BivalTyp

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‘attack’

Argument frame:

X (attack) Y

Stimulus sentence:

A bear attacked a fisherman .

Predicate label Ru:

напасть

Argument frame Ru:

X (нападать) на Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

Медведь напал на рыбака .

Abaza [gʷə.kʷ-]sə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCgwekwe

X: ABS

Y: LOCgwekwe

Locus: Y

á-mŝ	a-pslaĉaḳʕʷə́	j-gʷə́.kʷ-s-d
def -bear	def -fisherman	3 sg . n . abs +3 sg . m . io - loc -hit( aor )- dcl
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) tje-bene

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP

X: ABS

Y: LOC.TOP

Locus: Y

məŝe-r	pegʷaše-m	qə-tje-bena-ʁ
bear- abs	fisherman- obl	csl - loc : top -struggle- pst
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Aghul alčiš.i-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

ʕurčaqban.di-l	bengiš	alčiš.i-ne
hunter- super	bear	{ super . lat }jump. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’

Akhvakh (Northern) ƛ’ada k’ooruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

šin	č:uʕiqqass-u-ga	ƛ’ada	k’a-ari
bear	fisherman- obl - lat	on	grab- aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms. Here, ƛ’ada functions as a preverb.

Andi (Zilo) ɬib.i-j hiʔo

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

sej	ɬib.i-j	hiʔo	χʷammi	b-itʃː.i-r-sːi	hek’ʷaʃ-ʔo
bear[ an ][ nom ]	jump. pst - pf	up. lat	fish[ an ][ nom ]	an -catch. pst - prog - atr	person. obl - super . lat
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) həǧam

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

dub	həǧam	ʕala	sammāk
bear( m )	attack. pf .3 m	on	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) h.ǧ.m

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

id-dob	haǧam	ʿala	iṣ-ṣayyād
def -bear	attack. pst .3 m . sg	on	def -hunter
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

Arabic (standard) haǧama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ɂad-dubb-u	haǧama	ṣ-ṣayyād-a
def -bear( m )- nom	attack. pf .3 m	def -fisherman- acc
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Archi tʼankʼ bos

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUP.LAT

Locus: Y

χːams	χˁabχˁ-du	sa-r-tːu-m-mu-tːi-k	tʼankʼ	bo
bear	fish- pl	npl .catch- ipfv - attr -1- obl . m - sup - lat	jump	say. pfv
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic napəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_al

X: SBJ

Y: al

Locus: Y

dəbba	pəl-la	+al	d-o	naša
bear( f )	fall. pst - ls .3 f	on	obl - dem 4. m	person( m )
‘A bear attacked a man.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar k’anc’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_LATtade

X: NOM

Y: LATtade

Locus: Y

ččuʕiqan-as-de	t’ade	ci	k’anc’-ana
fisherman- m . obl - lat	on. lat	bear	jump- aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Azerbaijani hücum etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

ayı	balıqçı-ya	hücum	et-di
bear	fisherman- dat / lat	attack	do- pst (3)
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Bafut fúrᵼ̀tə̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

nààŋgwé	à	kɨ̀	fúrᵼ̀tə̀	tákwúrə̀
lion	sm	p 2	attack	leopard
‘A lion attacked a leopard.’

Bambara bìn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan

X: SBJ

Y: kan

Locus: Y

wùlu`	bìn-na	dén`	kàn
dog\ art	fall- pfv . intr	child\ art	on
‘The dog attacked a child.’

