BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘bend’

Argument frame:

X (bend) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. bent the branch .

Predicate label Ru:

гнуть

Argument frame Ru:

X (гнуть) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. согнул ветку .

Abaza rə.qʷa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

á-č̣’ḳʷən	a-q̇ʷadáma	j-rə́-qʷa-ṭ
def -boy	def -branch	3 sg . m . erg - caus -bend( aor )- dcl
‘The boy bent the branch.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) wəfe

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

č̣ʼale-m	qʷətame-r	ə-wəfa-ʁ
guy- obl	branch- abs	3 sg . erg -bend- pst
‘The guy bent the branch.’

Aghul č’ut’.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	t’ul	č’ut’.u-ne
pn ( erg )	branch	crush. pf - aor
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

Alik Kryz agmiş aric

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	budağ	agmiş	ar-ic
pn - erg	branch	bend	do. pf - aor . n
‘Terlan bent the branch.’

Archi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	χol	boqʼˁo
pn - obl ( erg )	branch	bend. pfv
‘Паша согнул ветку.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭayəp

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

+Ašur	+ṭip-e-lə	+pavan=ət	ilana
pn	bend. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m	branch( m ). pl = rel	tree( m )
‘Ashur bent the branch.’

Azerbaijani ǝymək

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	budağı	ǝy-di
pn	branch. acc	bend. tr - pst (3)
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

Bambara bíri

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	jíribolo`	bíri
pn	pfv . tr	branch\ art	bend
‘Seku bent a branch.’

Brazilian Portuguese dobrar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	dobr-ou	o	galho
pn ( m )	bend-3 sg . pst	def . m	branch( m )
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

Catalan doblegar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	dobleg-ar	la	branca
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	bend- inf	def . sg . f	branch( f )
‘Pere bent the branch.’

Czech ohnout

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	ohnu-l	větev
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr bent the branch.’

Danish bøje

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	bøje-de	gren-en
pn	bend- pst	branch( c )- def . sg
‘Peter bent the branch.’

Dutch buigen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	de	tak	ge-bog-en
pn (С)	have.3 sg	art . def . c	branch(С)	ptcp -bend- ptcp
‘Piet bent the branch.’

Eastern Maninka dɔ́kùru

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	bólon`	dó	dɔ́kùru.
pn	aor . tr	branch\ art	indf	bend
‘Seku bent a branch.’

English bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	bent	the	branch.

Estonian painutama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	painuta-s	oksa
pn . sg . nom	bend- pst .3 sg	branch. sg . part
‘Peeter bent the branch.’

Finnish taivuttaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	taivutt-i	oksa-n
pn . nom	bend- pst .3 sg	branch- gen
‘Pekka bent the branch.’

Forest Enets bujurta

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	niga	bujurta
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	bushes	bend( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend bent the branch’.

French courber

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	courbé	une	branche
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	bend. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . f	branch( f )
‘Paul bent a branch.’

Georgian mo-Ø-γun-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	t'ot-i	mo-Ø-γun-a
pn - erg	branch- nom	prv : prox - do 3-bend- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre bent the branch.’

German biegen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	bog	ein-en	Zweig
pn [ nom . sg ]	bend. pst .3 sg	indf - m . acc . sg	branch[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl bent the branch.’

Icari Dargwa AGR=ялч1-ахъ-ун

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	q'aˤli	b=aˤlč'-aq-un
pn - erg	branch. abs	n =bend: pf - caus - aor
‘Islam bent the branch.’

Irish lúb

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Lúb	Pól	an	tuige.
bend( pst )	pn	def	branch
‘Pól bent the branch.’

Italian piegare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	piegato	un	ramoscell-o
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	bend. pst . ptcp	indf . sg . m	branch- sg . m
‘Pedro bent a branch.’

Kalderash Romani banďarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	banďar-ď-a	ə	salk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	bend- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	tree- acc . sg
‘Murša bent the tree.’

Kazakh mayïstïr

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	butaq-tï	mayïstïr-dï
pn	branch- acc	bend- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya bent the branch.’

Kazym Khanty mɛnši

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	nŭw	mɛnš-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	branch	bend- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja bent the branch.’

Khwarshi j/uk'aχa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

di-lo	uža	l-uk’a-χ-χa	ala
1 sg . o - gen 2	son\ erg	iv -bend- caus - pst . w	branch( iv )
‘Shamil bent the branch.’

Kina Rutul q’ut’k’e hɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	dal	q’-u<t’>k’-e	hɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	branch( nom )	pv -<4>bend( intr )- imp	4.do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul bent the branch.’

Kumyk ijeltmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	butaq-nɨ	ijel-t-d-i
pn	branch- acc	bend.down- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Basir bent the branch.’

