‘get to know’
| Argument frame: |
X
(get to know)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
got to know
M.
a year ago.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
знакомиться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(знакомиться) с
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
познакомился с
М.
год тому назад.
|
Abaza
[aba-]dər
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SOC
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma |
murád |
c̣əpχ |
d-j-aba-də́r-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
last_year
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
soc
-know(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatima got to know Murad a year ago.’ |
Adyghe
neʔʷase fe-χʷə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| jəλes |
ə-pe-č̣ʼe |
pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
neʔʷase |
fe-χʷə-ʁ |
|
год
|
3
pl
.
pr
-перед-
ins
|
девушка-
abs
|
парень-
obl
|
знакомый
|
ben
-стать-
pst
|
| ‘Девушка познакомилась с парнем год тому назад.’ |
Aghul
taniš-x.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-qaj |
taniš-x.u-ne |
sa |
is.a-n |
üdüh-tːi |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
get.acquainted-become.
pf
-
aor
|
one
|
year-
gen
|
ahead-
lat
|
| ‘Aslan got to know Muhammad a year ago.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+yaṭṭə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| +Ašur |
kam-+yahə-la |
baxt-u |
tre |
šənnə |
kam |
hadiyya |
|
pn
|
prf
-know.
prs
-
ls
.3
f
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
two
|
year(
f
).
pl
|
before
|
now
|
| ‘Ashur got to know his wife two years ago.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. +yahə is a dialect variant of the verb stem +yaṭṭə. |
Bambara
dɔ́n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
Fántà |
dɔ́n |
sálòn |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
know
|
last.year
|
| ‘Seku got to know Fanta last year.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
conhecer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
conhec-eu |
Miguel |
um |
ano |
atrás |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
know_someone-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
m
)
|
indf
|
year(
m
)
|
ago
|
| ‘Pedro got to know Miguel a year ago.’ |
Catalan
conèixer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
conèix-er |
en |
Marc |
fa |
un |
any |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
know-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
ago
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
year(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere got to know Marc a year ago.’ |
Czech
seznámit se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
seznámi-l |
s |
Michal-em |
před |
rok-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
get_to_know(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
before
|
year(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr got to know Michal a year ago.’ |
Danish
lære at kende
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
lær-te |
Marie |
at |
kende |
for |
et |
år |
siden |
|
pn
|
learn-
pst
|
pn
|
to
|
know.
inf
|
for
|
indf
.
sg
|
year(
n
)
|
ago
|
| ‘Peter got to know Marie a year ago.’ |
Dutch
kennismaken
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
jaar |
geleden |
met |
Marie |
kennis-ge-maak-t |
|
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
year(
n
)
|
ago
|
with
|
pn
(С)
|
knowledge-
ptcp
-make-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet got to know Marie a year ago.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lɔ́n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
Fántà |
lɔ́n |
sáròn |
nè. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
pn
|
know
|
last.year
|
foc
|
| ‘Seku made Fanta's acquaintance last year.’ |
English
get to know
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
got |
to |
know |
Mary |
a |
year |
ago. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
tutvuma
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
tutvu-s |
Mareti-ga |
aasta |
tagasi |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
get_to_know-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
year
|
back
|
| ‘Peeter got to know Maret a year ago.’ |
Finnish
tutustua
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
tutustu-i |
Matti-in |
vuosi |
sitten |
|
pn
.
nom
|
get.to.know-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
ill
|
year.
nom
|
ago
|
| ‘Pekka got to know Matti a year ago.’ |
Forest Enets
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-da |
ejbuj |
pɔ-xan |
dʲazee-zaʃ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
last_year
|
year-
loc
.
sg
|
встретить-3
sg
.
so
sg.
pst
|
| ‘My friend met his wife last year’. |
| Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
French
faire la connaissance
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Paul |
a |
fait |
la |
connaissance |
de |
Marie |
il |
y |
a |
un |
an |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
make.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
knowledge(
f
)
|
of
|
pn
(
f
)
|
it
|
there
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
sg
.