Belarusian napasci

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

miadzviedź	napa-ŭ	na	rybak-a
bear[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst . sg . m	on	fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Budugh ħucum siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOCada

X: ERG

Y: LOCada

Locus: Y

sor-uldu-r	ba'luğça'	ʕada'	ħucum	siʔir-ci
bear- obl - erg	fisherman. loc	on	attack( n )	n .do. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian нападна

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

мечка	нападна	рибар-я
bear	attack( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fisherman- def . acc . m . sg
‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’

Catalan atacar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

un	os	va	atac-ar	un	pescador
indf . sg . m	bear( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	attack- inf	indf . sg . m	fisherman( m )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Chechen t’e-qietta

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

cha	ch’aara	loc-ush	v-olu	stag-ana	t’e-qietta
bear. abs	fish. abs	catch- cvb . sim	v -be. pctp	person- dat	on-strike. prf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Chinese (Mandarin) xíjī

Valency pattern: bei_SBJ

X: bei

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

yúfū	bèi	yì-zhī	xióng	xíjī	le
fisherman	pass	one- clf	bear	attack	pfv
‘The fisherman was attacked by a bear.’
Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity.

Chirag če-b-iči

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

sːika	awči-l-i	če-b-ič-ib
bear( abs )	hunter- obl - super	super - n . sg -fall: pf - aor .3
‘A bear attacked the hunter.’

Croatian napasti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

medvjed	je	napa-o	ribar-a
bear[ nom . sg ]	be. prs .3 sg	attack- part . perf . m . sg	fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Czech napadnout

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

medvěd	napad-l	rybář-e
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Danish angribe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

En	bjørn	angreb	en	fisker
indf . sg	bear( c )	attack. pst	indf . sg	fisherman( c )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Dargwa (Itsari) či-B-u:q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPLAT

Locus: Y

sːika	baliqːči-li-j	či-b-u:q-un
bear( abs )	fisherman- obl - super ( lat )	on - n -attack. pfv - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Dargwa (Kadar) aqu-CL-ik-es / aqu-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

sinka	aqu-b-ik-ib	rɨbak-i-ke
bear	high- n -fall. pfv - pret	fisherman- obl - super
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) č:ibuqana

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

sika	baˁliqč:e-j	č:ibuq-un
bear	fisherman. obl - datlat	n .attack. pf - aor (3)
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

χʷe	gal-i	či-b-duq-in
dog	boy- dat	on - n -move. pfv -3. aor
‘A dog attacked the boy.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) če-b-uq-iz/če-b-ulq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

χʷaˤ	uršːi-ja	če-b-uq-un
dog	boy- super ( lat )	on - n -fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘A dog attacked the boy.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) če-b-ič-i / če-b-irč-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

χʷe	durħaˤ-ge	če-b-ič-ib
dog	boy- super ( lat )	on - n -fall. pfv - pret
‘A dog attacked the boy.’

Dutch aanvallen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

de	beer	viel	de	visser	aan
art . def . c	bear( c )	fall. pst	art . def . c	fisherman( c )	on
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Enets (Forest) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

English attack

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

A	bear	attacked	a	fisherman.

Estonian ründama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

karu	ründa-s	kalamees-t
bear. sg . nom	attack- pst .3 sg	fisherman- sg . part
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Finnish hyökätä

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkimppuun

X: NOM

Y: GENkimppuun

Locus: Y

karhu	hyökkä-si	kalastaja-n	kimppuun
bear. nom	attack- pst .3 sg	fisherman- gen	to
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

French attaquer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

un	ours	a	attaqué	un	pêcheur
indf . sg . m	bear( m )	have. prs .3 sg	attack. pst . ptcp . m .	indf . sg . m	fisherman( m )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Gban wà gȉȅ

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kȁdi̋wè	ɛ́	wà	gȉȅ	kȁdi̋kɛ̏ɛ̏yḭ̀kò	yɛ̋
wild_animal	3 sg \ pst	front	become[ pfv . hod ]	hunter	with
‘A wild animal confronted the hunter.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Georgian tav-s da-Ø-e-sxm-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

metevze-s	datv-i	tav-s	da-Ø-e-sx-a
fisherman- dat	bear- nom	refl - dat	prv :downward- io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

German angreifen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ein	Bär	griff	ein-en	Fischer	an
indf . m . nom . sg	bear[ nom . sg ]	grab. pst .3 sg	indf - m . acc . sg	fisherman[ acc . sg ]	on
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Hebrew (modern) takaf

