‘attack’
| Argument frame: |
X
(attack)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
A bear
attacked
a fisherman
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
напасть
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(нападать) на
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Медведь
напал на
рыбака
.
|
Abaza
[gʷə.kʷ-]sə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCgwekwe
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOCgwekwe |
| Locus: Y |
| á-mŝ |
a-pslaĉaḳʕʷə́ |
j-gʷə́.kʷ-s-d |
|
def
-bear
|
def
-fisherman
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
+3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
loc
-hit(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Adyghe
tje-bene
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.TOP
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC.TOP |
| Locus: Y |
| məŝe-r |
pegʷaše-m |
qə-tje-bena-ʁ |
|
медведь-
abs
|
рыбак-
obl
|
csl
-
loc
:
top
-бороться-
pst
|
| ‘Медведь напал на рыбака.’ |
Aghul
alčiš.i-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕurčaqban.di-l |
bengiš |
alčiš.i-ne |
|
hunter-
super
|
bear
|
{
super
.
lat
}jump.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘A bear attacked a hunter.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
napəl
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| dəbba |
pəl-la |
+al |
d-o |
naša |
|
bear(
f
)
|
fall.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
on
|
obl
-
dem
4.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
| ‘A bear attacked a man.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
bìn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kan |
| Locus: Y |
| wùlu` |
bìn-na |
dén` |
kàn |
|
dog\
art
|
fall-
pfv
.
intr
|
child\
art
|
on
|
| ‘The dog attacked a child.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
atacar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
urso |
atac-ou |
o |
pescador |
|
def
.
m
|
bear(
m
)
|
attack-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
m
|
fisherman(
m
)
|
| ‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Catalan
atacar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| un |
os |
va |
atac-ar |
un |
pescador |
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
bear(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
attack-
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman(
m
)
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Czech
napadnout
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| medvěd |
napad-l |
rybář-e |
|
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Danish
angribe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| En |
bjørn |
angreb |
en |
fisker |
|
indf
.
sg
|
bear(
c
)
|
attack.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
fisherman(
c
)
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Dutch
aanvallen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| de |
beer |
viel |
de |
visser |
aan |
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
bear(
c
)
|
fall.
pst
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
fisherman(
c
)
|
on
|
| ‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Eastern Maninka
kɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kan |
| Locus: Y |
| Wùlu` |
báda |
à |
kɛ́ |
dén` |
kàn. |
|
dog\
art
|
prf
|
3
sg
|
pour
|
child\
art
|
on
|
| ‘The dog has attacked a child.’ |
English
attack
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| A |
bear |
attacked |
a |
fisherman. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
ründama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| karu |
ründa-s |
kalamees-t |
|
bear.
sg
.
nom
|
attack-
pst
.3
sg
|
fisherman-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Finnish
hyökätä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkimppuun
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENkimppuun |
| Locus: Y |
| karhu |
hyökkä-si |
kalastaja-n |
kimppuun |
|
bear.
nom
|
attack-
pst
.3
sg
|
fisherman-
gen
|
to
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Forest Enets
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
attaquer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| un |
ours |
a |
attaqué |
un |
pêcheur |
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
bear(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
attack.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
.
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman(
m
)
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Georgian
tav-s da-Ø-e-sxm-eb-a (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| metevze-s |
datv-i |
tav-s |
da-Ø-e-sx-a |
|
fisherman-
dat
|
bear-
nom
|
refl
-
dat
|
prv
:downward-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-attack-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
German
angreifen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ein |
Bär |
griff |
ein-en |
Fischer |
an |
|
indf
.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
|
grab.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
fisherman[
acc
.
sg
]
|
on
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Irish
ionsaigh
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| D’=ionsaigh |
béar |
iascaire. |
|
pst
=attack
|
bear
|
fisherman
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Italian
aggredire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| l’ |
ors-o |
ha |
aggredito |
un |
pescator-e |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
bear-
sg
.
m
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
attack.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xuťol
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pe |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
riś |
xut-il-o |
p-o |
Murš-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
bear.
nom
.
sg
|
jump-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
on-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked Murša.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the locative case (LOC) would be used. |
Kazakh
šabwïl žasa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Ayu |
balïqšï-ɣa |
šabwïl |
žasa-dï |
|
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
attack
|
do-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Kazym Khanty
nǎpǝtti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pǔpi |
weλpǝs |
χǫ-j-a |
nǎpt-ǝs |
|
bear
|
hunt
|
man-
ep
-
dat
|
attack-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| boc'-ba |
k'ojƛa |
iho-ƛ'o |
|
волк(
iii
)-
pl
.
abs
|
атаковать\
pst
.
w
|
пастух(
i
)-
super
|
| ‘Волки напали на пастуха.’ |
Kina Rutul
lowčir
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| si |
edemij-a |
l-o<w>či-r |
|
bear(
nom
)
|
man-
obl
(
sup
)
|
pv
-<3>attack.
pfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘A bear attacked a man.’ |
Latin
invadeo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| leon-es |
invad-unt |
greg-es |
|
lion(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
attack[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
herd(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Lions attack the herds.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Fasti. 2, 210) |
Mandarin Chinese
xíjī
|
Valency pattern:
bei_SBJ
|
| X: bei |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| yúfū |
bèi |
yì-zhī |
xióng |
xíjī |
le |
|
fisherman
|
pass
|
one-
clf
|
bear
|
attack
|
pfv
|
| ‘The fisherman was attacked by a bear.’ |
| Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity. |
Mingrelian
dud-s gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| tunt-i-k |
mečxome-s |
du(d)-s |
gi-Ø-a-ntx-u. |
|
bear-
b
-
erg
|
fisherman-
dat
|
refl
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-attack-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Modern Hebrew
takaf
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| dav |
takaf |
dajag |
|
bear
|
attack[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
fisherman
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Nanai
xukču-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| mapa |
bota-mǯi-či |
xukču-xə-ni |
|
bear
|
fish-
ag
-
dir
|
attack-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Nivkh
vоlud
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| cʰxəf |
cʰо-ŋanʁ-nivŋ |
vоlu-d |
|
bear
|
fish-look.for-man
|
fell-
ind
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Northern Mansi
porijmaste
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMlalt
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMlalt |
| Locus: Y |
| wōrtōlnōjka |
xūl |
puw-ne |
ōjka |
l’al’t |
porijm-as-t-e |
|
bear
|
fish
|
catch-
ptcp
.
npst
|
man
|
on
|
jump-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
köčǝgǝjrǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| hаjčiǝ-tǝgǝ |
sа̄bаndˈǝ |
ǝjū-nu-j-rukun-ǝ-k |
köčǝgǝ-j-rǝ-m-lǝ |
|
grandpa-
aug
|
net
|
get_caught_in_net-
ipf
-
ptcl
-thing-0-
foc
|
pounce-
pf
-
caus
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘A bear pounced on whatever was caught in the net.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å angripe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| bjørn-en |
angrep |
fisker-en |
|
bear-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
attack.
pst
|
fisherman-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Polish
napaść
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| niedźwiedź |
napad-ł |
na |
rybak-a |
|
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
on
|
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Russian
napastʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| medvedʹ |
napa-l |
na |
rybak-a |
|
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Serbian
napasti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| medved |
je |
napa-o |
pecaroš-a |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
attack-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Shughni
firīptow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| xirs=i |
wi |
ribak-ti |
firīp-t |
|
bear=3
sg
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
fisherman-
sup
|
reach-
pst
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Skolt Saami
kõrmmled
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENool
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENool |
| Locus: Y |
| kueʹbǯǯ |
kõrmml-i |
kueʹllšiili |
ool |
|
bear.
sg
.
nom
|
attack-
pst
.3
sg
|
fisherman.
sg
.
gen
|
onto
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Slovak
napadnúť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Medveď |
napado-l |
rybár-a |
|
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Slovenian
napasti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| medved |
je |
napade-l |
ribič-a |
|
bear[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
attack:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
pelamardan
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| wirç-êk |
pelamar-î |
masîgir-êk=î |
da-Ø |
|
bear-
indf
|
attack-
izf
|
fisherman-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘A bear attached a fisherman.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
atacar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| un |
oso |
atac-ó |
a=l |
pescador |
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
bear[
sg
.
m
]
|
attack-
aor
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
fisherman[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
Swedish
att anfalla
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
björn |
anföll |
en |
fiskare |
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
bear
|
attack.
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
fisherman
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| <In>atake |
ng |
oso |
ang |
mangingisda |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.attack
|
gen
|
bear
|
subj
|
fisherman
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Telugu
dāḍicēyu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLmidaki
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLmidaki |
| Locus: Y |
| oka |
cēpavāḍi |
mīda-ki |
oka |
elugubaṁṭi |
dāḍicēsiṁdi |
|
one
|
fisherman(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
on-
dat
|
one
|
bear(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
attack.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Turkish
saldırmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ayı |
balıkçı-ya |
saldır-dı |
|
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
attack-
pst
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
Ulcha
xukču-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| buju |
bəjč-i |
ńī-ti |
xukču-xə-ni |
|
bear
|
hunt-
prs
|
person-
lat
|
attack-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a hunter.’ |
Uzbek
hužum qilmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ayiq |
baliqči-ga |
hužum |
qil-di |
|
bear
|
fisherman-
dat
|
attack
|
do-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’ |
West Central Oromo
haleela
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| risaa-n |
adamsituu |
sana |
haleel-e |
|
bear-
nom
|
hunter.
abs
|
that.
abs
|
attack-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘A bear attacked the hunter.’ |
Zilo Andi
ɬib.i-j hiʔo
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| sej |
ɬib.i-j |
hiʔo |
χʷammi |
b-itʃː.i-r-sːi |
hek’ʷaʃ-ʔo |
|
bear[
an
][
nom
]
|
jump.
pst
-
pf
|
up.
lat
|
fish[
an
][
nom
]
|
an
-catch.
pst
-
prog
-
atr
|
person.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
| ‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’ |
