‘eat’
| Argument frame: |
X
(eat)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
ate
an apple
.
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(есть)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
съел
яблоко
.
|
Abaza
fa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-phʷə́spa |
a-ĉ̣á |
l-fa-ṭ |
|
def
-girl
|
def
-apple
|
3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-eat(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The girl ate the apple.’ |
Aghul
ʡut’.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
ʜač |
ʡut’.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
apple
|
eat.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan ate an apple.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+axəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| yala |
+xəl-lə |
xabuyša |
|
boy(
m
)
|
eat.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
apple(
m
)
|
| ‘The boy ate an apple.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
comer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
com-eu |
um-a |
maçã |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
eat-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
-
f
|
apple(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro ate an apple.’ |
Catalan
menjar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
menj-ar |
un-a |
poma |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
eat-
inf
|
indf
-
sg
.
f
|
apple(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere ate an apple.’ |
Czech
sníst
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
sněd-l |
jablk-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr ate an apple.’ |
Danish
spise
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
spis-te |
et |
æble |
|
pn
|
eat-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
apple(
n
)
|
| ‘Peter ate an apple.’ |
Dutch
eten
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
appel |
op-ge-get-en |
|
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
apple(
c
)
|
pvb
-
ptcp
-eat-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet ate an apple.’ |
Estonian
sööma
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
sõi |
õuna |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
eat.
pst
.3
sg
|
apple.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter ate an apple.’ |
Finnish
syödä
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
söi |
omena-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
eat.
pst
.3
sg
|
apple-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka ate an apple.’ |
Forest Enets
ɔ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋaʔu |
ɔma |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
duck
|
eat(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend ate a duck’. |
Italian
mangiare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
mangiato |
un-a |
mel-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
eat.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
-
f
|
apple-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo ate an apple.’ |
Kazakh
že
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
alma |
že-dі |
|
pn
|
apple
|
eat-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya ate an apple.’ |
Kazym Khanty
λԑti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
ńań |
λԑ-λ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
bread
|
eat-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is eating bread.’ |
Latin
edo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| bolet-um |
qual-em |
Claudi-us |
ed-it, |
ed-a-s |
|
mushroom(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
which-
acc
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
eat[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
eat-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.2
sg
|
| ‘You would eat a mushroom such as Claudis ate.’ |
| Note: (Mart. Epigr. I, 20, 4) |
Modern Hebrew
aχal
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
aχal |
tapuaχ |
|
pn
|
eat[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
apple
|
| ‘Pinchas ate an apple.’ |
Nanai
sea-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
jabloka-wa |
sea-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
apple-
obl
|
eat-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia ate an apple.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å spise
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
spis-te |
et |
eple |
|
pn
|
eat-
pst
|
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
apple
|
| ‘Per ate an apple.’ |
Polish
zjeść
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Adam |
zjad-ł |
jabłk-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
eat:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
apple-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Adam ate an apple.’ |
Russian
sʺestʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
sʺe-l |
jablok-o |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja ate an apple.’ |
Rutul
liwir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
Ɂeč |
li<w>i-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
apple(
nom
)
|
<3>eat.
pfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘Rasul ate an apple.’ |
Skolt Saami
poorrâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
poor-i |
jaabl |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
eat-
pst
.3
sg
|
apple.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete ate an apple.’ |
Slovenian
pojesti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
pojede-l |
jabolk-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
eat:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
apple-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter ate an apple.’ |
Spanish
comer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
se |
ha |
comi-do |
una |
manzana |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
eat-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
apple[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro ate an apple.’ |
Swedish
att äta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
åt |
ett |
äpple |
|
pn
|
eat.
pst
|
indf
.
n
.
sg
|
apple
|
| ‘Björn ate an apple.’ |
Turkish
yemek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
elma |
ye-di |
|
pn
|
apple
|
eat-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet ate an apple.’ |
Ulcha
ǯəp-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
uniktə-wə |
ǯək-pi-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
wild_apple-
acc
|
eat-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy ate a wild apple.’ |
Zilo Andi
k’amm.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
intʃi |
k’amm.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
apple[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
eat.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Ali ate an apple.’ |
