‘bend’
| Argument frame: |
X
(bend)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
bent
the branch
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
гнуть
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(гнуть)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
согнул
ветку
.
|
Abaza
rə.qʷa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-č̣’ḳʷən |
a-q̇ʷadáma |
j-rə́-qʷa-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-branch
|
3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-
caus
-bend(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy bent the branch.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
wəfe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
qʷətame-r |
ə-wəfa-ʁ |
|
guy-
obl
|
branch-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-bend-
pst
|
| ‘The guy bent the branch.’ |
Aghul
č’ut’.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
t’ul |
č’ut’.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
branch
|
crush.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan bent the branch.’ |
Alik Kryz
agmiş aric
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
budağ |
agmiş |
ar-ic |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
bend
|
do.
pfv
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan bent the branch.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| paša-mu |
χol |
boqʼˁo |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
branch
|
bend.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha bent the branch.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṭayəp
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| +Ašur |
+ṭip-e-lə |
+pavan=ət |
ilana |
|
pn
|
bend.
pst
-
ss
(
o
).3
pl
-
ls
.3
m
|
branch(
m
).
pl
=
rel
|
tree(
m
)
|
| ‘Ashur bent the branch.’ |
Avar
het’izabize
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
ʕarƛ’el |
het’-izab-ula |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
bend-
caus
.
n
-
ipf
|
| ‘Ali bent the branch.’ |
Azerbaijani
ǝymək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
budağı |
ǝy-di |
|
pn
|
branch.
acc
|
bend.
tr
-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan bent the branch.’ |
Bambara
bíri
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
jíribolo` |
bíri |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
branch\
art
|
bend
|
| ‘Seku bent a branch.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
dobrar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
dobr-ou |
o |
galho |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
bend-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
m
|
branch(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro bent the branch.’ |
Catalan
doblegar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
dobleg-ar |
la |
branca |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
bend-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
branch(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere bent the branch.’ |
Chirag
b-aqːʷi b-aqi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
ʁa̰mul |
b-aqːʷ-i |
b-aq-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
nail(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-bend:
pf
-
inf
|
n
.
sg
-
caus
:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Ali bent a nail.’ |
Czech
ohnout
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
ohnu-l |
větev |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
branch(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr bent the branch.’ |
Danish
bøje
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
bøje-de |
gren-en |
|
pn
|
bend-
pst
|
branch(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter bent the branch.’ |
Dutch
buigen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
de |
tak |
ge-bog-en |
|
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
branch(С)
|
ptcp
-bend-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet bent the branch.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dɔ́kùru
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
bólon` |
dó |
dɔ́kùru. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
branch\
art
|
indf
|
bend
|
| ‘Seku bent a branch.’ |
English
bend
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
painutama
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
painuta-s |
oksa |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
bend-
pst
.3
sg
|
branch.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter bent the branch.’ |
Finnish
taivuttaa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
taivutt-i |
oksa-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
bend-
pst
.3
sg
|
branch-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka bent the branch.’ |
Forest Enets
bujurta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
niga |
bujurta |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
bushes
|
bend(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend bent the branch’. |
French
courber
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
courbé |
une |
branche |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
bend.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
branch(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul bent a branch.’ |
Georgian
mo-Ø-γun-av-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
t'ot-i |
mo-Ø-γun-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch-
nom
|
prv
:
prox
-
do
3-bend-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre bent the branch.’ |
German
biegen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
bog |
ein-en |
Zweig |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bend.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
branch[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl bent the branch.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
kpíníŋ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pépèe |
àá |
ŋwùlú |
ɓéɣéŋ̀ |
kpíníŋ́ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
pfv
|
def
\tree
|
branch
|
bend
|
| ‘Pepee bent a branch.’ |
Icari Dargwa
b=aˤlč'-aq-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
q'aˤli |
b=aˤlč'-aq-un |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch.
abs
|
n
=bend:
pf
-
caus
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam bent the branch.’ |
Irish
lúb
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Lúb |
Pól |
an |
tuige. |
|
bend(
pst
)
|
pn
|
def
|
branch
|
| ‘Pól bent the branch.’ |
Italian
piegare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
piegato |
un |
ramoscell-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
bend.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
branch-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pedro bent a branch.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
q'aˤli |
ʁaˤw-b-ar-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
bend-
n
-do.
