BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘leave’

Argument frame: X (leave) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. left his native city .
Predicate label Ru: покидать
Argument frame Ru: X (покидать) Y (-а)
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. покинул родной город .

Abaza [t-]c̣ə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCte
X: ABS
Y: LOCte
Locus: Y
rasúl á-q̇ala d-tə-c̣-d
pn def -city 3 sg . h . abs - loc -pass( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul left his native city.’

Adyghe de-č̣ʼə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.ENCLOSURE
X: ABS
Y: LOC.ENCLOSURE
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-r jə-čʼəle de-č̣ʼə-ʁ
парень- abs 3 sg . pr + poss -аул( obl ) loc : enclosure -выйти- pst
‘Парень покинул родной аул.’

Aghul at.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a uč.i-n ruχ.u šahar at.u-ne
pn ( erg ) self- gen be.born. pf town leave. pf - aor
‘Aslan left his native city.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic azəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+Ašur xəš-lə mən mat=ət gan-u
pn go. pst - ls .3 m from village( f )= rel refl ( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur left his native village.’

Bambara bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bɔ́-ra ka dùgu` lá
pn go.out- pfv . intr 3 sg poss village\ art in
‘Seku left his village.’

Brazilian Portuguese abandonar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro abandon-ou sua cidade natal
pn ( m ) leave-3 sg . pst poss .3. f city( f ) native
‘Pedro left his native city.’

Catalan deixar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va deix-ar la seva ciutat nativ-a
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind leave- inf def . sg . f poss .3. f . sg city( f ) native- f . sg
‘Pere left his native city.’

Czech opustit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr opusti-l rodn-é měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] native- n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr left his home town.’

Danish forlade

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter forlod sin hjemby
pn leave. pst poss . refl . c . sg hometown( c )
‘Peter left his native city.’

Dutch verlaten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft zijn geboortestad verlaten
pn ( c ) have.3 sg poss . c .3 sg hometown( c ) leave. ptcp
‘Piet left his hometown.’

Eastern Maninka bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára bɔ́ lá só` lá.
pn prf exit 3 sg poss village\ art at
‘Seku has left his village.’

English leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter left his native city.

Estonian lahkuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter lahku-s oma sünnilinna-st
pn . sg . nom leave- pst .3 sg poss . refl birth_city- ela
‘Peeter left his native city.’

Finnish lähteä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pekka läht-i koti-kaupungi-sta-an
pn . nom leave- pst .3 sg home-city- ela - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka left his native city.’

Forest Enets kaji

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ sɔja-j-da dʲa-da kaji-za
i man- nom . sg .1 sg be_born( pfv )- ptcp . ant - obl . sg .3 sg place- obl . sg .3 sg leave_behind( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend left his native land’.

French quitter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a quitté sa ville natale
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg leave. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f city( f ) native. sg . f
‘Paul left his native city.’

Georgian mi-Ø-a-t'ov-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m mšobliur-i kalak-i mi-Ø-a-t'ov-a
pn - erg native- nom city- nom prv : dist - io 3- ver : n -leave- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre left his home town for good.’

German verlassen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl verließ sein-e Heimatstadt
pn [ nom . sg ] leave. pst .3 sg his- f . acc . sg hometown[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl left his hometown.’

Irish fág

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=fhág Pól a chathair dúchais.
pst =leave pn poss .3 sg . m city native
‘Pól left his native city.’

Italian lasciare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha lasciato la su-a città natal-e
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs leave. pst . ptcp def . sg . f poss .3 sg - sg . f city. sg . f native- sg . f
‘Leo left his native city.’

Kalderash Romani mekəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a mek-ľ-a pehk-o for-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg leave- pst -3 sg one’s- m . dir . sg city- acc . sg
‘Murša left his city.’

Kazakh ket

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya tuwɣan qala-sï-nan ket-tі
pn home town- poss 3- abl leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya left his hometown.’

Kazym Khanty χǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en rǫt wɔš-ǝλ χǎj-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg native town- poss .3 sg leave- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja left his native city.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo hamaʁe hojca
1 sg . o - gen 2 друг покидать\ pst . w село( iii )
‘Мой друг покинул село.’
Note: Although the word for ‘friend’ has no explicit case markers, it is in the ergative, as visible from the GEN2 possessor.

Kina Rutul qaˁrhɨˁr

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL
X: NOM
Y: IN.EL
Locus: Y
rasul ǯu-dɨ šeher-dʲ-a: q-aˁ<r>hɨˁ-r
pn ( nom ) self. obl - attr city- obl - in . el re -<1>leave. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul left his native city.’

