‘leave’
| Argument frame: |
X
(leave)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
left
his native city
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
покидать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(покидать)
Y
(-а)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
покинул
родной город
.
|
Abaza
[t-]c̣ə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCte
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOCte |
| Locus: Y |
| rasúl |
á-q̇ala |
d-tə-c̣-d |
|
pn
|
def
-city
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-
loc
-pass(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul left his native city.’ |
Adyghe
de-č̣ʼə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.ENCLOSURE
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC.ENCLOSURE |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
jə-čʼəle |
de-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
|
парень-
abs
|
3
sg
.
pr
+
poss
-аул(
obl
)
|
loc
:
enclosure
-выйти-
pst
|
| ‘Парень покинул родной аул.’ |
Aghul
at.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
uč.i-n |
ruχ.u |
šahar |
at.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
self-
gen
|
be.born.
pf
|
town
|
leave.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan left his native city.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
azəl
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
xəš-lə |
mən |
mat=ət |
gan-u |
|
pn
|
go.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
from
|
village(
f
)=
rel
|
refl
(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Ashur left his native village.’ |
Bambara
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɔ́-ra |
à |
ka |
dùgu` |
lá |
|
pn
|
go.out-
pfv
.
intr
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
village\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Seku left his village.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
abandonar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
abandon-ou |
sua |
cidade |
natal |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
leave-3
sg
.
pst
|
poss
.3.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
native
|
| ‘Pedro left his native city.’ |
Catalan
deixar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
deix-ar |
la |
seva |
ciutat |
nativ-a |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
leave-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.3.
f
.
sg
|
city(
f
)
|
native-
f
.
sg
|
| ‘Pere left his native city.’ |
Czech
opustit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
opusti-l |
rodn-é |
měst-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
leave(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
native-
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr left his home town.’ |
Danish
forlade
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
forlod |
sin |
hjemby |
|
pn
|
leave.
pst
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
hometown(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter left his native city.’ |
Dutch
verlaten
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
zijn |
geboortestad |
verlaten |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
poss
.
c
.3
sg
|
hometown(
c
)
|
leave.
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet left his hometown.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bára |
bɔ́ |
à |
lá |
só` |
lá. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
exit
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
village\
art
|
at
|
| ‘Seku has left his village.’ |
English
leave
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
left |
his |
native |
city. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
lahkuma
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
lahku-s |
oma |
sünnilinna-st |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
leave-
pst
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
birth_city-
ela
|
| ‘Peeter left his native city.’ |
Finnish
lähteä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
läht-i |
koti-kaupungi-sta-an |
|
pn
.
nom
|
leave-
pst
.3
sg
|
home-city-
ela
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pekka left his native city.’ |
Forest Enets
kaji
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
sɔja-j-da |
dʲa-da |
kaji-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
be_born(
pfv
)-
ptcp
.
ant
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
place-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
leave_behind(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend left his native land’. |
French
quitter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
quitté |
sa |
ville |
natale |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
leave.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
one’s.
sg
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
native.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Paul left his native city.’ |
Georgian
mi-Ø-a-t'ov-eb-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
mšobliur-i |
kalak-i |
mi-Ø-a-t'ov-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
native-
nom
|
city-
nom
|
prv
:
dist
-
io
3-
ver
:
n
-leave-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre left his home town for good.’ |
German
verlassen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
verließ |
sein-e |
Heimatstadt |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
leave.
pst
.3
sg
|
his-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
hometown[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl left his hometown.’ |
Irish
fág
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| D’=fhág |
Pól |
a |
chathair |
dúchais. |
|
pst
=leave
|
pn
|
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
city
|
native
|
| ‘Pól left his native city.’ |
Italian
lasciare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
lasciato |
la |
su-a |
città |
natal-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
leave.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
|
city.
sg
.
f
|
native-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo left his native city.’ |
Kalderash Romani
mekəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
mek-ľ-a |
pehk-o |
for-o |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
leave-
pst
-3
sg
|
one’s-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
city-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša left his city.’ |
Kazakh
ket
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
tuwɣan |
qala-sï-nan |
ket-tі |
|
pn
|
home
|
town-
poss
3-
abl
|
leave-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya left his hometown.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǎjti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
rǫt |
wɔš-ǝλ |
χǎj-s-ǝλλe |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
native
|
town-
poss
.3
sg
|
leave-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
| ‘Petja left his native city.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo |
hamaʁe |
hojca |
aƛ |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
друг
|
покидать\
pst
.
w
|
село(
iii
)
|
| ‘Мой друг покинул село.’ |
| Note: Although the word for ‘friend’ has no explicit case markers, it is in the ergative, as visible from the GEN2 possessor. |
Kina Rutul
qaˁrhɨˁr
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_IN.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: IN.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
ǯu-dɨ |
šeher-dʲ-a: |
q-aˁ<r>hɨˁ-r |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
self.
obl
-
attr
|
city-
obl
-
in
.
el
|
re
-<1>leave.
pfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘Rasul left his native city.’ |
Latin
linquo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| liqu-it |
Agenorid-es |
Sidoni-a |
moeni-a |
Cadm-us |
|
leave[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
s
idon’s-
acc
.
pl
.