m
|
year(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul got to know Marie a year ago.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Georgian
ga-Ø-i-cn-ob-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
mašo-Ø |
ert-i |
c'l-is |
c'in |
ga-Ø-i-cn-o |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
one-
obl
|
year-
gen
|
ahead
|
prv
:outward-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-know-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre got to know Masho a year ago.’ |
German
kennenlernen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
lern-te |
Marie |
vor |
ein-em |
Jahr |
kenn-en |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
learn-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in.front
|
one-
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
year[
dat
.
sg
]
|
know-
inf
|
| ‘Karl got to know Marie a year ago.’ |
Irish
buail
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Do=bhuail |
Pól |
le |
Máire |
bliain |
ó |
shin. |
|
pst
=meet
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
year
|
ago
|
ago
|
| ‘Pól got to know Máire a year ago.’ |
Italian
conoscere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
conosciuto |
Maria |
un |
ann-o |
fa |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
know_someone.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
year-
sg
.
m
|
ago
|
| ‘Leo got to know Maria a year ago.’ |
Kalderash Romani
znakomilpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
znakomi-sajl-o |
la |
Marijk-asa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
get_to_know-
pst
.
refl
-3
sg
.
m
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša got to know Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
tanïs
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-men |
bіr |
žïl |
burïn |
tanï-s-tï |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
one
|
year
|
ago
|
get_acquainted-
rec
-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya got to know Masha a year ago.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫjtantti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
piλ-a |
tǫńaλ |
oλ |
wǫjtant-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
with-
dat
|
last_year
|
year
|
meet-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja got to know Maša last year.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| šamil-i |
patimate-ł |
łajqwaj |
/ |
halmaʁłi l-u-na |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
inter
|
дружба(
iv
)
|
дружба(
iv
)
|
iv
-делать-
pst
.
u
|
| ‘Шамиль подружился с Фатимой.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence. |
Kina Rutul
tanɨš jišid
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
ramazan-ɨ-kan |
sa |
sen |
xura |
gi-na |
tanɨš |
jiši-d |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
one
|
year
|
in.front
|
sub
.be-
cvb
|
acquainted
|
1.become.
pfv
-
attr
|
| ‘Rasul got to know Ramazan a year ago.’ |
Latin
cognosco
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (Hortensi-us) |
acer |
et |
non |
tal-is |
qual-em |
tu |
eum |
cogno-v-isti |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
energetic.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
and
|
not
|
such-
nom
.
sg
|
which-
acc
.
sg
|
you.
nom
|
this.
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
get_acquainted-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.2
sg
|
| ‘(Hortensius) was full of energy and not such as you saw him when you first met him.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Brutus. 317) |
Mandarin Chinese
jiéshí
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| yì |
nián |
qián |
Zhāngsān |
jiéshí |
le |
Lǐsì |
|
one
|
year
|
ago
|
pn
|
get_to_know
|
pfv
|
pn
|
| ‘A year ago, Zhangsan got to know Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
g-Ø-i-čin-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| art |
c'ana-š |
uk'ul |
čelo-k |
anučia-Ø |
g-Ø-i-čin-eb-ap-u. |
|
one
|
year-
gen
|
behind
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-recognize-
r
.
ext
-
aug
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo got to know Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hikir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
hikir |
et |
Menaχem |
lifnej |
ʃaa |
|
pn
|
know[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
ago
|
year
|
| ‘Pinchas got to know Menachem a year ago.’ |
Nanai
takoali-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Maša-ǯi |
tako-a-le-xa-ni |
əm |
ajŋane-ndo |
bi |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
know-
intr
-
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
one
|
year-
dat
|
be.
npst
|
| ‘Petia got to know Masha a year ago.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
rumalaxtas
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| am |
rumalaxt-as-um |
jēn’a |
jot |
|
1
sg
|
befriend-
pst
-1
sg
|
pn
|
com
|
| ‘I recently made friends with Eugene.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Northern Yukaghir
nˈikуrilˈī=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
nˈi-kurulˈī-n-а̄-j-uo-l-pǝ-gi |
sukunmolˈɣаl |
ū-či-č |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
recp
-know-
ipf
-
inch
-
pf
-
stat
-
nlzr
-
pl
-
poss
.3
|
year
|
pass-
lim
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien got to know Akulina a year ago.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bli kjent
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
ble |
kjent |
med |
Ola |
for |
et |
år |
siden |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
acquainted
|
with
|
pn
|
for
|
one.
