BivalTyp

‘be shy’

Argument frame: X (be shy) about Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. is the smallest in his class.) P. is shy / embarrassed about his height .
Predicate label Ru: стесняться
Argument frame Ru: X (стесняться) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. самый маленький по росту в своем классе). П. стесняется своего роста .

Abaza [ĉ-]pχaš’a

Valency pattern: ABS_MAL
X: ABS
Y: MAL
Locus: Y
rasúl j-hára d-a-ĉ-pχaš’-ə́j-d
pn 3 sg . m . io -height 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - mal -be_ashamed- prs - dcl
‘Rasul is shy about his height.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) tje-wəč̣ʼətə.ha

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP
X: ABS
Y: LOC.TOP
Locus: Y
ŝeweẑəje-r zere-c̣əḳʷə-m tj-e-wəč̣ʼətə-ha
guy- abs rel . fct -small- obl loc : top - dyn -be_shy- lat
‘The guy is embarrassed about his height.’

Aghul neč-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s uč.i-n ǯiqːe-ʕʷel.i-k-as neč-tːi a
pn - dat self- gen short- abstr - sub / cont - elat shame- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan is shy about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Akhvakh (Northern) šulaʁuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
pataħi šulaʁ-are gwi inssuda w-ačaɬero-gune
pn be_ashamed- prog m . cop refl . m . gen even m -shortness. obl - el
‘Patahi is embarrased about his height.’

Andi (Zilo) sːuloʔ.o-rado

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.EL
X: NOM
Y: CONT.EL
Locus: Y
ali sːuloʔ.o-rado enʃːu-b=ɡu wotʃo-ɬir-tʃ’u-kːu
pn [ m ][ nom ] be_embarrassed. pst - prog rfl . obl . m - inan 1( gen )= emph short- abst - cont - el
‘Ali is embarrassed about his height (lit. ‘by his shortness’).’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) staḥa

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Aḥmad yəstaḥi mən ǧahamt-u
pn be_ashamed. ipf .3 m from height- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad is ashamed of his height.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.y.y

Valency pattern: SBJ_min
X: SBJ
Y: min
Locus: Y
Shadi bistḥe min ṭūl-o
pn shy. prs .3 m . sg from height- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi is shy about his height.’

Arabic (standard) ḫaǧila

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-un yaḫǧalu min qāmat-i=hi
pn - nom be_embarrassed. ipf .3 m from height( f )- gen = p .3 m . sg
‘Badr is embarrassed about his height.’

Archi libχˁ

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP.EL
Locus: Y
paša žu-n-tʼu tʼi-kul-li-tːi-š libχˁ kʷer
pn self. m - gen -4. ptcl be.small- nmlz - obl - sup - el feel.embarrassed 1.become. ipfv
‘Pasha is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic naxəp

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+avvo yala bənxap=əl mən d-a kom-u
dem 3. m boy( m ) be_ashamed. prog =3 m from obl - dem 1. sg size( m )- p .3 m
‘This boy is shy about his height.’

Avar nečeze

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
he-w nečon w-uk’-una žindir-go q’arq’ala-jaɬ-ul borχaɬi-jal-dasa
that- m be_ashamed. seq m -be- ipf refl . gen -self carcass- obl - gen height- obl - el
‘He is embarrased about his height.’

Azerbaijani utanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Aslan öz boy-u-ndan utan-ır
pn self size- poss 3- abl be_ashamed- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’

Bafut dᵼ̀rə̂

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
àtû àmbɛ́ dᵼ̀rə̂ nlóŋmə́ à wúʔù
head/ prep pn heavy because he short
‘Ambe is shy because he is short.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and Y is expressed as a dependent clause. Non-verbal predicate.

Bambara dègun

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
wári-ntan-ya` bɛ́_kà Sékù dègun
money- priv - abstr \ art prog pn embarrass
‘Seku is embarrassed by the lack of money.’

Belarusian saromiecca

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Alieś saromie-jec-ca sv-ajho rost-u
pn [ nom . sg ] cumber( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl one’s- gen . sg . m height- gen . sg
‘Ales is embarrassed about his height.’