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

dav	takaf	dajag
bear	attack[ pst .3 sg . m ]	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Hindi hamlā karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar

X: ERG

Y: OBLpar

Locus: Y

ek	bālū	ne	machuāre	par	hamlā	kiy-ā
one	bear( m ). sg . obl	erg	fisherman( m ). sg . obl	on	attack( m ). sg . dir	do. pfv - m . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Indonesian (standard) me-nyerang

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

beruang	me-nyerang	nelayan
bear	act -attack	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Irish ionsaigh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

D’=ionsaigh	béar	iascaire.
pst =attack	bear	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Italian aggredire

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

l’	ors-o	ha	aggredito	un	pescator-e
def . sg . m	bear- sg . m	aux .3 sg . prs	attack. pst . ptcp	indf . sg . m	fisherman- sg . m
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’

Karata k’anc’aaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

sin	ččuʕiqan-š:w-a	kaʔa-r	k’anc’ee
bear	fisherman- obl . m - dat	up- lat	jump. pf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Here, “kaʔar” has some properties of a predicate-related element.

Kazakh šabwïl žasa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Ayu	balïqšï-ɣa	šabwïl	žasa-dï
bear	fisherman- dat	attack	do- pst 1.3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Khanty (Kazym) nǎpǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pǔpi	weλpǝs	χǫ-j-a	nǎpt-ǝs
bear	hunt	man- ep - dat	attack- pst [3 sg ]
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Khoekhoe ǁnāǂam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

ǀao-b	ge	ǁauǃkhōao-b-a	go	ǁnāǂam
snake-3 m . sg	decl	fisherman-3 m . sg - obl	rpst	attack
‘A snake attacked a fisherman.’

Khwarshi k'oƛa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

boc'-ba	k'ojƛa	iho-ƛ'o
wolf( iii )- pl . abs	attack\ pst . w	shepherd( i )- super
‘Wolves attacked the shepherd.’

Kpelle (Guinean) wólo

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha

X: SBJ

Y: bha

Locus: Y

yílê	àa	wólo	Tòkpa	ɓà
dog	3 sg . prf	attack	pn	on1
‘The dog attacked Tokpa.’

Kryz (Alik) ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN7adig

X: NOM

Y: GEN7adig

Locus: Y

svar	baluğçi-c	ʕadi-ğ	ʕaxhur-du
bear	fisherman- gen	surface- super	f .arrive. pfv - aor . f
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) yipic

Valency pattern: NOM_INESSadean

X: NOM

Y: INESSadean

Locus: Y

ayi	balixça	ʕade-ʕan	yip-udu
bear	fisherman. iness	up- lat	f .go. pf - aor . f
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Check.

Kryz (proper) tuxuş yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_INLAT

X: ERG

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

sar-ir	baluxçi-ʕan	tuxuş	aaci
bear- erg	fisherman- inlat	attack( n )	do. perf . n
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Kumyk atɨlmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ajuw	balɨqčɨ-ʁa	at-ɨl-d-ɨ
bear	fisherman- dat	throw- pass - pst -3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Kurdish (Sorani) pelamar dan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

wirç-êk	pelamar-î	masîgir-êk=î	da-Ø
bear- indf	attack- izf	fisherman- indf =3 sg . pc	give. pst -3 sg
‘A bear attached a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) êrîşî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hirç	êrîş-î	masîgir-ek-î	kir
bear( f )	attack- ez . gen	fisherman- indef - obl . m	do. pfv . sg
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPLAT

Locus: Y

cuša	jalun	χːaˁ<w>χː-und-i	baluʁ-či-na-j-n
bear	up	<3>attack- aor -3 p	fish- agnt - obl - sup - lat
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Latin invado

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

leon-es	invad-unt	greg-es
lion( m )- nom . pl	attack[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl	herd( m )- acc . pl
‘Lions attack the herds.’
Note: (Ov. Fasti. 2, 210)

Laz o-gab-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

tut-i	Käzim-i-s	ko-n-a-gab-u
bear- nom	pn - b - dat	aff - io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked Käzim.’

Lezgian (Yargun) hüdjumin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

sev-re	ǧetter	qa-zaa-d-a-l	hüdjum-na
bear- erg	fish. pl	catch. ipfv - prsprt - sbst - obl - sup	attack- aor
‎‎‎‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’

Macedonian napadne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

mečka	go	napadna	ribar-ot
bear	pro .3 sg . m . acc	attack( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fisherman- art . m . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Maninka (Eastern) kɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan

X: SBJ

Y: kan

Locus: Y

Wùlu`	báda	à	kɛ́	dén`	kàn.
dog\ art	prf	3 sg	pour	child\ art	on
‘The dog has attacked a child.’

Mano yà

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

lɛ̄	yà-pɛ̀lɛ̀	ŋ̄	mɔ̀
3 sg . exi	sit- inf	3 sg	on
‘S/he attacks me.’

Mansi (Northern) porijmaste

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMlalt

X: NOM

Y: NOMlalt

Locus: Y

wōrtōlnōjka	xūl	puw-ne	ōjka	l’al’t	porijm-as-t-e
bear	fish	catch- ptcp . npst	man	on	jump- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Mehweb aqu -uqes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

sinka	aqu	b-uq-un	kʼusreʡaj-če
bear	on.top( lat )	n -go: pfv - aor	fisherman. obl - super ( lat )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Mingrelian dud-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

tunt-i-k	mečxome-s	du(d)-s	gi-Ø-a-ntx-u
bear- b - erg	fisherman- dat	refl - dat	prv - io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Nanai xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

mapa	bota-mǯi-či	xukču-xə-ni
bear	fish- ag - dir	attack- pst - p .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Nivkh vоlud

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

cʰxəf	cʰо-ŋanʁ-nivŋ	vоlu-d
bear	fish-look.for-man	fell- ind
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Norwegian Bokmål å angripe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

bjørn-en	angrep	fisker-en
bear- def . m . sg	attack. pst	fisherman- def . m . sg
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Oromo (West Central) haleela

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

risaa-n	adamsituu	sana	haleel-e
bear- nom	hunter. abs	that. abs	attack-3 sg . m . pfv
‘A bear attacked the hunter.’

Persian ḥamle kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

yek	xers	be	māhīgīr	ḥamle	kard
one	bear	to	fisherman	attack	do. pst .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Polish napaść

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

niedźwiedź	napad-ł	na	rybak-a
bear[ nom . sg ]	attack: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	on	fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) atacar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o	urso	atac-ou	o	pescador
def . m	bear( m )	attack-3 sg . pst	def . m	fisherman( m )
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Romani (Kalderash) xuťol

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	riś	xut-il-o	p-o	Murš-a
art . m . dir . sg	bear. nom . sg	jump- pst -3 sg . m	on- art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg
‘A bear attacked Murša.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

Russian napastʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

medvedʹ	napa-l	na	rybak-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Rutul (Kina) lowčir

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

si	edemij-a	l-o<w>či-r
bear( nom )	man- obl ( sup )	pv -<3>attack. pfv - cvb
‘A bear attacked a man.’

Rutul (Mukhad) et'utxun

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

si	baluʁčij-e-χda	et'upxu-ri
bear	fisherman- obl - apud	a .attack. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Rutul (Shinaz) hajvɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

sirɨ-r	hajvɨ-r	baluʁči-ja-χda
bear. obl - erg	attack. pf - aor	fisherman- obl - apud
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Rutul (Southern) aç'ıtxın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

q'at'ay	ilsındıı	aç'ıbxı-r
dog	human. obl . super	a .attack. pf - aor
‘A dog attacked a man.’

Saami (Skolt) kõrmmled

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool

X: NOM

Y: GENool

Locus: Y

kueʹbǯǯ	kõrmml-i	kueʹllšiili	ool
bear. sg . nom	attack- pst .3 sg	fisherman. sg . gen	onto
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Serbian napasti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

medved	je	napa-o	pecaroš-a
bear. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	attack- part . perf . m . sg	fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Shughni firīptow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_SUP

X: NOM.CL

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

xirs=i	wi	ribak-ti	firīp-t
bear=3 sg	d 3. m . sg . obl	fisherman- sup	reach- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Slovak napadnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Medveď	napado-l	rybár-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Slovenian napasti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

medved	je	napade-l	ribič-a
bear[ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	attack: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Spanish atacar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

un	oso	atac-ó	a=l	pescador
art . ndef . sg . m	bear[ sg . m ]	attack- aor .3 sg	dir . obj . anm = art . def . sg . m	fisherman[ sg . m ]
‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’

Svan x-e-k'äːl-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

metxwiär-s	däšdw-Ø	la-x-kaːl-äːn
hunter- dat	bear- nom	prv : slightly - io 3-fly- vpl
‘A bear attacked (lit. ‘flew/rushed upon’) a hunter.’

Swedish att anfalla

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	björn	anföll	en	fiskare
indf . c . sg	bear	attack. pst	indf . c . sg	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

š̊eʔ	maˁhaˁmed.ʔ-in	ala<b>q-nu
bear( abs )	pn - super	< n . sg >attack- pst
‘The bear attacked Mahamad.’

Tagalog atakehin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<in>atake	ng	oso	ang	mangingisda
< pv > pfv .attack	gen	bear	subj	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Telugu dāḍicēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmidaki

X: NOM

Y: OBLmidaki

Locus: Y

oka	cēpavāḍi	mīda-ki	oka	elugubaṁṭi	dāḍicēsiṁdi
one	fisherman( m ). sg . obl	on- dat	one	bear( n ). sg . nom	attack. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Tsakhur keč’uvkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

baluğči-y-qha	syo	k’eč’ivku
fisherman- obl - lat	bear	a .attack. pf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Tswana tlhasela

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ø-tau	e-tlhasets-e	mo-tsomi
sg -lion(9)	s i :cl9-attack. prf - fv	sg -hunter(1)
‘The lion attacked the hunter.’

Turkish saldırmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ayı	balıkçı-ya	saldır-dı
bear	fisherman- dat	attack- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Turoyo hoǧəm

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_7al

X: SBJ.SS

Y: 7al

Locus: Y

hərče	haǧim-o	ʕal	ṣayodo	d	nun-e
bear( f )	attack. pfv - ss .3 f	on	hunter( m )	rel	fish- pl
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Twi tohyε

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

pataku	bi	tohyε-ε	ᴐpofoni	bi	so
bear	indef	attack- pst	fisherman	indef	on
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Udmurt urdiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvile

X: NOM

Y: NOMvile

Locus: Y

gondi̮r	č́ori̮gaś	vi̮l-e	urdiśk-iz
bear. nom	hunter. nom	upper_part- ill	throw_oneself- pst .3 sg
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

Ukrainian nakynutysja

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

vedmid’	nakynu-v-sja	na	rybak-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	on	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Ulcha xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

buju	bəjč-i	ńī-ti	xukču-xə-ni
bear	hunt- prs	person- lat	attack- pst -3 sg
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’

Uzbek hužum qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ayiq	baliqči-ga	hužum	qil-di
bear	fisherman- dat	attack	do- pst .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Wolof song

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

gaynde	g-i	song	na	rëbb	b-i
lion( g )	cl g - def	attack	prf .s i :3 sg	hunter( b )	cl b - def
‘The lion attacked the hunter.’

Yukaghir (Northern) köčǝgǝjrǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

hаjčiǝ-tǝgǝ	sа̄bаndˈǝ	ǝjū-nu-j-rukun-ǝ-k	köčǝgǝ-j-rǝ-m-lǝ
grandpa- aug	net	get_caught_in_net- ipf - ptcl -thing-0- foc	pounce- pf - caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘A bear pounced on whatever was caught in the net.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hɛs-i	ɡalɨm-e	masɛɡɨr-i	kɛrd
bear- m . obl	attack- ez . m	fisherman- m . obl	do. pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.