‘attack’
Argument frame: |
X
(attack)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
A bear
attacked
a fisherman
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
напасть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(нападать) на
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Медведь
напал на
рыбака
.
|
Abaza
[gʷə.kʷ-]sə
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCgwekwe
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOCgwekwe |
Locus: Y |
á-mŝ |
a-pslaĉaḳʕʷə́ |
j-gʷə́.kʷ-s-d |
def
-bear
|
def
-fisherman
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
+3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
loc
-hit(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
tje-bene
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.TOP
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOC.TOP |
Locus: Y |
məŝe-r |
pegʷaše-m |
qə-tje-bena-ʁ |
bear-
abs
|
fisherman-
obl
|
csl
-
loc
:
top
-struggle-
pst
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Aghul
alčiš.i-
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
ʕurčaqban.di-l |
bengiš |
alčiš.i-ne |
hunter-
super
|
bear
|
{
super
.
lat
}jump.
pf
-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’ |
Alik Kryz
ʕaxhric
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN7adig
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN7adig |
Locus: Y |
svar |
baluğçi-c |
ʕadi-ğ |
ʕaxhur-du |
bear
|
fisherman-
gen
|
surface-
super
|
f
.arrive.
pfv
-
aor
.
f
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Archi
tʼankʼ bos
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP.LAT |
Locus: Y |
χːams |
χaˁbχˁ-du |
sa-r-tːu-m-mu-tːi-k |
tʼankʼ |
bo |
bear
|
fish-
pl
|
npl
.catch-
ipfv
-
attr
-1-
obl
.
m
-
sup
-
lat
|
jump
|
say.
pfv
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
napəl
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
dəbba |
pəl-la |
+al |
d-o |
naša |
bear(
f
)
|
fall.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
on
|
obl
-
dem
4.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
‘A bear attacked a man.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Avar
k’anc’ize
Valency pattern:
NOM_LATtade
|
X: NOM |
Y: LATtade |
Locus: Y |
ččuʕiqan-as-de |
t’ade |
ci |
k’anc’-ana |
fisherman-
m
.
obl
-
lat
|
on.
lat
|
bear
|
jump-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Azerbaijani
hücum etmək
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: Y |
ayı |
balıqçı-ya |
hücum |
et-di |
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
/
lat
|
attack
|
do-
pst
(3)
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Bafut
fúrᵼ̀tə̀
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
nààŋgwé |
à |
kɨ̀ |
fúrᵼ̀tə̀ |
tákwúrə̀ |
lion
|
sm
|
p
2
|
attack
|
leopard
|
‘A lion attacked a leopard.’ |
Bambara
bìn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
X: SBJ |
Y: kan |
Locus: Y |
wùlu` |
bìn-na |
dén` |
kàn |
dog\
art
|
fall-
pfv
.
intr
|
child\
art
|
on
|
‘The dog attacked a child.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
atacar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
o |
urso |
atac-ou |
o |
pescador |
def
.
m
|
bear(
m
)
|
attack-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
m
|
fisherman(
m
)
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Budugh
ħucum siʔi
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOCada
|
X: ERG |
Y: LOCada |
Locus: Y |
sor-uldu-r |
ba'luğ-ça' |
ʕada' |
ħucum |
siʔir-ci |
bear-
obl
-
erg
|
fisherman.
loc
|
on
|
attack(
n
)
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Catalan
atacar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
un |
os |
va |
atac-ar |
un |
pescador |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
bear(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
attack-
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman(
m
)
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Chirag
če-b-iči
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
sːika |
awči-l-i |
če-b-ič-ib |
bear(
abs
)
|
hunter-
obl
-
super
|
super
-
n
.
sg
-fall:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
‘A bear attacked the hunter.’ |
Czech
napadnout
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
medvěd |
napad-l |
rybář-e |
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Danish
angribe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
En |
bjørn |
angreb |
en |
fisker |
indf
.
sg
|
bear(
c
)
|
attack.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
fisherman(
c
)
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Dutch
aanvallen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
de |
beer |
viel |
de |
visser |
aan |
art
.
def
.
c
|
bear(
c
)
|
fall.
pst
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
fisherman(
c
)
|
on
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Eastern Maninka
kɛ́
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
X: SBJ |
Y: kan |
Locus: Y |
Wùlu` |
báda |
à |
kɛ́ |
dén` |
kàn. |
dog\
art
|
prf
|
3
sg
|
pour
|
child\
art
|
on
|
‘The dog has attacked a child.’ |
English
attack
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
A |
bear |
attacked |
a |
fisherman. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
ründama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
karu |
ründa-s |
kalamees-t |
bear.
sg
.
nom
|
attack-
pst
.3
sg
|
fisherman-
sg
.
part
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Finnish
hyökätä
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkimppuun
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENkimppuun |
Locus: Y |
karhu |
hyökkä-si |
kalastaja-n |
kimppuun |
bear.
nom
|
attack-
pst
.3
sg
|
fisherman-
gen
|
to
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
attaquer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
un |
ours |
a |
attaqué |
un |
pêcheur |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
bear(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
attack.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
.
