‘look’
| Argument frame: |
X
(look) at
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
is looking at
the clouds
(trying to determine if it will rain).
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
смотреть
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(смотреть) на
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
смотрит на
тучи
(он хочет понять, будет ли дождь).
|
Abaza
pšə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma |
á-psthʷa-kʷa |
də-r-pš-ə́j-ṭ |
|
pn
|
def
-cloud-
pl
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
pl
.
io
-look-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatima is looking at the clouds.’ |
Adyghe
je-pλə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r |
weŝʷapšʼe-me |
ja-pλə |
|
девушка-
abs
|
туча-
obl
.
pl
|
3
pl
.
io
+
dat
-смотреть
|
| ‘Девушка смотрит на тучи.’ |
Aghul
χutːurf.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
dif-ar.i-s |
χutːurf.a-a |
|
pn
|
fog-
pl
-
dat
|
look.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
gašək
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| yala |
gašuk=əl |
+al |
+ayvə |
cumə |
|
boy(
m
)
|
observe.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
cloud(
f
).
pl
|
black.
pl
|
| ‘The boy is looking at the clouds.’ |
Bambara
fílɛ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
kàbanɔgɔ-w |
fílɛ |
|
pn
|
prog
|
cloud-
pl
|
look
|
| ‘Seku looks at the clouds.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
olhar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_para
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: para |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
olh-a |
para |
a |
nuvem |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look-3
sg
.
prs
|
towards
|
def
.
f
|
cloud(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro is looking at the cloud.’ |
Catalan
mirar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
mir-ant |
als |
núvol-s |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
look-
ger
|
to.
def
.
pl
.
m
|
cloud(
m
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pere is looking at the clouds.’ |
| Note: Cf. "en Pere hi està mirant" |
Czech
pozorovat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
pozoruje |
mrak-y |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
look(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petr is looking at the clouds.’ |
Danish
se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se-r |
på |
sky-er-ne |
|
pn
|
look-
prs
|
on
|
cloud(
c
)-
pl
-
def
|
| ‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’ |
Dutch
kijken
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_naar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: naar |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
kijk-t |
naar |
de |
wolk-en |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
look-3
sg
|
on
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
cloud(
c
)-
pl
|
| ‘Piet is looking at the clouds.’ |
Eastern Maninka
máfɛnɛn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Fántà |
yé |
fàanin` |
máfɛnɛn-na. |
|
pn
|
be
|
clothes\
art
|
look-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Fanta looks at the clothes.’ |
English
look
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_at
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: at |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
looking |
at |
the |
clouds. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
vaatama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
vaata-b |
pilv-i |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud-
pl
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter is looking at the clouds.’ |
Finnish
katsoa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
katso-o |
pilv-i-ä |
|
pn
.
nom
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud-
pl
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is looking at the clouds.’ |
Forest Enets
seŋir
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLdez
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLdez |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ |
ŋa |
dʲez |
seŋiŋa |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
sky
|
in_the_direction
|
look(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is looking at the sky’. |
French
regarder
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
regarde |
les |
nuage-s |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look_at.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
pl
|
cloud(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Paul is looking at the clouds.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-q'ur-eb-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
γrubl-eb-s |
Ø-u-q'ur-eb-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
cloud-
pl
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-look_at-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is looking at the clouds.’ |
German
schauen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: aufACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
schau-t |
auf |
die |
Wolken |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
def
.
acc
.
pl
|
cloud.
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Karl is looking at the clouds.’ |
Irish
féach
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ar |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
féach-aint |
air |
na |
scamaill. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
look.
nmlz
|
on
|
def
.
pl
|
cloud.
pl
|
| ‘Pól is looking at the clouds.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
guardare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
guard-a |
le |
nuvol-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look_at-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
cloud-
pl
.
f
|
| ‘Leo is looking at the clouds.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dikhəl
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pe |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
dikhə-l |
p-o |
ćeri |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
on-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
sky[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša is looking at the sky.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used. |
Kazakh
qara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
bult-tar-ɣa |
qara-p |
tur |
|
pn
|
raincloud-
pl
-
dat
|
look-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is looking at the rainclouds.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wantti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpela
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpela |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
χot |
pελa |
want-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
house
|
at
|
look-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is looking at the house.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.LAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: CONT.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil |
gic'a-ha |
as-za-qo-l |
|
pn
|
смотреть-
prs
|
туча(
iv
)-
pl
.
o
-
cont
-
lat
|
| ‘Шамиль смотрит на тучи.’ |
Kina Rutul
gʲaɢara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUB |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
gʲ-aɢa-r=a |
gɨbli-mɨ-χda |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pv
-1.look.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
cloud-
pl
.