n
|
year
|
since
|
| ‘Per got to know Ola a year ago.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
zapoznać się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Józef |
zapozna-ł |
się |
z |
Adam-em |
rok |
temu |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
get_to_know:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
refl
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
year
|
that.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Józef got to know Adam a year ago.’ |
Russian
poznakomitʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
poznakomi-l-sja |
s |
Maš-ej |
god |
tomu |
nazad |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
introduce(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
year(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
that.
dat
.
sg
|
ago
|
| ‘Petja got to know Maša a year ago.’ |
Serbian
upoznati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
upozna-o |
Marij-u |
pre |
godin-u |
dan-a |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
get.to.know-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
in.front
|
year-
acc
.
sg
|
day-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Petar got to know Maria a year ago.’ |
Shughni
balad sitow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed |
Saida=qati |
yi |
sol |
tar |
piro |
balad |
sut |
|
pn
|
pn
=
ins
|
one
|
year
|
eq
|
ahead
|
familiar
|
go.
m
.
pst
|
| ‘Ahmed got to know Saida a year ago.’ |
Skolt Saami
tobdstõõttâd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
tobdst-õõđ-i |
Määrja-in |
õhtt |
eeʹǩǩ |
mââiårra |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
get.to.know-
refl
-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
one
|
year.
sg
.
nom
|
ago
|
| ‘Pete got to know Maria a year ago.’ |
Slovak
spoznať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
spozna-l |
Mark-a |
pred |
rok-om |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
get_to_know(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
before
|
year(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter got to know Marek a year ago.’ |
Slovenian
spoznati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
je |
lani |
spozna-l |
s |
Pavl-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
aux
.3
sg
|
year_ago
|
learn:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter got to know Pavel a year ago.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
aʂina bûn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legel
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: legel |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
parekane |
legeɫ |
Perî-î |
aʂina |
bû-Ø |
|
pn
|
last.year
|
with
|
pn
-
obl
|
familiar
|
be.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa got to know Pari a year ago.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
conocer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
conoci-ó |
a |
María |
hac-e |
un |
año |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
know-
aor
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
make-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
year[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro got to know Maria a year ago.’ |
Swedish
att lära känna
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
lär-de |
känn-a |
Maja |
för |
ett |
år |
sedan |
|
pn
|
learn-
pst
|
know-
inf
|
pn
|
for
|
one
|
year
|
since
|
| ‘Björn got to know Maja a year ago.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Na-kilala |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
potpv
-
pfv
.know
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro got to know Miguel.’ |
Telugu
telusukōnu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgurinci
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLgurinci |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ |
guriṁci |
saṁvatsaramu |
mundu |
telusukunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
year(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
before
|
get_to_know.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen got to know Mahesh a year ago.’ |
Turkish
tanışmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-le |
bir |
yıl |
önce |
tanış-tı |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
one
|
year
|
before
|
get_acquainted-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet got to know Filiz a year ago.’ |
Ulcha
ičə-
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| bi |
əj |
piktə-wə |
tiŋi |
ańan-du |
ičə-xəm-bi |
|
i
|
this
|
child-
acc
|
last
|
year-
dat
|
see-
pst
-1
sg
|
| ‘I got to know (lit. saw) this child last year.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Uzbek
tanišmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša |
bilan |
bir |
yil |
burun |
tan-iš-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
one
|
year
|
ago
|
meet-
recp
-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja got to know Maša a year ago.’ |
West Central Oromo
wal bara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu |
waddʒin |
waggaa |
tokko |
dura |
wal |
bar-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
year
|
one
|
before
|
each_other
|
learn-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa got to know Bontu a year ago.’ |
Zilo Andi
ts’inn.i j-iʁ.i
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pat’imati-<j>o |
sːobɡu |
ts’inn.i |
j-iʁ.i |
marjam |
|
pn
-
aff
<
f
>
|
a_year_ago
|
know.
pst
(
aor
)
|
f
-stop.
pst
(
aor
)
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat met Mariam a year ago.’ |