Budugh uta'nmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan uga' buy-un-a'r uta'nmi yıxhar-i
pn refl . loc size- obl - abl ashamed m .be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian pritesnyavam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Petar se pritesnyava ot rast-a si
pn refl embarrass( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from height- def . short . m . sg pro . refl . dat
‘Petar is embarrassed about his height.’

Catalan estar avergonyit

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
en Pere està avergonyit de la seva alçada
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind shy( m ) of def . sg . f poss .3. f . sg height( f )
‘Pere is shy about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chechen iizalo

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT
X: ABS
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam shien diagh-ax iizalo
pn . abs 3 sg . gen . refl body- lat be_uncomfortable. prs
‘Islam is embarrased about his height.’

Chinese (Mandarin) gǎndào nánkān

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Zhāngsān yīn gèzi ǎi ér gǎndào nánkān
pn because_of height short so feel embarrassed
‘Zhangsan feels embarrassed because he is short.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

Chirag c’aχː b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le cin-na čarχː-li-sa-rka c’aχː urχ-le
pn ( abs ) self. sg - gen body- obl - ante - elat shameful ( m . sg )become: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is embarrassed about his body/appearance.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Croatian stidjeti se

Valency pattern: NOM_zbogGEN
X: NOM
Y: zbogGEN
Locus: Y
Per-o se stidi zbog svoj-e visin-e
pn - nom . sg refl shame. prs .3 sg because one’s- gen . sg . f height- gen . sg
‘Pero is embarrased about his height.’

Czech stydět se

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC
X: NOM
Y: zaACC
Locus: Y
Petr se stydí za svoj-i mal-ou postav-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_shy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg for one's- f . acc . sg small- f . acc . sg stature( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is embarrassed about his small height.’

Danish være flov

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Peter er flov over sin højde
pn be. prs embarrassed. c . sg over poss . refl . c . sg height( c )
‘Peter is embarassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Itsari) urucː-B-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam ca-w ʁuk-il urucː-ik'ʷ-il=ca-w
pn ( abs ) self- m ( abs ) short- adv shyness-( m ) lv . ipfv - cvb = cop - m
‘Islam is embarrased by the fact that he is short.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

Dargwa (Kadar) uruz-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad uruz-0-uk'-ar cuni-ja rost-i-zaka
pn embarrasment- m -say. ipfv - th self- gen height- obl - el
‘Muhammad is embarrased about his height.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) urucik’vara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_ANTEL
X: DATLAT
Y: ANTEL
Locus: XY
Petja-j cin-na uqaˁndex-sar urucik’-ul=ca
pn - datlat refl . obl - gen height- antel be_ashamed- prog . cvb = cop (3)
‘Petja is embarrassed about his height.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gal sin-na atːa-ta-l us kː-ul=saw
boy refl . obl - gen father- ante - abl humble ( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is shy of his father.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) uruc b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTE.ESS
X: NOM
Y: ANTE.ESS
Locus: Y
uršːi tːutːeš-li-sa-w uruc k'-ule=saj
boy father- obl - ante - ess . m shame ( m )say. pfv - prog . cnv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is embarrased about his father.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) uruc b-ik'ʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTE.ABL.DOWN
X: NOM
Y: ANTE.ABL.DOWN
Locus: Y
durħaˤ tatːi-sa-rka uruc w-ik'-ule=caj
boy father- ante - abl . down shame m -say. pfv - cnv . prog = cop . m (3)
‘The boy is embarrased about his father.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch zich schamen

Valency pattern: SBJ_voor
X: SBJ
Y: voor
Locus: Y
Piet schaam-t zich voor zijn lengte
pn ( c ) be.shy-3 sg refl in.front.of poss . c .3 sg height( c )
‘Piet is shy about his height.’

Enets (Forest) pajartur

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ page-xito-ta pajartuŋa
i man- nom . sg .1 sg outerwear- abl . pl - obl . sg .3 sg be_shy( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is shy about his clothes’.

English be shy

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter is shy about his height.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Estonian häbenema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter häbene-b oma pikkus-t
pn . sg . nom be_ashamed- prs .3 sg poss . refl length- part
‘Peeter is ashamed about his height.’

Finnish ujostella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka ujostel-ee pituu-tta-an
pn . nom be.shy- prs .3 sg height- part - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is shy about his height.’

French avoir honte

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul a honte de sa petite taille
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg shame( f ) of one’s small. f . sg height( f )
‘Paul is ashamed of his small height.’

Gban ya̰̋ka̰̋ kpɔ̋ lȅ

Valency pattern: nen_SBJ
X: nen
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Zá̰ mɔ̰́ yȅȅ kpɔ̀ɔ̀=lȅ ∅ ya̰̋ka̰̋ kpɔ̋=lȅ ȁ nɛ̰̏
pn for be short= nmlz 3 sg shame ipfv \spread = loc 2 s/he/it at
‘Zan is embarrassed about his shortness’, lit. ‘Zan’s shortness embarrasses (= spreads shame on) him’.

Georgian s-cxven-i-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
p'et're-s tavis-i simaγl-is s-cxven-i-a
pn - dat poss - b height- gen io 3-be_ashamed- stat - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is ashamed of his height.’

German sich schämen

Valency pattern: NOM_furACC
X: NOM
Y: furACC
Locus: Y
Karl schäm-t sich für sein-e Körpergröße
pn [ nom . sg ] shame- prs .3 sg refl for his- f . acc . sg body_height[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is embarrassed about his height.’

Hebrew (modern) mitbajeʃ

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Pinχas mitbajeʃ ba gova ʃel-o
pn be.ashamed[ ptcp . sg . m ] in+ def height poss -3 sg . m
‘Pinchas is embarrassed about his height.’

Hindi šarmiṁdā honā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLko.lekar
X: DIR
Y: OBLko.lekar
Locus: Y
Pratīk apn-e kad ko lekar šarmiṁdā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir own- m . sg . obl height( m ). sg . obl acc / dat concerning ashamed be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is ashamed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Indonesian (standard) me-rasa minder

Valency pattern: SBJ_dengan
X: SBJ
Y: dengan
Locus: Y
Ali me-rasa minder dengan tinggi badan-nya
pn act -feel inferior with tall body-3 sg
‘Ali is embarrassed about his height.’

Irish bí náire

Valency pattern: ar_mar.gheall.air
X: ar
Y: mar.gheall.air
Locus: XY
Tá náire air Phól mar_gheall_air a airde.
be. prs shame on pn with.respect.to poss .3 sg . m height
‘Pól is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian vergognarsi

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo si vergogn-a della su-a statur-a
pn ( m ) refl be_ashamed-3 sg . prs of. def . f . sg poss .3 sg - sg . f height- sg . f
‘Leo is ashamed of his height.’

Karata sulaƛ’a bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali sula-ƛ’a w-uk’u-da in-š:u-b da w-oχχelaɬer-jagal
pn shame- super m -be- ipf refl - obl . m - n ptcl m -size- el
‘Ali is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kazakh uyal

Valency pattern: NOM_ushin
X: NOM
Y: ushin
Locus: Y
Petya öz boy-ï üšіn uyal-adï
pn one’s height- poss 3 because_of be_shy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is shy about his height.’

Khanty (Kazym) wǫλǝ wԑrti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMpata
X: NOM
Y: NOMpata
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en aj păλattǝ-λ păta wǫλǝ wԑr-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg small height- poss .3 sg because_of alien make- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’

Khoekhoe tao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b gaxusi-b-a ra tao
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg tallness-3 m . sg - obl ipfv be_embarrassed
‘Peter is embarrassed about his height.’

Khwarshi nuša leqʷa

Valency pattern: GEN1_CONT.EL
X: GEN1
Y: CONT.EL
Locus: XY
kandi-s nuša l-eq-qo iłi-lo mani-qo-žo
daughter- gen 1 shame( iv ) iv -go.out- prs dem . an . o . noni - gen 2 nose- cont - el
‘The daughter is embarrased about her nose.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Komi-Zyrian яндысьны

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Петя яндысь-ö ас-лас туша-ысь
pn be_shy- prs .3 self- gen . p .3 sg height- ela
‘Petja is embarrassed about his height.’

Kpelle (Guinean) kpáaŋ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe kpáaŋ-aa-ì gbùó mɛ́nî ɓà
pn be_shy- stat - pred 3 sg \be_short issue\ l on1
‘Pepee is shy about being short .’

Kryz (Alik) raha xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
terlan-iz ug buy-un-kar raha şe-re
pn - dat refl . m ( gen ) size- obl - part shame be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (Ismayilli) rihi xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan ugura buy-uni-var rihi şe-re
pn m . refl . gen size- obl - adel ashamed be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (proper) reh xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL
X: DAT
Y: SUBEL
Locus: XY
aslan-is ug buy-una-kir reh şa-ri
pn - dat refl . m size- obl - subel shame be. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk ujalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir öz-ün-ü bojun-dan ujal-a
pn self-3 sg - gen neck- abl be.shy-3 sg
‘Basir is embarrased about his height.’
Note: It is not quite clear why ‘neck’ is used.

Kurdish (Sorani) ʂerm kirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_le
X: SBJ.TR
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa ʂerm le baɫa=î de-k-a
pn shyness from height=3 sg . pc ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hîwa is shy about his height.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) fihêt kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
keçik-ê ji qam-a xwe fihêt di-kir
girl- obl . f from heigh- ez . f self shame prs -do. pfv . sg
‘The girl was ashamed because of her height.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-n nač qan-aj d-ur ca-l-da qʼarqʼal-tːu-l laq-širu-j-a
pn - obl - dat shame(4) become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv 4-be. prs .3 p self. obl .1- gen -4. ptcl body- pl - gen be.high- nmlz - sup - el
‘Mohammad is embarrassed about his height.’

Latin vercundor

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

Laz o-onǯγor-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-s bo(r)-i-muš-išen Ø-o-onǯγor-en-Ø
pn - b - dat height- b - poss 3- abl io 3- ver : sup -be_ashamed- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is shy about his height.’

Lezgian (Yargun) reǧü jen

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL
X: DAT
Y: SUB/POSTEL
Locus: XY
Samire-di-z viç-i-n boy-di-kaa reǧü-zva
pn - obl - dat self- obl - gen height- obl - sub / postel be_shy- prs
‎‎‎‘Samira is embarrased about her height.’

Macedonian se srami

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se srami od svoj-ot rast
pn refl embarrass( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from one’s- art . m . sg height
‘Petar is embarrassed about his height.’

Maltese

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Ġwanni jħossu mbarazzat bit-tul tiegħu
pn feel. ipf . m .3 sg embarassed with. def -height poss . m .3 sg
‘Ġwanni is embarrassed about his height.’

Maninka (Eastern) dɔ́gbɛ̀dɛn

Valency pattern: SBJ_koson
X: SBJ
Y: koson
Locus: Y
Sékù dɔ́gbɛdɛn-nin à lɔ́gban` kɔ́sɔ̀n.
pn compell- ptcp . res 3 sg height\ art because.of
‘Seku is embarrassed by his height.’

Mano kpàā

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
lɛ́ɛ̀ kpàā là kɛ̀ ɓúlùū-là ká
3 sg . ipfv be.embarrased: ipfv 3 sg . poss be: nmlz shortness- abstr with
‘S/he is embarrassed by his/her short statue. .’

Mansi (Northern) ēssamti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMmajes
X: NOM
Y: NOMmajes
Locus: Y
pijriɕ ēssamt-i takwi pōsl-ǝm xuri-jan-e mājǝs
boy be_shy- npst [3 sg ] 3 sg . emph draw- res picture- pl - poss .3 sg for
‘The boy is shy about the pictures he drew.’

Mehweb uruc kʼes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
Islam uruc kʼ-uwe le-w sune-la-l ʁantʼ-deš-iče-la=l
pn shy lv : ipfv - cvb be- m self. obl - gen - emph short- nmlz - super - el = emph
‘Islam is embarrassed about his shortness.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-onǯγor-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ALL
X: DAT
Y: ALL
Locus: XY
čelo-s muš-i sirγin-iša Ø-o-onǯγor-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat refl . poss - b height- all io 3- ver : sup -be_ashamed- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is shy about his height.’

Nanai elaǯi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia mənə gogda-ǯi-i elaǯi-ni
pn refl high- ins - p . refl . sg be_shy. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is embarrased about his height.’

Nivkh jеcʁad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pʰi + məckila + ut j-еcʁa-d
pn rfl + little + body 3 sg -be.ashamed- ind
‘Kaskazik is embarrased about his small body.’

Norwegian Bokmål å være flau

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Per er flau over høyd-en sin
pn be. prs embarrassed over height- def . m . sg poss . refl . m . sg
‘Per is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Oromo (West Central) k'aanaʔa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
obsaa-n hoddʒaa isaa-tti in k'aanaʔ-a
pn - nom height. abs 3 sg . m . poss - loc foc be_shy-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa is embarrassed about his height.’

Persian xejālat kešīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM
X: NOM
Y: azNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad az qadd-aš xejālat mī-keš-ad
pn from height- encl .3 sg shame cont -pull. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is embarrassed about his height.’

Polish wstydzić się

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Michał wstydzi się swoj-ego wzrost-u
pn [ nom . sg ] be_shy: ipfv . prs .3 sg refl one’s_own- m . gen . sg height- gen . sg
‘Michał is embarrassed about his height.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) ter vergonha

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro tem vergonha de sua altura
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs shame( f ) of poss .3. f height( f )
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’

Romani (Kalderash) laźal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a laźa-l kata pesk-o rost-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_ashamed- prs .3 sg from one’s- m . dir . sg height- nom . sg
‘Murša is embarrased about his height.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Russian stesnjatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja stesnja-et-sja svo-ego rost-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg cumber( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl one’s- m . gen . sg height( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’

Rutul (Kina) rɨq ruɁura

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP.EL
Locus: Y
rasul rɨq ruɁu-r=a ǯʲu-du bɨj-a-la
pn ( nom ) shame come. ipfv - cvb =be self. m . obl - attr stature- obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul is shy about his height.’

Rutul (Mukhad) rıˤqh hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad-a džuˤ-dı bıj-aala rıˤqh haʔa-ra
pn - erg refl . h . obl - attr size- superel shame( n ) n .do. ipf - hab
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’

Rutul (Shinaz) rɨˁχ ruʔun

Valency pattern: DAT_EL
X: DAT
Y: EL
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs rɨˁχ ruʔu-j džu-du buj-a-la
pn - dat shame ipf .go- evt . n refl . obl - attr size- obl - el
‘Basir is embarrased about his height.’

Rutul (Southern) rıˤx yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s ci-di boy-aala rıˤx ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn - obl - dat self. obl - attr size- superel shame ( n )be. ipf - prs
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Saami (Skolt) käinnad

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt käinn kookkadvuõđ-âs diõtt
pn . sg . nom be.shy. prs .3 sg height. sg . gen - poss .3 sg because.of
‘Pete is shy about his height.’

Serbian stiditi se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar se stidi svoj-e visin-e
pn . nom . sg refl shame. prs .3 sg one’s- gen . sg . f height- gen . sg
‘Petar is embarrased about his height.’

Shughni x̌armindā sitow

Valency pattern: NOM.NO.CL_EL
X: NOM.NO.CL
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Dovlatšo as xu qad x̌armindā sů-d
pn el refl height embarrassed go-3 sg
‘Dovlatsho is embarrased about his height.’

Slovak hanbiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC
X: NOM
Y: zaACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa hanbí za svoj-u výšk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_shy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg for one’s- f . acc . sg height( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is embarrassed about his small height.’

Slovenian sramovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter se sramuje svoj-e višin-e
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl be_ashamed: ipfv . prs .3 sg one’s- gen . sg . f height- gen . sg
‘Peter is shy about his height.’

Spanish avergonzarse

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro se avergüenz-a de su estatura
pn [ sg . m ] refl .3 sg shame- prs .3 sg from one’s[ sg . f ] height[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’

Svan x-o-šgur (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s miča nak'latx-iš x-o-šgur
pn - dat poss 3 height- gen io 3- ver : o -be_shy
‘Maizer is shy of his height.’

Swedish att vara generad

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Björn är generad över sin längd
pn be. prs embarrassed over poss . refl . c . sg length
‘Björn is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
maˁhaˁmad.a-z ča-n bic’i post.na-k-an nač k-a
pn - dat refl - gen small height- cont - elat shy cont -be( prs )
‘Mahamad is shy about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog ikahiya

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
i-k<in>a-hi~hiya ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng tangkad
cv -< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_ashamed pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin height
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu siggupaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla
X: NOM
Y: OBLvalla
Locus: Y
pravīṇ atani ettu valla siggupaḍatāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom that_man( m ). sg . obl height( n ). sg . obl by be_shy. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is shy about his height.’

Tsakhur naš qhıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s džu-ni boy-u-le naš vo-d qheхhi
pn - obl - dat refl . m - attr . obl size- obl - superel shame cop - n re . n .be. ipf
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tswana tlhabiwa ke ditlhong

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
Kitso o-tlhab-iw-a ke di-tlhong ka se-emo sa-gagwe se se-nnye
prn (1) s i :cl1-stab- pass - fv by pl -shame(8/10) ins sg -stature(7) cl7. gen -cl1. pro cl7- lk cl7-small
‘Kitso is ashamed of his small stature.’

Turkish utanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet boy-u-ndan utan-uyor
pn height- p .3- abl be_shy- prs
‘Mehmet is shy about his height.’

Turoyo minakəf

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-minakəf b-i qumṯo d ruḥ-e
pn prs -be_ashamed. ipfv .3 m in- art . f height( f ) rel refl - p .3 m
‘Gabriyel is shy about his own height.’

Twi fɛre

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho
X: SBJ
Y: ho
Locus: Y
Kofi fɛre ne tenten ho
pn be_shy 3 sg . poss height inner_self
‘Kofi is shy about his height.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udi ot'+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Alina-n iz boy-axun ot'=e=b-sa
pn - erg self. gen height- abl be_shy=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Alina is embarrassed about his height.’

Udmurt voźdaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pet'a ǯuždala-jez-leś voźdaśkje
pn . nom height- poss .3 sg - abl be_ashamed. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ashamed of his height.’

Ukrainian soromytysja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o sorom-yt’-sja svoho rost-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg shame( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl one’s. m . gen . sg height( m )- gen . sg
‘Petro is embarrassed about his height.’

Ulcha ilamsi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
əj piktə mə̄n bəjə-ǯi ilams-i-ni
this child self body- ins be_ashamed- prs -3 sg
‘This boy is embarrased about his body.’

Uzbek uaylmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya o’z-i-niŋ bo’y-i-dan uayl-a-di
pn own- poss .3 sg - gen height- poss .3 sg - abl be_ashamed- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’

Wolof rus

Valency pattern: SBJ_ci
X: SBJ
Y: ci
Locus: Y
Usmaan dafa rus ci gàttaay-am
pn f oc v .s i :3 sg be.ashamed loc small.stature( b )- poss :3 sg
‘Usmaan is ashamed of his small stature.’

Yukaghir (Northern) amalǝɣi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn аmun-gi lˈuk-uo-l-dа-ɣаnǝ mǝr аmаlǝ-ɣi-m
pn bone- poss .3 small- stat - nlzr - poss - acc aff be_shy- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is embarrased about his height.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: ra.PSTP
Locus: Y
o lɛʃ-a xo=ra ʃɛrma-jɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs body- ez . f refl =from be.ashamed. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He is ashamed of his height.’