obl
-
sub
|
| ‘Rasul is looking at the clouds.’ |
Latin
aspecto
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (victor) |
aspecta-t |
Olymp-um |
|
winner(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
watch[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
o
lympus(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘(The winner) looks at Olympus.’ |
| Note: (Man. Astronomica. IV, 907) |
Mandarin Chinese
guānchá
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
guānchá |
yún |
|
pn
|
prog
|
observe
|
cloud
|
| ‘Zhangsan is looking at the clouds.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ǯin-en-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
munapa-s |
Ø-u-ǯin-e(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
cloud-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-look_at-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is looking at the cloud.’ |
Modern Hebrew
mistakel
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
mistakel |
al |
ha |
anan-im |
|
pn
|
look[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
def
|
cloud-
pl
|
| ‘Pinchas is looking at the clouds.’ |
Nanai
ičəǯə-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
təwəksə-či |
ičə-ǯə-j-ni |
|
pn
|
cloud-
dir
|
see-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is looking at the clouds.’ |
Nivkh
tʰərd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
tʰlə-rоχ |
tʰər-d |
|
pn
|
sky-
dat
/
add
|
look-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is looking at the sky.’ |
Northern Mansi
sunsi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
suns-ēj-um |
televizor |
|
1
sg
|
watch-
npst
-1
sg
|
television
|
| ‘I am watching television.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ičуo=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
sukun-dаwа-pǝ-lǝ |
ičuo-m |
|
pn
|
sky-skin-
pl
-
acc
|
see-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien looked at the clouds.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
se-r |
på |
de |
mørke |
sky-ene |
|
pn
|
see-
prs
|
on
|
det
.
pl
|
dark.
pl
|
cloud-
def
.
pl
|
| ‘Per is looking at the clouds.’ |
Polish
patrzeć
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Ann-a |
patrzy |
na |
chmur-y |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cloud-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Anna is looking at the clouds.’ |
Russian
smotretʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
smotr-it |
na |
tuč-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
look(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cloud(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’ |
Serbian
gledati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: uACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
gleda |
u |
oblak-e |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
look.
prs
.3
sg
|
in
|
cloud-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’ |
Shughni
čīx̌tow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EQ |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
tar |
abri-yen |
čos-t |
|
pn
|
eq
|
cloud-
pl
|
look-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim is looking at the clouds.’ |
Skolt Saami
ǩiiččeed
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENarra
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENarra |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
lij |
ǩiičče-men |
põõlv-i |
årra |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
watch-
prog
.
ptcp
|
cloud-
pl
.
gen
|
towards
|
| ‘Pete is looking at the clouds.’ |
Slovak
pozerať sa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sa |
pozerá |
na |
mrak-y |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
look(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
cloud(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’ |
Slovenian
gledati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
gleda |
oblak-e |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
cloud-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Ana is looking at the clouds.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
çav lêkirdin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
xerîk-e |
çaw |
le |
hewr-ek-an |
de-k-a |
|
pn
|
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
eye
|
from
|
cloud-
def
-
pl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is looking at the clouds.’ |
Spanish
mirar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
mir-a |
la-s |
nube-s |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
look-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
f
-
pl
|
cloud[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’ |
Swedish
att titta
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
titta-r |
på |
moln-en |
|
pn
|
see-
prs
|
on
|
cloud-
def
.
n
.
pl
|
| ‘Björn is looking at the clouds.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| T<in>i~tign-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
ulap |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~look-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
cloud
|
| ‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’ |
| Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
gamaniṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
mēgha-la-ni |
gamanistunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
cloud(
n
)-
pl
.
obl
-
acc
|
pay_attention.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is observing the clouds.’ |
Turkish
bakmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
yağmur |
bulut-lar-ı-na |
bak-ıyor |
|
pn
|
rain
|
cloud-
pl
-
p
.3-
dat
|
look-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is looking at the rainclouds.’ |
Ulcha
ičəǯə-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
təwəksə-wə |
ičə-ǯ-i-ni |
|
father
|
cloud-
acc
|
see-
res
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father is looking at the clouds.’ |
Uzbek
ko’ramoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
bulut-lar-ga |
ko’ra-b |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
cloud-
pl
-
dat
|
look-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’ |
West Central Oromo
ilaala
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
duumessa |
ilaal-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
cloud.
abs
|
look-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is looking at the cloud.’ |
Zilo Andi
haltʃ’.o-mado
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imat |
hiroda-ʔo |
haltʃ’.o-mado |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
cloud.
pl
.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
look.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Patimat is looking at the clouds.’ |