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman(
m
)
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Georgian
tav-s da-Ø-e-sxm-eb-a (FUT)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
metevze-s |
datv-i |
tav-s |
da-Ø-e-sx-a |
fisherman-
dat
|
bear-
nom
|
refl
-
dat
|
prv
:downward-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-attack-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
German
angreifen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ein |
Bär |
griff |
ein-en |
Fischer |
an |
indf
.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
|
grab.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
fisherman[
acc
.
sg
]
|
on
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
wólo
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
|
X: SBJ |
Y: bha |
Locus: Y |
yílê |
àa |
wólo |
Tòkpa |
ɓà |
dog
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
attack
|
pn
|
on1
|
‘The dog attacked Tokpa.’ |
Icari Dargwa
či=b=u:q-anaj
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPLAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPLAT |
Locus: Y |
sːika |
baliqːči-lij |
či=b=u:q-un |
bear.
abs
|
fisherman-
suplat
|
on
=
n
=attack:
pf
-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Irish
ionsaigh
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
D’=ionsaigh |
béar |
iascaire. |
pst
=attack
|
bear
|
fisherman
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Italian
aggredire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
l’ |
ors-o |
ha |
aggredito |
un |
pescator-e |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
bear-
sg
.
m
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
attack.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman-
sg
.
m
|
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
aqu-CL-ik-es / aqu-CL-irk-es
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
sinka |
aqu-b-ik-ib |
rɨbak-i-ke |
bear
|
high-
n
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
|
fisherman-
obl
-
super
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xuťol
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
X: NOM |
Y: pe |
Locus: Y |
o |
riś |
xut-il-o |
p-o |
Murš-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
bear.
nom
.
sg
|
jump-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
on-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked Murša.’ |
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used. |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
š̊eʔ |
maˁhaˁmed.ʔ-in |
ala<b>q-nu |
bear(
abs
)
|
pn
-
super
|
<
n
.
sg
>attack-
pst
|
‘The bear attacked Mahamad.’ |
Karata
k’anc’aaɬa
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
sin |
ččuʕiqan-š:w-a |
kaʔa-r |
k’anc’e-e |
bear
|
fisherman-
obl
.
m
-
dat
|
up-
lat
|
jump-
pf
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Note: Here, “kaʔar” has some properties of a predicate-related element. |
Kaytag Dargwa
č:ibuqana
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: Y |
sika |
baˁliqč:e-j |
č:ibuq-un |
bear
|
fisherman.
obl
-
datlat
|
n
.attack.
pf
-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Kazakh
šabwïl žasa
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Ayu |
balïqšï-ɣa |
šabwïl |
žasa-dï |
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
attack
|
do-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Kazym Khanty
nǎpǝtti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pǔpi |
weλpǝs |
χǫ-j-a |
nǎpt-ǝs |
bear
|
hunt
|
man-
ep
-
dat
|
attack-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁnāǂam
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
ǀAo-b |
ge |
ǁauǃkhōao-b-a |
go |
ǁnāǂam |
snake-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
fisherman-3
m
.
sg
-
obl
|
rpst
|
attack
|
‘A snake attacked a fisherman.’ |
Khwarshi
k'oƛa
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
boc'-ba |
k'ojƛa |
iho-ƛ'o |
wolf(
iii
)-
pl
.
abs
|
attack\
pst
.
w
|
shepherd(
i
)-
super
|
‘Wolves attacked the shepherd.’ |
Kina Rutul
lowčir
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
si |
edemij-a |
l-o<w>či-r |
bear(
nom
)
|
man-
obl
(
sup
)
|
pv
-<3>attack.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘A bear attacked a man.’ |
Kumyk
atɨlmaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ajuw |
balɨqčɨ-ʁa |
at-ɨl-d-ɨ |
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
throw-
pass
-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Latin
invado
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
leon-es |
invad-unt |
greg-es |
lion(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
attack[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
herd(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Lions attack the herds.’ |
Note: (Ov. Fasti. 2, 210) |
Laz
o-gab-u
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
tut-i |
Käzim-i-s |
ko-n-a-gab-u |
bear-
nom
|
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-attack-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘A bear attacked Käzim.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
xíjī
Valency pattern:
bei_SBJ
|
X: bei |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
yúfū |
bèi |
yì-zhī |
xióng |
xíjī |
le |
fisherman
|
pass
|
one-
clf
|
bear
|
attack
|
pfv
|
‘The fisherman was attacked by a bear.’ |
Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity. |
Mano
yà
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mo
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mo |
Locus: Y |
lɛ̄ |
yà-pɛ̀lɛ̀ |
ŋ̄ |
mɔ̀ |
3
sg
.