pfv
-
pret
|
| ‘Muhammad bent the branch.’ |
Kalderash Romani
banďarəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
banďar-ď-a |
ə |
salk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
bend-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
tree-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša bent the tree.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatima-ji |
t’ul |
q’uǯal |
ʁ-ap’-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch(
abs
)
|
twofold
|
pf
-do-
pst
|
| ‘Fatima bent the branch.’ |
Karata
q’alaaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-l |
rošila-ƛ |
hala |
q’ala-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
tree.
obl
-
gen
|
branch
|
bend.
caus
-
pf
|
| ‘Ali bent the branch.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
q:imkaʁara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
q’aˁli |
q:imkağ-iv |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
bend.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Petja bent the branch.’ |
Kazakh
mayïstïr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
butaq-tï |
mayïstïr-dï |
|
pn
|
branch-
acc
|
bend-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya bent the branch.’ |
Kazym Khanty
mɛnši
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
nŭw |
mɛnš-əs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
branch
|
bend-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja bent the branch.’ |
Khoekhoe
gama kai
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǁnâu-b-a |
go |
gama |
kai |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
branch-
obl
|
rpst
|
crooked
|
make
|
| ‘Peter bent the branch.’ |
Khwarshi
j/uk'aχa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo |
uža |
l-uk’a-χ-χa |
ala |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
son\
erg
|
iv
-bend-
caus
-
pst
.
w
|
branch(
iv
)
|
| ‘Shamil bent the branch.’ |
Kina Rutul
q’ut’k’e hɨɁɨr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
dal |
q’-u<t’>k’-e |
hɨɁɨ-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch(
nom
)
|
pv
-<4>bend(
intr
)-
imp
|
4.do.
pfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘Rasul bent the branch.’ |
Kumyk
ijeltmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
butaq-nɨ |
ijel-t-d-i |
|
pn
|
branch-
acc
|
bend.down-
caus
-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Basir bent the branch.’ |
Latin
curvo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (Amor) |
curva-v-it |
flexil-e |
corn-um |
|
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
bend-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
flexible-
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
horn(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘(Cupid) bent his flexible horn.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Met. V, 383) |
Laz
o-drik'-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
č'ino-Ø |
go-Ø-drik'-u |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
stick-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-bend-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim bent the stick.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
nòng wān
|
Valency pattern:
SUB_ba
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ba |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
bǎ |
shùzhī |
nòng |
wān |
le |
|
pn
|
ba
|
branch
|
make
|
bent
|
pfv
|
| ‘Zhangsan bent the branch.’ |
| Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial. |
Mano
gbīnī
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| ē |
yílí |
kɔ̀ɔ̀ |
gbīnī |
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
tree
|
branch
|
bend
|
| ‘S/he bent a branch.’ |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pat’imat-li-n |
q'aˤjʔi |
ʁaˤm |
b-aq'-ib |
|
pn
-
obl
-
erg
|
branch
|
wrong
|
n
-do:
pfv
-
pst
|
| ‘Patimat bent the branch.’ |
Mingrelian
mo-Ø-γirik'-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
noʔvela-Ø |
mo-Ø-γirik'-(u) |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-bend-(
s
3
sg
.
pst
)
|
| ‘Chelo bent the branch.’ |
Modern Hebrew
kofef
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
kofef |
et |
ha |
anaf |
|
pn
|
bend[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
branch
|
| ‘Pinchas bent the branch.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
saʔ hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
gaˤri |
saʔ |
hıʔı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
down
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad bent the branch.’ |
Nanai
uriəwən-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
suktu-wə |
uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni |
|
pn
|
branch-
obl
|
bend.
