‘look’
Argument frame: |
X
(look) at
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
is looking at
the clouds
(trying to determine if it will rain).
|
Predicate label Ru: |
смотреть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(смотреть) на
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
смотрит на
тучи
(он хочет понять, будет ли дождь).
|
Abaza
pšə
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
fatíma |
á-psthʷa-kʷa |
də-r-pš-ə́j-ṭ |
pn
|
def
-cloud-
pl
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
pl
.
io
-look-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Fatima is looking at the clouds.’ |
Adyghe
je-pλə
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pŝaŝe-r |
weŝʷapšʼe-me |
ja-pλə |
девушка-
abs
|
туча-
obl
.
pl
|
3
pl
.
io
+
dat
-смотреть
|
‘Девушка смотрит на тучи.’ |
Aghul
χutːurf.a-
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
dif-ar.i-s |
χutːurf.a-a |
pn
|
fog-
pl
-
dat
|
look.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
gašək
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
yala |
gašuk=əl |
+al |
+ayvə |
cumə |
boy(
m
)
|
observe.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
cloud(
f
).
pl
|
black.
pl
|
‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’ |
Bambara
fílɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
kàbanɔgɔ-w |
fílɛ |
pn
|
prog
|
cloud-
pl
|
look
|
‘Seku looks at the clouds.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
olhar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_para
|
X: SBJ |
Y: para |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
olh-a |
para |
a |
nuvem |
pn
(
m
)
|
look-3
sg
.
prs
|
towards
|
def
.
f
|
cloud(
f
)
|
‘Pedro is looking at the cloud.’ |
Catalan
mirar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
està |
mir-ant |
als |
núvol-s |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
look-
ger
|
to.
def
.
pl
.
m
|
cloud(
m
)-
pl
|
‘Pere is looking at the clouds.’ |
Note: Cf. "en Pere hi està mirant" |
Czech
pozorovat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
pozoruje |
mrak-y |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
look(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Petr is looking at the clouds.’ |
Danish
se
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
se-r |
på |
sky-er-ne |
pn
|
look-
prs
|
on
|
cloud(
c
)-
pl
-
def
|
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’ |
Dutch
kijken
Valency pattern:
SBJ_naar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: naar |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
kijk-t |
naar |
de |
wolk-en |
pn
(
c
)
|
look-3
sg
|
on
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
cloud(
c
)-
pl
|
‘Piet is looking at the clouds.’ |
Eastern Maninka
máfɛnɛn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Fántà |
yé |
fàanin` |
máfɛnɛn-na. |
pn
|
be
|
clothes\
art
|
look-
inf
.
la
|
‘Fanta looks at the clothes.’ |
English
look
Valency pattern:
SBJ_at
|
X: SBJ |
Y: at |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
is |
looking |
at |
the |
clouds. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
vaatama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
vaata-b |
pilv-i |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud-
pl
.
part
|
‘Peeter is looking at the clouds.’ |
Finnish
katsoa
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
katso-o |
pilv-i-ä |
pn
.
nom
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud-
pl
-
part
|
‘Pekka is looking at the clouds.’ |
Forest Enets
seŋir
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLdez
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLdez |
Locus: Y |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋa |
dʲez |
seŋiŋa |
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
sky
|
in_the_direction
|
look(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend is looking at the sky’. |
French
regarder
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
regarde |
les |
nuage-s |
pn
(
m
)
|
look_at.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
pl
|
cloud(
f
)-
pl
|
‘Paul is looking at the clouds.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-q'ur-eb-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
γrubl-eb-s |
Ø-u-q'ur-eb-s |
pn
-
nom
|
cloud-
pl
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-look_at-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre is looking at the clouds.’ |
German
schauen
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: aufACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
schau-t |
auf |
die |
Wolken |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
def
.
acc
.
pl
|
cloud.
acc
.
pl
|
‘Karl is looking at the clouds.’ |
Irish
féach
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ar |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
Pól |
ag |
féach-aint |
air |
na |
scamaill. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
look.
nmlz
|
on
|
def
.
pl
|
cloud.
pl
|
‘Pól is looking at the clouds.’ |
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
guardare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
guard-a |
le |
nuvol-e |
pn
(
m
)
|
look_at-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
cloud-
pl
.
f
|
‘Leo is looking at the clouds.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dikhəl
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
X: NOM |
Y: pe |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
dikhə-l |
p-o |
ćeri |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
on-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
sky[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Murša is looking at the sky.’ |
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used. |
Kazakh
qara
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
bult-tar-ɣa |
qara-p |
tur |
pn
|
raincloud-
pl
-
dat
|
look-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
‘Petya is looking at the rainclouds.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wantti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpela
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMpela |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
χot |
pελa |
want-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
house
|
at
|
look-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is looking at the house.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.LAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: CONT.LAT |
Locus: Y |
šamil |
gic'a-ha |
as-za-qo-l |
pn
|
смотреть-
prs
|
туча(
iv
)-
pl
.
o
-
cont
-
lat
|
‘Шамиль смотрит на тучи.’ |
Kina Rutul
gʲaɢara
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUB |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
gʲ-aɢa-r=a |
gɨbli-mɨ-χda |
pn
(
nom
)
|
pv
-1.look.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
cloud-
pl
.
obl
-
sub
|
‘Rasul is looking at the clouds.’ |
Latin
aspecto
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(victor) |
aspecta-t |
Olymp-um |
winner(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
watch[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
o
lympus(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘(The winner) looks at Olympus.’ |
Note: (Man. Astronomica. IV, 907) |
Mandarin Chinese
guānchá
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
guānchá |
yún |
pn
|
prog
|
observe
|
cloud
|
‘Zhangsan is looking at the clouds.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ǯin-en-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
munapa-s |
Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
nom
|
cloud-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-look_at-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo is looking at the cloud.’ |
Modern Hebrew
mistakel
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
mistakel |
al |
ha |
anan-im |
pn
|
look[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
def
|
cloud-
pl
|
‘Pinchas is looking at the clouds.’ |
Nanai
ičəǯə-
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
X: NOM |
Y: DIR |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
təwəksə-či |
ičə-ǯə-j-ni |
pn
|
cloud-
dir
|
see-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’ |
Nivkh
tʰərd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DAT/ADD |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
tʰlə-rоχ |
tʰər-d |
pn
|
sky-
dat
/
add
|
look-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik is looking at the sky.’ |
Northern Mansi
sunsi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
am |
suns-ēj-um |
televizor |
1
sg
|
watch-
npst
-1
sg
|
television
|
‘I am watching television.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ičуo=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
sukun-dаwа-pǝ-lǝ |
ičuo-m |
pn
|
sky-skin-
pl
-
acc
|
see-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien looked at the clouds.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å se
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Per |
se-r |
på |
de |
mørke |
sky-ene |
pn
|
see-
prs
|
on
|
det
.
pl
|
dark.
pl
|
cloud-
def
.
pl
|
‘Per is looking at the clouds.’ |
Polish
patrzeć
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Ann-a |
patrzy |
na |
chmur-y |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cloud-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Anna is looking at the clouds.’ |
Russian
smotretʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
smotr-it |
na |
tuč-i |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
look(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cloud(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’ |
Serbian
gledati
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: uACC |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
gleda |
u |
oblak-e |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
look.
prs
.3
sg
|
in
|
cloud-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’ |
Shughni
čīx̌tow
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
X: NOM |
Y: EQ |
Locus: Y |
Azim |
tar |
abri-yen |
čos-t |
pn
|
eq
|
cloud-
pl
|
look-3
sg
|
‘Azim is looking at the clouds.’ |
Skolt Saami
ǩiiččeed
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENarra
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENarra |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
lij |
ǩiičče-men |
põõlv-i |
årra |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
watch-
prog
.
ptcp
|
cloud-
pl
.
gen
|
towards
|
‘Pete is looking at the clouds.’ |
Slovak
pozerať sa
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
sa |
pozerá |
na |
mrak-y |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
look(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cloud(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’ |
Slovenian
gledati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
gleda |
oblak-e |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Ana is looking at the clouds.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
çav lêkirdin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
xerîk-e |
çaw |
le |
hewr-ek-an |
de-k-a |
pn
|
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
eye
|
from
|
cloud-
def
-
pl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa is looking at the clouds.’ |
Spanish
mirar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
mir-a |
la-s |
nube-s |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
f
-
pl
|
cloud[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’ |
Swedish
att titta
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
titta-r |
på |
moln-en |
pn
|
see-
prs
|
on
|
cloud-
def
.
n
.
pl
|
‘Björn is looking at the clouds.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
T<in>i~tign-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
ulap |
<
pv
>
ipfv
~look-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
cloud
|
‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
gamaniṁcu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
mēgha-la-ni |
gamanistunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
cloud(
n
)-
pl
.
obl
-
acc
|
pay_attention.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen is observing the clouds.’ |
Turkish
bakmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
yağmur |
bulut-lar-ı-na |
bak-ıyor |
pn
|
rain
|
cloud-
pl
-
p
.3-
dat
|
look-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is looking at the rainclouds.’ |
Ulcha
ičəǯə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
təwəksə-wə |
ičə-ǯ-i-ni |
father
|
cloud-
acc
|
see-
res
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Father is looking at the clouds.’ |
Uzbek
ko’ramoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
bulut-lar-ga |
ko’ra-b |
tur-ib-ti |
pn
|
cloud-
pl
-
dat
|
look-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’ |
West Central Oromo
ilaala
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
duumessa |
ilaal-aa |
dʒir-a |
pn
-
nom
|
cloud.
abs
|
look-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
‘Obsa is looking at the cloud.’ |
Zilo Andi
haltʃ’.o-mado
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
pat’imat |
hiroda-ʔo |
haltʃ’.o-mado |
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
cloud.
pl
.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
look.
pst
-
prog
|
‘Patimat is looking at the clouds.’ |