‘look’
| Argument frame: | X (look) at Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. is looking at the clouds (trying to determine if it will rain). |
| Predicate label Ru: | смотреть |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (смотреть) на Y |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. смотрит на тучи (он хочет понять, будет ли дождь). |
Abaza pšə
| Valency pattern: ABS_IO |
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma | á-psthʷa-kʷa | də-r-pš-ə́j-ṭ |
| pn | def -cloud- pl | 3 sg . h . abs -3 pl . io -look- prs - dcl |
| ‘Fatima is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Aghul χutːurf.a-
| Valency pattern: ABS_DAT |
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan | dif-ar.i-s | χutːurf.a-a |
| pn | fog- pl - dat | look. ipf - prs |
| ‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic gašək
| Valency pattern: SBJ_al |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| yala | gašuk=əl | +al | +ayvə | cumə |
| boy( m ) | observe. prog =3 m | on | cloud( f ). pl | black. pl |
| ‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’ | ||||
Brazilian Portuguese olhar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_para |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: para |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | olh-a | para | a | nuvem |
| pn ( m ) | look-3 sg . prs | towards | def . f | cloud( f ) |
| ‘Pedro is looking at the cloud.’ | ||||
Catalan mirar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_a |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | està | mir-ant | als | núvol-s |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | be.3 sg . prs . ind | look- ger | to. def . pl . m | cloud( m )- pl |
| ‘Pere is looking at the clouds.’ | |||||
| Note: Cf. "en Pere hi està mirant" | |||||
Czech pozorovat
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | pozoruje | mrak-y |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | cloud( m )- acc . pl |
| ‘Petr is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Danish se
| Valency pattern: SBJ_pa |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | se-r | på | sky-er-ne |
| pn | look- prs | on | cloud( c )- pl - def |
| ‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Dutch kijken
| Valency pattern: SBJ_naar |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: naar |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | kijk-t | naar | de | wolk-en |
| pn ( c ) | look-3 sg | on | art . def . c | cloud( c )- pl |
| ‘Piet is looking at the clouds.’ | ||||
Estonian vaatama
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | vaata-b | pilv-i |
| pn . sg . nom | look- prs .3 sg | cloud- pl . part |
| ‘Peeter is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Finnish katsoa
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | katso-o | pilv-i-ä |
| pn . nom | look- prs .3 sg | cloud- pl - part |
| ‘Pekka is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Forest Enets seŋir
| Valency pattern: NOM_OBLdez |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLdez |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ | ŋa | dʲez | seŋiŋa |
| man- nom . sg .1 sg | sky | in_the_direction | look( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend is looking at the sky’. | |||
German schauen
| Valency pattern: NOM_aufACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: aufACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | schau-t | auf | die | Wolken |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | look- prs .3 sg | on | def . acc . pl | cloud. acc . pl |
| ‘Karl is looking at the clouds.’ | ||||
Italian guardare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | guard-a | le | nuvol-e |
| pn ( m ) | look_at-3 sg . prs | def . pl . f | cloud- pl . f |
| ‘Leo is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Kazakh qara
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | bult-tar-ɣa | qara-p | tur |
| pn | raincloud- pl - dat | look- cvb | stand.3 sg |
| ‘Petya is looking at the rainclouds.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty wantti
| Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpela |
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpela |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | χot | pελa | want-ǝλ |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | house | at | look- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja is looking at the house.’ | |||
Latin aspecto
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (victor) | aspecta-t | Olymp-um |
| winner( m ). nom . sg | watch[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg | o lympus( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘(The winner) looks at Olympus.’ | ||
| Note: (Man. Astronomica. IV, 907) | ||
Modern Hebrew mistakel
| Valency pattern: SBJ_al |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | mistakel | al | ha | anan-im |
| pn | look[ ptcp . sg . m ] | on | def | cloud- pl |
| ‘Pinchas is looking at the clouds.’ | ||||
Nanai ičəǯə-
| Valency pattern: NOM_DIR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | təwəksə-či | ičə-ǯə-j-ni |
| pn | cloud- dir | see- res - npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Nivkh tʰərd
| Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik | tʰlə-rоχ | tʰər-d |
| pn | sky- dat / add | look- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik is looking at the sky.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å se
| Valency pattern: SBJ_pa |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Per | se-r | på | de | mørke | sky-ene |
| pn | see- prs | on | det . pl | dark. pl | cloud- def . pl |
| ‘Per is looking at the clouds.’ | |||||
Polish patrzeć
| Valency pattern: NOM_naACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Ann-a | patrzy | na | chmur-y |
| pn - nom . sg | look: ipfv . prs .3 sg | on | cloud- acc . pl |
| ‘Anna is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Russian smotretʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_naACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | smotr-it | na | tuč-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | look( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | on | cloud( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Rutul gʲaɢara
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUB |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUB |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul | gʲ-aɢa-r=a | gɨbli-mɨ-χda |
| pn ( nom ) | pv -1.look. ipfv - cvb =be | cloud- pl . obl - sub |
| ‘Rasul is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Serbian gleda
| Valency pattern: NOM_uACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: uACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | gleda | u | oblak-e |
| pn . nom . sg | смотреть. prs .3 sg | в | облако- acc . pl |
| ‘Петар смотрит на тучи.’ | |||
Shughni čīx̌tow
| Valency pattern: NOM_EQ |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EQ |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim | tar | abri-yen | čos-t |
| pn | eq | cloud- pl | look-3 sg |
| ‘Azim is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Skolt Saami ǩiiččeed
| Valency pattern: NOM_GENarra |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENarra |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | lij | ǩiičče-men | põõlv-i | årra |
| pn . sg . nom | be. prs .3 sg | watch- prog . ptcp | cloud- pl . gen | towards |
| ‘Pete is looking at the clouds.’ | ||||
Slovenian gledati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a | gleda | oblak-e |
| pn - nom . sg | look: ipfv . prs .3 sg | cloud- acc . pl |
| ‘Ana is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Spanish mirar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | mir-a | la-s | nube-s |
| pn [ sg . m ] | look- prs .3 sg | art . def . f - pl | cloud[ sg . f ]- pl |
| ‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Swedish att titta
| Valency pattern: SBJ_pa |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn | titta-r | på | moln-en |
| pn | see- prs | on | cloud- def . n . pl |
| ‘Björn is looking at the clouds.’ | |||
Turkish bakmak
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | yağmur | bulut-lar-ı-na | bak-ıyor |
| pn | rain | cloud- pl - p .3- dat | look- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is looking at the rainclouds.’ | |||
Ulcha ičəǯə-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama | təwəksə-wə | ičə-ǯ-i-ni |
| father | cloud- acc | see- res - prs -3 sg |
| ‘Father is looking at the clouds.’ | ||
Zilo Andi haltʃ’.o-mado
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imat | hiroda-ʔo | haltʃ’.o-mado |
| pn [ f ][ nom ] | cloud. pl . obl - super . lat | look. pst - prog |
| ‘Patimat is looking at the clouds.’ | ||