intr
-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia bent the branch.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
mik’oonuƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| patħudi-de |
hala |
m-ik’-ani |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
n
-bend-
aor
|
| ‘Pathudi bent the branch.’ |
Northern Mansi
xutəltaste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ōjka |
xut-əlt-as-t-e |
tow |
|
man
|
bend_oneself-
caus
-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
branch
|
| ‘The man bent the branch.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
hajsǝj=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
čilgǝ-lǝ |
hаj-sǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
branch-
acc
|
be_curved-
caus
-
pf
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien bent the branch.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bøye
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
bøy-de |
gren-en |
|
pn
|
bend-
pst
|
branch-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per bent the branch.’ |
Polish
zgiąć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Paweł |
zgią-ł |
gałąź |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bend:
pfv
\
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
branch[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Paweł bent the branch.’ |
Russian
sognutʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
sognu-l |
vetk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
bend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
branch(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja bent the branch.’ |
Serbian
saviti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
savi-o |
gran-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
bend-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
branch-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar bent the branch.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
q'uˁt'k' hɨʔɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
q'uˁt'k' |
hɨʔɨ-r |
bɨdaʁ |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
bend
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
branch
|
| ‘Basir bent the branch.’ |
Shughni
xām δêdow1
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i |
wi |
xêx̌čak |
xām |
δod |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
branch
|
bend
|
give.
pst
|
| ‘Ahmed bent the branch.’ |
Skolt Saami
poonnjâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
poonnj-i |
ååuʹs |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
bend-
pst
.3
sg
|
branch.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete bent the branch.’ |
Slovak
ohnúť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
oho-l |
konár |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
bend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
branch(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter bent the branch.’ |
Slovenian
upogniti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pavel |
je |
upogni-l |
vej-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
bend:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
branch-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Pavel bent the branch.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
çemandin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
liq-î |
dar-eke=î |
çemand-Ø |
|
pn
|
branch-
izf
|
tree-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
bend.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa bent the branch.’ |
| Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. |
Southern Rutul
suˤç'uˤkaˤ hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
gariy |
suˤç'uˤkaˤ |
hıʔı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
bend
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad bent the branch.’ |
Spanish
encorvar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
encorva-do |
una |
rama |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
bend-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
branch[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro bent the branch.’ |
Standard Arabic
ṯanā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
ṯanā |
ġusn-a-n |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
bend.
pf
.3
m
|
branch-
acc
-
indef
|
| ‘Badr bent a branch.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-d |
ašxäl-Ø- |
anː-Ø-i-k'w-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch-
nom
|
prv
:
prox
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-bend-
pst
|
| ‘Maizer bent a branch.’ |
Swedish
att böja
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
böj-de |
gren-en |
|
pn
|
bend-
pst
|
branch-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn bent the branch.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| B<in>aluktot |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
sanga |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.bend
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
branch
|
| ‘Pedro bent the branch.’ |
Telugu
vaṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
komma-ni |
vaṁcāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
branch(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
bend.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen bent the branch.’ |
Tsakhur
qhuˁč’okar haʔiy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
bıtar |
qhuˁč’okar |
haʔu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch
|
bend.
ipf
|
n
.do.
pf
|
| ‘Murad bent the branch.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
b-alq'-aq-iz/b-ulk'-aq-iz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| uršːi |
q'aˤli |
b-elk'-aq-un |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
branch
|
n
-bend.
pfv
-
caus
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy bent the branch.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-aˤž-i / b-aˤlž-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
k'aˤli |
b-aˤž-un |
|
boy-
erg
|
branch
|
n
-bend.
pfv
(
caus
)-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy bent the branch.’ |
Turkish
bükmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
dal-ı |
bük-tü |
|
pn
|
branch-
acc
|
bend-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet bent the branch.’ |
Turoyo
ṭowe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
ṭwe-le |
u |
čəqəl |
d-u |
ilono |
|
pn
|
bend.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
art
.
m
|
branch(
m
)
|
rel
-
art
.
m
|
tree(
m
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel bent the tree branch.’ |
Ulcha
mokčo-mokčo opawan-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| tara |
ti |
mərgən |
mə̄n |
ǯai |
mokčo-mokčo |
opa-wan-da |
|
then
|
that
|
hero
|
self
|
birch_boat
|
bent
|
become-
caus
-
cvb
.
nsim
|
| ‘Then this hero bent his birch boat.’ |
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
egmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
filoli |
eg-di |
|
pn
|
stick
|
bend-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja bent the branch.’ |
West Central Oromo
dʒallisa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
dam-ittʃa |
dʒall-i-s-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
branch-
def
.
abs
|
bend-
ep
-
caus
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa bent the branch.’ |
Zilo Andi
tʃ’ab-oɬ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di |
anɡa |
tʃ’ab-oɬ.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
branch[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
bend-
caus
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Patimat bent the branch.’ |