n
|
wall(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Cadmus Agenorides left the fort of Sidon.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Ep. Ex Ponto. I, 3, 77) |
Mandarin Chinese
líkāi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
líkāi |
le |
tā-de |
jiāxiāng |
|
pn
|
leave
|
pfv
|
he-
de
|
hometown
|
| ‘Zhangsan left his hometown.’ |
Mingrelian
d-Ø-i-t'-en-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
muš-(i) |
noγa-Ø |
ki-d-Ø-i-t'u-u. |
|
pn
-
erg
|
refl
.
poss
-(
nom
)
|
town-
nom
|
aff
-
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-leave-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo left his (native) town for good.’ |
Modern Hebrew
azav
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
azav |
et |
ir |
uledat-o |
|
pn
|
leave[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
city
|
birth-
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pinchas left his native city.’ |
Nanai
ənu-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
mənə |
xoto-nǯeaǯe-i |
ənu-xə-ni |
|
pn
|
refl
|
town-
abl
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
leave-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia left his native city.’ |
Nivkh
vəkzd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pʰ-vо |
+ |
pəkz-d |
|
pn
|
rfl
-village
|
+
|
lose-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik left his native village.’ |
Northern Mansi
ossuwlas
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| n’awram-ǝt |
jānij-m-as-ǝt, |
pāwl-anǝl |
ta |
ossuwl-as-anǝl |
|
child-
pl
|
big-
vbz
-
pst
-3
pl
|
village-
poss
.3
pl
|
pl
|
leave-
pst
-
sg
.
o
.3
pl
.
s
|
| ‘The children grew up and abandoned their village.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
pondǝj=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
mǝdˈuol-uo-l |
posjelok-hаt |
mǝ |
pondǝ-č |
|
pn
|
be_born-
res
-
nlzr
|
village-
abl
|
aff
|
separate-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien left his native village.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å forlate
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
forlot |
hjemby-en |
|
pn
|
leave.
pst
|
home_town-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per left his hometown.’ |
Polish
opuścić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Staszek |
opuści-ł |
rodzim-e |
miast-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
leave:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
native-
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
town-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Staszek left his native city.’ |
Russian
uexatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_izGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: izGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
uexa-l |
iz |
rodn-ogo |
gorod-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
go_away(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
native-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
city(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja left his native city.’ |
Serbian
napustiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
napusti-o |
rodn-i |
grad |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
leave-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
native-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
city.
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar left his native city.’ |
Shughni
tark čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i |
xu |
x̌ār |
tark |
čūd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
refl
|
city
|
leave
|
do.
pst
|
| ‘Azim left his native city.’ |
Skolt Saami
vueʹlǧǧed meädda
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
vuõʹlj-i |
meädda |
suu |
šõdd-âm-siid-âst |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
leave-
pst
.3
sg
|
away
|
3
sg
.
gen
|
born-
pst
.
ptcp
-village-
sg
.
loc
|
| ‘Pete left his native village.’ |
Slovak
opustiť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
opusti-l |
svoj-e |
rodn-é |
měst-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
leave(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
one’s-
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
native-
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter left his home town.’ |
Slovenian
zapustiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
zapusti-l |
rojstn-o |
mest-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
leave:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
native-
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
city-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter left his native city.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
becê hêʂtin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| min |
ew |
ʂar-e |
be |
cê |
de-hêɫ-im |
|
i
|
this
|
city-
dem
|
to
|
place
|
ind
-allow.
prs
-1
sg
|
| ‘I am leaving this city.’ |
Spanish
abandonar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
abandona-do |
su |
ciudad |
natal |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
leave-
ptcp
:
prf
|
one’s[
sg
.
f
]
|
town[
sg
.
f
]
|
native[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro left his native city.’ |
Swedish
att lämna
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
lämna-de |
sin |
hemstad |
|
pn
|
leave-
pst
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
home_town
|
| ‘Björn left his hometown.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| <Ni>lis-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
pinanggalingan |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.leave-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
native_city
|
| ‘Pedro left his native city.’ |
| Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
vadilēyu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
tana |
soṁta |
nagarānni |
vadilēsāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
own
|
belonging_to_self
|
city(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
quit.
intens
.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen left his native city.’ |
Turkish
ayrılmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
memleket-i-nden |
ayrıl-dı |
|
pn
|
hometown-
p
.3-
abl
|
leave-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet left his hometown.’ |
Ulcha
ŋənu-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| min |
ag-bi |
əj |
gasan-ǯi |
čup |
ŋənu-xə-ni |
|
my
|
elder_brother-1
sg
|
this
|
village-
ins
|
forever
|
go_away-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘My elder brother left this village for good.’ |
Uzbek
tašlab ketmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
ona |
šaxar-i-ni |
tašla-b |
ket-ti |
|
pn
|
home
|
city-
poss
.3
sg
-
acc
|
leave-
cvb
|
go_away-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja left his native city.’ |
West Central Oromo
gadi ɗiisa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
magaalaa |
keessa-tti |
ɗal-at-e |
gadi |
ɗiis-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
city.
abs
|
in-
loc
|
give_birth-
mid
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
down
|
leave-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa left his native city.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-uʔ.onn-ij
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
w-uʔ.onn-ij |
hon-ʔa-kːu |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
m
-go.
pst
-
pf
|
village-
super
-
el
|
| ‘Ali left the village.’ |
