-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	think: ipfv . prs .3 sg	about	pn - loc . sg
‘Tadeusz is thinking about Hanka.’

Russian dumatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	duma-et	o	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	think( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	about	pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Petja is thinking about Maša.’

Serbian misliti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Petar	misli	na	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	think. prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul fikɨr havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

basir	fikɨr	vaʔa-r	a	peri-kla
pn ( erg )	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - simul	exist	pn - contel
‘Basir is thinking about Peri.’

Shughni fikri čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	Lola	fikri	kix̌-t
pn	pn	thought	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is thinking about Lola.’

Skolt Saami juurdčed

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	juurdač	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	think. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is thinking about Maria’

Slovak rozmýšľať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Peter	rozmýšľa	o	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’

Slovenian razmišljati

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Peter	razmišlja	o	An-i
pn [ nom . sg ]	think: ipfv . prs .3 sg	about	pn - loc . sg
‘Peter is thinking about Ana.’

Sorani Kurdish bir kirdinewe

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Hîwa	bîr	le	Zanko-î	de-ka-t-ewe
pn	think	from	pn - obl	ind -do. prs -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa is thinking about Zanko.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Southern Rutul fikir havʔın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-a	natig-di	fikir	vaʔa-r
pn - erg	pn - attr	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is thinking about Natig.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Spanish pensar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en

X: SBJ

Y: en

Locus: Y

Pedro	está	pensa-ndo	en	María
pn [ sg . m ]	be_ prog . prs .3 sg	think- ger : prog	in	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is thinking about Maria.’

Standard Arabic fakkara

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-u-n	yufakkiru	bi=Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef	think. ipf .3 m	by= pn - gen
‘Badr is thinking about Maryam.’

Svan

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPERESS

X: ERG

Y: SUPERESS

Locus: Y

maizer-Ø	lile-ži	a-Ø-sk'oːr-e
pn - nom	pn - superess	pn - nom pn - superess prv : dist - do 3-think- prs
‘Maizer is thinking about Lile.’

Swedish att tänka

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Björn	tänk-er	på	Maja
pn	think- prs	on	pn
‘Björn is thinking about Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

<In>i~isip	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~think	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey

Telugu ālōciṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci

X: NOM

Y: OBLgurinci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	madhuri	guriṁci	ālōcistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl	about	think. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’

Tsakhur fıkırrašmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRhakee

X: NOM

Y: ATTRhakee

Locus: Y

murad	nigar-ni	haˁk’ee	vo-r	fıkırrašmıš-eхhi
pn	pn - attr . obl	about	cop - h	think- aux . ipf
‘Murad is thinking about Nigar.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa pikri b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcela

X: NOM

Y: GENcela

Locus: Y

uršːi	neš-la	če-la	pikri	ik'ule=saj
boy	mother- gen	on- abl 1	thought	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is thinking about his mother.’

Tsugni Dargwa pikri b-ik'ʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL.DOWN

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL.DOWN

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	rursːi-ge-rka	pikri	w-ik'-ule=caj
boy	girl- super - abl . down	thought	m -say- cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is thinking about the girl.’

Turkish düşünmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	düşün-üyor
pn	pn - acc	think- prs
‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’

Turoyo mətfakər

Valency pattern: SBJ_b

X: SBJ

Y: b

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-mətfakər	b	Yuḥanən
pn	prs -think. ipfv .3 m	in	pn
‘Gabriyel thinks about Yuḥanən.’

Ulcha muruči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

əj	xusə	piktə	sup	muruč-i-n	əj	əktə	piktə-wə
this	male	child	constantly	think- prs -3 sg	this	female	child- acc
‘This boy is constantly thinking about this girl.’

Uzbek o’ylamoq

Valency pattern: NOM_haqida

X: NOM

Y: haqida

Locus: Y

Petya	Miša	haqida	o’yla-b	tur-ib-ti
pn	pn	about	think- cvb	stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is thinking about Miša.’

West Central Oromo jaada

Valency pattern: NOM_waa7eeGEN

X: NOM

Y: waa7eeGEN

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	waaʔee	boontuu	jaad-aa	dʒir-a
pn - nom	about	pn . gen	think- prog	aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is thinking about Bontu.’

Zilo Andi urʁ.u-mallo

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

ali	urʁ.u-mallo	umarħadʒi-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ]	think. pst - prog	pn - super . lat
‘Ali is thinking about Umargaji.’