exi
|
sit-
inf
|
3
sg
|
on
|
‘S/he attacks me.’ |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
sinka |
aqu |
b-uq-un |
k'usreʡaj-če |
bear
|
on.top(
lat
)
|
n
-go:
pfv
-
aor
|
fisherman-
super
(
lat
)
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Mingrelian
dud-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
tunt-i-k |
mečxome-s |
du(d)-s |
gi-Ø-a-ntx-u |
bear-
b
-
erg
|
fisherman-
dat
|
refl
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-attack-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Modern Hebrew
takaf
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
dav |
takaf |
dajag |
bear
|
attack[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
fisherman
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
et'utxun
Valency pattern:
NOM_APUD
|
X: NOM |
Y: APUD |
Locus: Y |
si |
baluʁčij-e-χda |
et'upxu-ri |
bear
|
fisherman-
obl
-
apud
|
a
.attack.
pf
-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Nanai
xukču-
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
X: NOM |
Y: DIR |
Locus: Y |
mapa |
bota-mǯi-či |
xukču-xə-ni |
bear
|
fish-
ag
-
dir
|
attack-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Nivkh
vоlud
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
cʰxəf |
cʰо-ŋanʁ-nivŋ |
vоlu-d |
bear
|
fish-look.for-man
|
fell-
ind
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
ƛ’ada k’ooruƛa
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
šin |
č:uʕiqqass-u-ga |
ƛ’ada |
k’a-ari |
bear
|
fisherman-
obl
-
lat
|
on
|
grab-
aor
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Note: ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms. Here, ƛ’ada functions as a preverb. |
Northern Mansi
porijmaste
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMlalt
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMlalt |
Locus: Y |
wōrtōlnōjka |
xūl |
puw-ne |
ōjka |
l’al’t |
porijm-as-t-e |
bear
|
fish
|
catch-
ptcp
.
npst
|
man
|
on
|
jump-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
köčǝgǝjrǝ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
hаjčiǝ-tǝgǝ |
sа̄bаndˈǝ |
ǝjū-nu-j-rukun-ǝ-k |
köčǝgǝ-j-rǝ-m-lǝ |
grandpa-
aug
|
net
|
get_caught_in_net-
ipf
-
ptcl
-thing-0-
foc
|
pounce-
pf
-
caus
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘A bear pounced on whatever was caught in the net.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å angripe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
bjørn-en |
angrep |
fisker-en |
bear-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
attack.
pst
|
fisherman-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Polish
napaść
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
niedźwiedź |
napad-ł |
na |
rybak-a |
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
on
|
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Russian
napastʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
medvedʹ |
napa-l |
na |
rybak-a |
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Serbian
napasti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
medved |
je |
napa-o |
pecaroš-a |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
attack-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
hajvɨ-n
Valency pattern:
ERG_APUD
|
X: ERG |
Y: APUD |
Locus: Y |
sirɨ-r |
hajvɨ-r |
baluʁči-ja-χda |
bear.
obl
-
erg
|
attack.
pf
-
aor
|
fisherman-
obl
-
apud
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Shughni
firīptow
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
xirs=i |
wi |
ribak-ti |
firīp-t |
bear=3
sg
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
fisherman-
sup
|
reach-
pst
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Skolt Saami
kõrmmled
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENool
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENool |
Locus: Y |
kueʹbǯǯ |
kõrmml-i |
kueʹllšiili |
ool |
bear.
sg
.
nom
|
attack-
pst
.3
sg
|
fisherman.
sg
.
gen
|
onto
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Slovak
napadnúť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Medveď |
napado-l |
rybár-a |
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Slovenian
napasti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
medved |
je |
napade-l |
ribič-a |
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
attack:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
pelamardan
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
wirç-êk |
pelamar-î |
masîgir-êk=î |
da-Ø |
bear-
indf
|
attack-
izf
|
fisherman-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘A bear attached a fisherman.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Southern Rutul
aç'ıtxın
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
q'at'ay |
ilsındıı |
aç'ıbxı-r |
dog
|
human.
