‘be shy’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be shy) about
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. is the smallest in his class.)
P.
is shy / embarassed about
his height
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
стесняться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(стесняться)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. самый маленький по росту в своем классе).
П.
стесняется
своего роста
.
|
Abaza
[ĉ-]pχaš’a
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_MAL
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: MAL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasúl |
j-hára |
d-a-ĉ-pχaš’-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-height
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
mal
-be_ashamed-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul is shy about his height.’ |
Adyghe
tje-wəč̣ʼətə.ha
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.TOP
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC.TOP |
| Locus: Y |
| ŝeweẑəje-r |
zere-c̣əḳʷə-m |
tj-e-wəč̣ʼətə-ha |
|
мальчик-
abs
|
rel
.
fct
-малый-
obl
|
loc
:
top
-
dyn
-стесняться-
lat
|
| ‘Мальчик стесняется своего роста.’ |
Aghul
neč-tːi + ‘be’
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: XY |
| aslan.a-s |
uč.i-n |
ǯiqːe-ʕʷel.i-k-as |
neč-tːi |
a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
self-
gen
|
short-
abstr
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
shame-
adv
|
{
in
}be:
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is shy about his height.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
naxəp
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo |
yala |
bənxap=əl |
mən |
d-a |
kom-u |
|
dem
3.
m
|
boy(
m
)
|
be_ashamed.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
obl
-
dem
1.
sg
|
size(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘This boy is shy about his height.’ |
Bambara
dègun
|
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
| X: DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| wári-ntan-ya` |
bɛ́_kà |
Sékù |
dègun |
|
money-
priv
-
abstr
\
art
|
prog
|
pn
|
embarrass
|
| ‘Seku is embarrassed by the lack of money.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ter vergonha
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
tem |
vergonha |
de |
sua |
altura |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
|
shame(
f
)
|
of
|
poss
.3.
f
|
height(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro is shy about his height.’ |
Catalan
estar avergonyit
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
avergonyit |
de |
la |
seva |
alçada |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
shy(
m
)
|
of
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.3.
f
.
sg
|
height(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere is shy about his height.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Czech
stydět se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zaACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
stydí |
za |
svoj-i |
mal-ou |
postav-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_shy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
for
|
one's-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
small-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
stature(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is embarrassed about his small height.’ |
Danish
være flov
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
er |
flov |
over |
sin |
højde |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
embarrassed.
c
.
sg
|
over
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
height(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter is embarassed about his height.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Dutch
zich schamen
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_voor
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: voor |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
schaam-t |
zich |
voor |
zijn |
lengte |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
be.shy-3
sg
|
refl
|
in.front.of
|
poss
.
c
.3
sg
|
height(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet is shy about his height.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dɔ́gbɛ̀dɛn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_koson
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: koson |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
dɔ́gbɛdɛn-nin |
à |
lɔ́gban` |
kɔ́sɔ̀n. |
|
pn
|
compell-
ptcp
.
res
|
3
sg
|
height\
art
|
because.of
|
| ‘Seku is embarrassed by his height.’ |
English
be shy
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: about |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
shy |
about |
his |
height. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Estonian
häbenema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
häbene-b |
oma |
pikkus-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be_ashamed-
prs
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
length-
part
|
| ‘Peeter is ashamed about his height.’ |
Finnish
ujostella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
ujostel-ee |
pituu-tta-an |
|
pn
.
nom
|
be.shy-
prs
.3
sg
|
height-
part
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pekka is shy about his height.’ |
Forest Enets
pajartur
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
page-xito-ta |
pajartuŋa |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
outerwear-
abl
.
pl
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_shy(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is shy about his clothes’. |
French
avoir honte
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
a |
honte |
de |
sa |
petite |
taille |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
shame(
f
)
|
of
|
one’s
|
small.
f
.