Latin curvo

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

(Amor)	curva-v-it	flexil-e	corn-um
pn ( m ). nom . sg	bend- prf - ind . act .3 sg	flexible- acc . sg . n	horn( n )- acc . sg
‘(Cupid) bent his flexible horn.’
Note: (Ov. Met. V, 383)

Laz o-drik'-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	č'ino-Ø	go-Ø-drik'-u.
pn - b - erg	stick- nom	prv - do 3-bend- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim bent the stick.’

Mandarin Chinese nòng wān

Valency pattern: SUB_ba

X: SBJ

Y: ba

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	bǎ	shùzhī	nòng	wān	le
pn	ba	branch	make	bent	pfv
‘Zhangsan bent the branch.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial.

Mano gbīnī

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ē	yílí	kɔ̀ɔ̀	gbīnī
3 sg . pst	tree	branch	bend
‘He bent a branch.’

Mingrelian mo-Ø-γirik'-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	noʔvela-Ø	mo-Ø-γirik'-(u)
pn - erg	branch- nom	prv - do 3-bend-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo bent the branch.’

Modern Hebrew kofef

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	kofef	et	ha	anaf
pn	bend[ pst .3 sg . m ]	do	def	branch
‘Pinchas bent the branch.’

Mukhad Rutul saʔ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gaˤri	saʔ	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	branch	down	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad bent the branch.’

Nanai uriəwən-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	suktu-wə	uri.ə-wəŋ-ki-ni
pn	branch- obl	bend. intr - caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia bent the branch.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi xutəltaste

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ōjka	xut-əlt-as-t-e	tow
man	bend_oneself- caus - pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s	branch
‘The man bent the branch.’

Northern Yukaghir hajsǝj=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	čilgǝ-lǝ	hаj-sǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn	branch- acc	be_curved- caus - pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien bent the branch.’

Norwegian Bokmål å bøye

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	bøy-de	gren-en
pn	bend- pst	branch- def . m . sg
‘Per bent the branch.’

Polish zgiąć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Paweł	zgią-ł	gałąź
pn [ nom . sg ]	bend: pfv \ m - pst [ m .3 sg ]	branch[ acc . sg ]
‘Paweł bent the branch.’

Russian sognutʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	sognu-l	vetk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja bent the branch.’

Serbian saviti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	savi-o	gran-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	bend- part . perf . m . sg	branch- acc . sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’

Shughni xām δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	wi	xêx̌čak	xām	δod
pn =3 sg	d 3. m . sg . obl	branch	bend	give. pst
‘Ahmed bent the branch.’

Skolt Saami poonnjâd

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	poonnj-i	ååuʹs
pn . sg . nom	bend- pst .3 sg	branch. sg . acc
‘Pete bent the branch.’

Slovak ohnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	oho-l	konár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter bent the branch.’

Slovenian upogniti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pavel	je	upogni-l	vej-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	bend: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	branch- acc . sg
‘Pavel bent the branch.’

Sorani Kurdish çemandin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	liq-î	dar-eke=î	çemand-Ø
pn	branch- izf	tree- def =3 sg . pc	bend. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa bent the branch.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul suˤç'uˤkaˤ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gariy	suˤç'uˤkaˤ	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	branch	bend	m .do. pf - indic
‘Murad bent the branch.’

Spanish encorvar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	encorva-do	una	rama
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	bend- ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . f	branch[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

Svan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	ašxäl-Ø-	anː-Ø-i-k'w-e
pn - erg	branch- nom	prv : prox - do 3- ver : s -bend- pst
‘Maizer bent a branch.’

Swedish att böja

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	böj-de	gren-en
pn	bend- pst	branch- def . c . sg
‘Björn bent the branch.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

B<in>aluktot	ni	Pedro	ang	sanga
< pv > pfv .bend	pers . gen	pn	subj	branch
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

Telugu vaṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	komma-ni	vaṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	branch( n ). sg . obl - acc	bend. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen bent the branch.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-aˤž-i / b-aˤlž-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	k'aˤli	b-aˤž-un
boy- erg	branch	n -bend. pfv ( caus )- pret (3)
‘The boy bent the branch.’

Turkish bükmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	dal-ı	bük-tü
pn	branch- acc	bend- pst
‘Mehmet bent the branch.’

Ulcha mokčo-mokčo opawan-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

tara	ti	mərgən	mə̄n	ǯai	mokčo-mokčo	opa-wan-da
then	that	hero	self	birch_boat	bent	become- caus - cvb . nsim
‘Then this hero bent his birch boat.’
Note: This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek egmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	filoli	eg-di
pn	stick	bend- pst .3 sg
‘Petja bent the branch.’

West Central Oromo dʒallisa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	dam-ittʃa	dʒall-i-s-e
pn - nom	branch- def . abs	bend- ep - caus -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa bent the branch.’

Zilo Andi tʃ’ab-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pat’imati-di	anɡa	tʃ’ab-oɬ.i
pn - erg	branch[ inan 1][ nom ]	bend- caus . pst ( aor )
‘Patimat bent the branch.’