Latin linquo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
liqu-it Agenorid-es Sidoni-a moeni-a Cadm-us
leave[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg pn ( m )- nom . sg s idon’s- acc . pl . n wall( n )- acc . pl pn ( m )- nom . sg
‘Cadmus Agenorides left the fort of Sidon.’
Note: (Ov. Ep. Ex Ponto. I, 3, 77)

Mandarin Chinese líkāi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān líkāi le tā-de jiāxiāng
pn leave pfv he- de hometown
‘Zhangsan left his hometown.’

Mingrelian d-Ø-i-t'-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k muš-(i) noγa-Ø ki-d-Ø-i-t'u-u.
pn - erg refl . poss -( nom ) town- nom aff - prv - do 3- ver : s -leave- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo left his (native) town for good.’

Modern Hebrew azav

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas azav et ir uledat-o
pn leave[ pst .3 sg . m ] do city birth- poss .3 sg . m
‘Pinchas left his native city.’

Nanai ənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia mənə xoto-nǯeaǯe-i ənu-xə-ni
pn refl town- abl - p . refl . sg leave- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia left his native city.’

Nivkh vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pʰ-vо + pəkz-d
pn rfl -village + lose- ind
‘Kaskazik left his native village.’

Northern Mansi ossuwlas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
n’awram-ǝt jānij-m-as-ǝt, pāwl-anǝl ta ossuwl-as-anǝl
child- pl big- vbz - pst -3 pl village- poss .3 pl pl leave- pst - sg . o .3 pl . s
‘The children grew up and abandoned their village.’

Northern Yukaghir pondǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn mǝdˈuol-uo-l posjelok-hаt pondǝ-č
pn be_born- res - nlzr village- abl aff separate- intr .3 sg
‘Semien left his native village.’

Norwegian Bokmål å forlate

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per forlot hjemby-en
pn leave. pst home_town- def . m . sg
‘Per left his hometown.’

Polish opuścić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek opuści-ł rodzim-e miast-o
pn [ nom . sg ] leave: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] native- n . acc . sg town- acc . sg
‘Staszek left his native city.’

Russian uexatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN
X: NOM
Y: izGEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja uexa-l iz rodn-ogo gorod-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg go_away( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from native- m . gen . sg city( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

Serbian napustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je napusti-o rodn-i grad
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg leave- part . perf . m . sg native- acc . sg . m city. acc . sg
‘Petar left his native city.’

Shughni tark čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i xu x̌ār tark čūd
pn =3 sg refl city leave do. pst
‘Azim left his native city.’

Skolt Saami vueʹlǧǧed meädda

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt vuõʹlj-i meädda suu šõdd-âm-siid-âst
pn . sg . nom leave- pst .3 sg away 3 sg . gen born- pst . ptcp -village- sg . loc
‘Pete left his native village.’

Slovak opustiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter opusti-l svoj-e rodn-é měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one’s- acc . sg . n native- n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter left his home town.’

Slovenian zapustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je zapusti-l rojstn-o mest-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg leave: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] native- acc . sg . n city- acc . sg
‘Peter left his native city.’

Sorani Kurdish becê hêʂtin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
min ew ʂar-e be cê de-hêɫ-im
i this city- dem to place ind -allow. prs -1 sg
‘I am leaving this city.’

Spanish abandonar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha abandona-do su ciudad natal
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg leave- ptcp : prf one’s[ sg . f ] town[ sg . f ] native[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro left his native city.’

Swedish att lämna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn lämna-de sin hemstad
pn leave- pst poss . refl . c . sg home_town
‘Björn left his hometown.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
<Ni>lis-an ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng pinanggalingan
< pv > pfv .leave- lv pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin native_city
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

Telugu vadilēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana soṁta nagarānni vadilēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own belonging_to_self city( n ). sg . acc quit. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen left his native city.’

Turkish ayrılmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet memleket-i-nden ayrıl-dı
pn hometown- p .3- abl leave- pst
‘Mehmet left his hometown.’

Ulcha ŋənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
min ag-bi əj gasan-ǯi čup ŋənu-xə-ni
my elder_brother-1 sg this village- ins forever go_away- pst -3 sg
‘My elder brother left this village for good.’

Uzbek tašlab ketmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya ona šaxar-i-ni tašla-b ket-ti
pn home city- poss .3 sg - acc leave- cvb go_away- pst .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

West Central Oromo gadi ɗiisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n magaalaa keessa-tti ɗal-at-e gadi ɗiis-e
pn - nom city. abs in- loc give_birth- mid -3 sg . m . pfv down leave-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa left his native city.’

Zilo Andi <w>-uʔ.onn-ij

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
ali w-uʔ.onn-ij hon-ʔa-kːu
pn [ m ][ nom ] m -go. pst - pf village- super - el
‘Ali left the village.’