sg
|
height(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is ashamed of his small height.’ |
Georgian
s-cxven-i-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| p'et're-s |
tavis-i |
simaγl-is |
s-cxven-i-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
poss
-
b
|
height-
gen
|
io
3-be_ashamed-
stat
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre is ashamed of his height.’ |
German
sich schämen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_furACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: furACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
schäm-t |
sich |
für |
sein-e |
Körpergröße |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
shame-
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
for
|
his-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
body_height[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is embarrased about his height.’ |
Irish
bí náire
|
Valency pattern:
ar_mar.gheall.air
|
| X: ar |
| Y: mar.gheall.air |
| Locus: XY |
| Tá |
náire |
air |
Phól |
mar_gheall_air |
a |
airde. |
|
be.
prs
|
shame
|
on
|
pn
|
with.respect.to
|
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
height
|
| ‘Pól is embarrased about his height.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
vergognarsi
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: di |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
si |
vergogn-a |
della |
su-a |
statur-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
be_ashamed-3
sg
.
prs
|
of.
def
.
f
.
sg
|
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
|
height-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo is ashamed of his height.’ |
Kalderash Romani
laźal
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
laźa-l |
kata |
pesk-o |
rost-o |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be_ashamed-
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
one’s-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
height-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is embarrased about his height.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kazakh
uyal
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ushin
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ushin |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
öz |
boy-ï |
üšіn |
uyal-adï |
|
pn
|
one’s
|
height-
poss
3
|
because_of
|
be_shy-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is shy about his height.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫλǝ wԑrti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpata
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpata |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
aj |
păλattǝ-λ |
păta |
wǫλǝ |
wԑr-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
small
|
height-
poss
.3
sg
|
because_of
|
alien
|
make-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN1_CONT.EL
|
| X: GEN1 |
| Y: CONT.EL |
| Locus: XY |
| kandi-s |
nuša |
l-eq-qo |
iłi-lo |
mani-qo-žo |
|
дочь-
gen
1
|
стыд(
iv
)
|
iv
-выйти-
prs
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
noni
-
gen
2
|
нос-
cont
-
el
|
| ‘Дочь стесняется своего носа.’ |
Kina Rutul
rɨq ruɁura
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
rɨq |
ruɁu-r=a |
ǯʲu-du |
bɨj-a-la |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
shame
|
come.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
self.
m
.
obl
-
attr
|
stature-
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
| ‘Rasul is shy about his height.’ |
Latin
vercundor
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. |
Mandarin Chinese
gǎndào nánkān
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Zhāngsān |
yīn |
gèzi |
ǎi |
ér |
gǎndào |
nánkān |
|
pn
|
because_of
|
height
|
short
|
so
|
feel
|
embarrassed
|
| ‘Zhangsan feels embarrassed because he is short.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause. |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-onǯγor-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| čelo-s |
muš-i |
simaγle-ši |
Ø-o-onǯγor-u(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
refl
.
poss
-
b
|
height-
gen
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_ashamed-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is shy about his height.’ |
Modern Hebrew
mitbajeʃ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
mitbajeʃ |
ba |
gova |
ʃel-o |
|
pn
|
be.ashamed[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
in+
def
|
height
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pinchas is embarrased about his height.’ |
Nanai
elaǯi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
mənə |
gogda-ǯi-i |
elaǯi-ni |
|
pn
|
refl
|
high-
ins
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
be_shy.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’ |
Nivkh
jеcʁad
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pʰi |
+ |
məckila |
+ |
ut |
j-еcʁa-d |
|
pn
|
rfl
|
+
|
little
|
+
|
body
|
3
sg
-be.ashamed-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is embarrased about his small body.’ |
Northern Mansi
ēssamti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMmajes
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMmajes |
| Locus: Y |
| pijriɕ |
ēssamt-i |
takwi |
pōsl-ǝm |
xuri-jan-e |
mājǝs |
|
boy
|
be_shy-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
3
sg
.
emph
|
draw-
res
|
picture-
pl
-
poss
.3
sg
|
for
|
| ‘The boy is shy about the pictures he drew.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
amalǝɣi=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
аmun-gi |
lˈuk-uo-l-dа-ɣаnǝ |
mǝr |
аmаlǝ-ɣi-m |
|
pn
|
bone-
poss
.3
|
small-
stat
-
nlzr
-
poss
-
acc
|
aff
|
be_shy-
caus
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is embarrased about his height.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være flau
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
er |
flau |
over |
høyd-en |
sin |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
embarrassed
|
over
|
height-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
poss
.