obl
.
super
|
a
.attack.
pf
-
aor
|
‘A dog attacked a man.’ |
Spanish
atacar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
un |
oso |
atac-ó |
a=l |
pescador |
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
bear[
sg
.
m
]
|
attack-
aor
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Standard Arabic
haǧama
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Ɂad-dubb-u |
haǧama |
ṣ-ṣayyād-a |
def
-bear(
m
)-
nom
|
attack.
pf
.3
m
|
def
-fisherman-
acc
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Svan
x-e-k'äːl-i (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
metxwiär-s |
däšdw-Ø |
la-x-kaːl-äːn |
hunter-
dat
|
bear-
nom
|
prv
:
slightly
-
io
3-fly-
vpl
|
‘A bear attacked (lit. ‘flew/rushed upon’) a hunter.’ |
Swedish
att anfalla
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
björn |
anföll |
en |
fiskare |
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
bear
|
attack.
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
fisherman
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
<in>atake |
ng |
oso |
ang |
mangingisda |
<
pv
>
pfv
.attack
|
gen
|
bear
|
subj
|
fisherman
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Telugu
dāḍicēyu
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLmidaki
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLmidaki |
Locus: Y |
oka |
cēpavāḍi |
mīda-ki |
oka |
elugubaṁṭi |
dāḍicēsiṁdi |
one
|
fisherman(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
on-
dat
|
one
|
bear(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
attack.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Tsakhur
keč’uvkiy
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
baluğči-y-qha |
syo |
k’eč’ivku |
fisherman-
obl
-
lat
|
bear
|
a
.attack.
pf
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
če-b-uq-iz/če-b-ulq-iz
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
χʷaˤ |
uršːi-ja |
če-b-uq-un |
dog
|
boy-
super
(
lat
)
|
on
-
n
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘A dog attacked the boy.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
če-b-ič-i / če-b-irč-i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
χʷe |
durħaˤ-ge |
če-b-ič-ib |
dog
|
boy-
super
(
lat
)
|
on
-
n
-fall.
pfv
-
pret
|
‘A dog attacked the boy.’ |
Turkish
saldırmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ayı |
balıkçı-ya |
saldır-dı |
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
attack-
pst
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Turoyo
hoǧəm
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7al
|
X: SBJ.SS |
Y: 7al |
Locus: Y |
hərče |
haǧim-o |
ʕal |
ṣayodo |
d |
nun-e |
bear(
f
)
|
attack.
pfv
-
ss
.3
f
|
on
|
hunter(
m
)
|
rel
|
fish-
pl
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Twi
tohyε
Valency pattern:
SBJ_so
|
X: SBJ |
Y: so |
Locus: Y |
pataku |
bi |
tohyε-ε |
ᴐpofoni |
bi |
so |
bear
|
indef
|
attack-
pst
|
fisherman
|
indef
|
on
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Ulcha
xukču-
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
buju |
bəjč-i |
ńī-ti |
xukču-xə-ni |
bear
|
hunt-
prs
|
person-
lat
|
attack-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’ |
Uzbek
hužum qilmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ayiq |
baliqči-ga |
hužum |
qil-di |
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
attack
|
do-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
West Central Oromo
haleela
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
risaa-n |
adamsituu |
sana |
haleel-e |
bear-
nom
|
hunter.
abs
|
that.
abs
|
attack-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘A bear attacked the hunter.’ |
Wolof
song
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
gaynde |
g-i |
song |
na |
rëbb |
b-i |
lion(
g
)
|
cl
g
-
def
|
attack
|
prf
.s
i
:3
sg
|
hunter(
b
)
|
cl
b
-
def
|
‘The lion attacked the hunter.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUP
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
sev-re |
ǧetter |
qa-zaa-d-a-l |
hüdjum-na |
bear-
erg
|
fish.
pl
|
catch.
ipfv
-
prsprt
-
sbst
-
obl
-
sup
|
attack-
aor
|
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
hɛs-i |
ɡalɨm-e |
masɛɡɨr-i |
kɛrd |
bear-
m
.
obl
|
attack-
ez
.
m
|
fisherman-
m
.
obl
|
do.
pst
|
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Zilo Andi
ɬib.i-j hiʔo
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
sej |
ɬib.i-j |
hiʔo |
χʷammi |
b-itʃː.i-r-sːi |
hek’ʷaʃ-ʔo |
bear[
an
][
nom
]
|
jump.
pst
-
pf
|
up.
lat
|
fish[
an
][
nom
]
|
an
-catch.
pst
-
prog
-
atr
|
person.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |