BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘attack’

Argument frame: X (attack) Y
Stimulus sentence: A bear attacked a fisherman .
Predicate label Ru: напасть
Argument frame Ru: X (нападать) на Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: Медведь напал на рыбака .

Abaza [gʷə.kʷ-]sə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCgwekwe
X: ABS
Y: LOCgwekwe
Locus: Y
á-mŝ a-pslaĉaḳʕʷə́ j-gʷə́.kʷ-s-d
def -bear def -fisherman 3 sg . n . abs +3 sg . m . io - loc -hit( aor )- dcl
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Adyghe tje-bene

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP
X: ABS
Y: LOC.TOP
Locus: Y
məŝe-r pegʷaše-m qə-tje-bena-ʁ
медведь- abs рыбак- obl csl - loc : top -бороться- pst
‘Медведь напал на рыбака.’

Aghul alčiš.i-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕurčaqban.di-l bengiš alčiš.i-ne
hunter- super bear { super . lat }jump. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic napəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
dəbba pəl-la +al d-o naša
bear( f ) fall. pst - ls .3 f on obl - dem 4. m person( m )
‘A bear attacked a man.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Bambara bìn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
wùlu` bìn-na dén` kàn
dog\ art fall- pfv . intr child\ art on
‘The dog attacked a child.’

Brazilian Portuguese atacar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o urso atac-ou o pescador
def . m bear( m ) attack-3 sg . pst def . m fisherman( m )
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Catalan atacar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un os va atac-ar un pescador
indf . sg . m bear( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind attack- inf indf . sg . m fisherman( m )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Czech napadnout

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
medvěd napad-l rybář-e
bear( m )[ nom . sg ] attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Danish angribe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
En bjørn angreb en fisker
indf . sg bear( c ) attack. pst indf . sg fisherman( c )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Dutch aanvallen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
de beer viel de visser aan
art . def . c bear( c ) fall. pst art . def . c fisherman( c ) on
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Eastern Maninka kɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
Wùlu` báda kɛ́ dén` kàn.
dog\ art prf 3 sg pour child\ art on
‘The dog has attacked a child.’

English attack

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
A bear attacked a fisherman.

Estonian ründama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
karu ründa-s kalamees-t
bear. sg . nom attack- pst .3 sg fisherman- sg . part
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Finnish hyökätä

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkimppuun
X: NOM
Y: GENkimppuun
Locus: Y
karhu hyökkä-si kalastaja-n kimppuun
bear. nom attack- pst .3 sg fisherman- gen to
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French attaquer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un ours a attaqué un pêcheur
indf . sg . m bear( m ) have. prs .3 sg attack. pst . ptcp . m . indf . sg . m fisherman( m )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Georgian tav-s da-Ø-e-sxm-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
metevze-s datv-i tav-s da-Ø-e-sx-a
fisherman- dat bear- nom refl - dat prv :downward- io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

German angreifen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ein Bär griff ein-en Fischer an
indf . m . nom . sg bear[ nom . sg ] grab. pst .3 sg indf - m . acc . sg fisherman[ acc . sg ] on
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Irish ionsaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=ionsaigh béar iascaire.
pst =attack bear fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Italian aggredire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
l’ ors-o ha aggredito un pescator-e
def . sg . m bear- sg . m aux .3 sg . prs attack. pst . ptcp indf . sg . m fisherman- sg . m
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’

Kalderash Romani xuťol

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
o riś xut-il-o p-o Murš-a
art . m . dir . sg bear. nom . sg jump- pst -3 sg . m on- art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg
‘A bear attacked Murša.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used.

Kazakh šabwïl žasa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Ayu balïqšï-ɣa šabwïl žasa-dï
bear fisherman- dat attack do- pst 1.3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Kazym Khanty nǎpǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pǔpi weλpǝs χǫ-j-a nǎpt-ǝs
bear hunt man- ep - dat attack- pst [3 sg ]
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
boc'-ba k'ojƛa iho-ƛ'o
волк( iii )- pl . abs атаковать\ pst . w пастух( i )- super
‘Волки напали на пастуха.’

Kina Rutul lowčir

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
si edemij-a l-o<w>či-r
bear( nom ) man- obl ( sup ) pv -<3>attack. pfv - cvb
‘A bear attacked a man.’

Latin invadeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
leon-es invad-unt greg-es
lion( m )- nom . pl attack[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl herd( m )- acc . pl
‘Lions attack the herds.’
Note: (Ov. Fasti. 2, 210)

Mandarin Chinese xíjī

Valency pattern: bei_SBJ
X: bei
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
yúfū bèi yì-zhī xióng xíjī le
fisherman pass one- clf bear attack pfv
‘The fisherman was attacked by a bear.’
Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity.

Mingrelian dud-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tunt-i-k mečxome-s du(d)-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-u.
bear- b - erg fisherman- dat refl - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -attack- s 3 sg . pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Modern Hebrew takaf

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
dav takaf dajag
bear attack[ pst .3 sg . m ] fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Nanai xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
mapa bota-mǯi-či xukču-xə-ni
bear fish- ag - dir attack- pst - p .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Nivkh vоlud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
cʰxəf cʰо-ŋanʁ-nivŋ vоlu-d
bear fish-look.for-man fell- ind
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Northern Mansi porijmaste

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMlalt
X: NOM
Y: NOMlalt
Locus: Y
wōrtōlnōjka xūl puw-ne ōjka l’al’t porijm-as-t-e
bear fish catch- ptcp . npst man on jump- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Northern Yukaghir köčǝgǝjrǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
hаjčiǝ-tǝgǝ sа̄bаndˈǝ ǝjū-nu-j-rukun-ǝ-k köčǝgǝ-j-rǝ-m-lǝ
grandpa- aug net get_caught_in_net- ipf - ptcl -thing-0- foc pounce- pf - caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘A bear pounced on whatever was caught in the net.’

Norwegian Bokmål å angripe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
bjørn-en angrep fisker-en
bear- def . m . sg attack. pst fisherman- def . m . sg
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

Polish napaść

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
niedźwiedź napad-ł na rybak-a
bear[ nom . sg ] attack: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] on fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Russian napastʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
medvedʹ napa-l na rybak-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ] attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] on fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Serbian napasti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
medved je napa-o pecaroš-a
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg attack- part . perf . m . sg fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Shughni firīptow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
xirs=i wi ribak-ti firīp-t
bear=3 sg d 3. m . sg . obl fisherman- sup reach- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Skolt Saami kõrmmled

Valency pattern: NOM_GENool
X: NOM
Y: GENool
Locus: Y
kueʹbǯǯ kõrmml-i kueʹllšiili ool
bear. sg . nom attack- pst .3 sg fisherman. sg . gen onto
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Slovak napadnúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Medveď napado-l rybár-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ] attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Slovenian napasti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
medved je napade-l ribič-a
bear[ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg attack: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Sorani Kurdish pelamardan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wirç-êk pelamar-î masîgir-êk=î da-Ø
bear- indf attack- izf fisherman- indf =3 sg . pc give. pst -3 sg
‘A bear attached a fisherman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Spanish atacar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un oso atac-ó a=l pescador
art . ndef . sg . m bear[ sg . m ] attack- aor .3 sg dir . obj . anm = art . def . sg . m fisherman[ sg . m ]
‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’

Swedish att anfalla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en björn anföll en fiskare
indf . c . sg bear attack. pst indf . c . sg fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>atake ng oso ang mangingisda
< pv > pfv .attack gen bear subj fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Telugu dāḍicēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmidaki
X: NOM
Y: OBLmidaki
Locus: Y
oka cēpavāḍi mīda-ki oka elugubaṁṭi dāḍicēsiṁdi
one fisherman( m ). sg . obl on- dat one bear( n ). sg . nom attack. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Turkish saldırmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ayı balıkçı-ya saldır-dı
bear fisherman- dat attack- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

Ulcha xukču-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
buju bəjč-i ńī-ti xukču-xə-ni
bear hunt- prs person- lat attack- pst -3 sg
‘A bear attacked a hunter.’

Uzbek hužum qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ayiq baliqči-ga hužum qil-di
bear fisherman- dat attack do- pst .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

West Central Oromo haleela

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
risaa-n adamsituu sana haleel-e
bear- nom hunter. abs that. abs attack-3 sg . m . pfv
‘A bear attacked the hunter.’

Zilo Andi ɬib.i-j hiʔo

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
sej ɬib.i-j hiʔo χʷammi b-itʃː.i-r-sːi hek’ʷaʃ-ʔo
bear[ an ][ nom ] jump. pst - pf up. lat fish[ an ][ nom ] an -catch. pst - prog - atr person. obl - super . lat
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’