refl
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per is embarrased about his height.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
wstydzić się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Michał |
wstydzi |
się |
swoj-ego |
wzrost-u |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be_shy:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
one’s_own-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
height-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Michał is embarrased about his height.’ |
Russian
stesnjatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
stesnja-et-sja |
svo-ego |
rost-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
cumber(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
one’s-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
height(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’ |
Serbian
stiditi se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
stidi |
svoj-e |
visin-e |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
shame.
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s-
gen
.
sg
.
f
|
height-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is embarrased about his height.’ |
Shughni
x̌armindā sitow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Dovlatšo |
as |
xu |
qad |
x̌armindā |
sů-d |
|
pn
|
el
|
refl
|
height
|
embarrassed
|
go-3
sg
|
| ‘Dovlatsho is embarrased about his height.’ |
Skolt Saami
käinnad
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENdiott
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENdiott |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
käinn |
kookkadvuõđ-âs |
diõtt |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.shy.
prs
.3
sg
|
height.
sg
.
gen
-
poss
.3
sg
|
because.of
|
| ‘Pete is shy about his height.’ |
Slovak
hanbiť sa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zaACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sa |
hanbí |
za |
svoj-u |
výšk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_shy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
for
|
one’s-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
height(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is embarrassed about his small height.’ |
Slovenian
sramovati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
sramuje |
svoj-e |
višin-e |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
be_ashamed:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s-
gen
.
sg
.
f
|
height-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is shy about his height.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ŝerm kirdin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
ʂerm |
le |
baɫa=î |
de-k-a |
|
pn
|
shyness
|
from
|
height=3
sg
.
pc
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hîwa is shy about his height.’ |
Spanish
avergonzarse
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
se |
avergüenz-a |
de |
su |
estatura |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
shame-
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
one’s[
sg
.
f
]
|
height[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is shy about his height.’ |
Swedish
att vara generad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
är |
generad |
över |
sin |
längd |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
embarrassed
|
over
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
length
|
| ‘Björn is embarrased about his height.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| I-k<in>a-hi~hiya |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
tangkad |
|
cv
-ka<
pv
>
ipfv
~shy
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
height
|
| ‘Pedro is shy / embarrassed about his height.’ |
Telugu
siggupaḍu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLvalla
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLvalla |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
atani |
ettu |
valla |
siggupaḍatāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_man(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
height(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
by
|
be_shy.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is shy about his height.’ |
Turkish
utanmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
boy-u-ndan |
utan-uyor |
|
pn
|
height-
p
.3-
abl
|
be_shy-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is shy about his height.’ |
Ulcha
ilamsi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| əj |
piktə |
mə̄n |
bəjə-ǯi |
ilams-i-ni |
|
this
|
child
|
self
|
body-
ins
|
be_ashamed-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy is embarrased about his body.’ |
Uzbek
uaylmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
o’z-i-niŋ |
bo’y-i-dan |
uayl-a-di |
|
pn
|
own-
poss
.3
sg
-
gen
|
height-
poss
.3
sg
-
abl
|
be_ashamed-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’ |
West Central Oromo
k'aanaʔa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
hoddʒaa |
isaa-tti |
in |
k'aanaʔ-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
height.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
-
loc
|
foc
|
be_shy-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa is embarrassed about his height.’ |
Zilo Andi
sːuloʔ.o-rado
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
sːuloʔ.o-rado |
enʃːu-b=ɡu |
wotʃo-ɬir-tʃ’u-kːu |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
be_embarrassed.
pst
-
prog
|
rfl
.
obl
.
m
-
inan
1(
gen
)=
emph
|
short-
abst
-
cont
-
el
|
| ‘Ali is embarrassed about his height (lit. ‘by his shortness’).’ |
