Turoyo
Contributed by Nikita Kuzin (Academia.edu profile )
The data were gathered in Berlin in 2023 by Anna-Simona Barbara Üzel and Nikita Kuzin from several speakers of Turoyo. Some additional data were collected by Nikita Kuzin online. The majority of the translations were obtained using the German version of the questionnaire, and several sentences were translated from English.
How to cite
Kuzin, Nikita. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Turoyo.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on December 12, 2023; last revised on January 25, 2024.)
(Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info , Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 37.34, 41.75 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Afro-Asiatic, genus: Semitic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Grammar notes
Basic clause structure and the transitive construction
The indexing and flagging of arguments in Turoyo depends on whether they are nominal or pronominal and also on the aspectual value of the predicate, yielding a number of intricate patterns. Based on the observed encoding devices in various conditions, I distinguish a number of syntactic statuses that are used for the annotation of the dataset below. The correspondences between syntactic statuses and observed indexing/flagging is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Syntactic statuses and morphosyntact encoding
Syntactic status
Flag
Index: Nominal, PFV
Index: Nominal, IPFV
Index: Pron., PFV
Index: Pron., IPFV
SBJ
no
LS
SS
LS
SS
SBJ.SS
no
SS
SS
SS
SS
DO
no
no
no
SS
LS
DO.LS
no
no
no
LS
LS
IO
l- no
no
LS
LS
l
l- no
no
no
no
OBJAGR
no
LS
LS
LS
LS
BARE
no
no
no
*
*
There is no flagging for nominal subjects (A- and S-arguments) or direct objects (P-arguments). Pronominal and nominal subjects are always indexed on the verb. By default, the so-called S-suffixes (labeled “SS” here) are employed for the imperfective base and the so-called L-suffixes (labeled “LS” here), for the perfective base. Canonical subjects of this type are labeled “SBJ” in Table 1 and in the dataset below. However, a minority of verbs (they are traditionally treated as belonging to the “intransitive” morphological class, see examples 2, 3, 29 etc. below) use S-suffixes to index subjects, irrespective of the base type; subjects of such verbs are labeled “SBJ.SS” in Table 1 and in the dataset below. Analogously, direct objects are split into two statuses, labeled “DO” and “DO.LS,” depending on the inxeding patterns they display (see Table 1 again).
Non-core arguments (with one exception, they are not shown in Table 1) are commonly flagged by prepositions and remain unindexed. In addition to that, there are three separate statuses for non-core arguments — IO, OBJAGR, and BARE. Nominal arguments of the IO type (indirect objects) are flagged by the preposition l- , whereas their pronominal counterparts are indexed by L-suffixes (this fact is explained by the fact that L-suffixes can be traced back to this preposition). This status is to be kept apart from a purely prepositional use of l- , such as in example 83 (this is included in Table 1 for the sake of comparison). For BARE, see (Say 2020).
Say, S. S. 2020. Markirovanie aktantov dvuxmestnyx predikatov v novoaramejskix idiomax sela Urmiya [Bivalent predicates’ argument encoding in Neo-Aramaic varieties spoken in Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai]. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana , V. 16, Part 2. 654-689. (in Russian)
Case system
There is no morphological case on nouns.
Verb lemmas
Verbs are shown in the so-called doməx form: this is the imperfective base form with the zero-realized 3rd person masculine singular S-suffix and no L-suffix. Not all lemmas follow the doməx pattern, as they belong to different templates (morphological classes).
Glossing abbreviations
1, 2, 3 — 1st, 2nd, 3rd person; ART — article; CMP — complementizer; COP — copula; DEM — demonstrative; EXI — existential copula; F — feminine; IMP — imperative; IPFV — imperfective base; LS — L-suffix; M — masculine; NEG — negation; P — possessive; PL — plural; PN — person name; PFV — perfective base; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive pronoun; REL — relator; SG — singular; SS — S-suffix.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
BARE_7al
BARE_m
BARE_SBJ.SS
DO_SBJ
IO_DO
IO_SBJ
OBJAGR_b
OBJAGR_BARE
OBJAGR_l
SBJ.SS_7al
SBJ.SS_7am
SBJ.SS_b
SBJ.SS_BARE
SBJ.SS_beter.m
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
SBJ.SS_IO
SBJ.SS_l
SBJ.SS_m
SBJ.SS_m.7al
SBJ_7al
SBJ_7am
SBJ_b
SBJ_beter
SBJ_heder
SBJ_IO
SBJ_m
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
riš-e
d
Gabriyel
ko-koyu
head(
m
)-
p
.3
m
rel
pn
prs
-ache.
ipfv
.3
m
‘Gabriyel has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
nafəl
b-i
šawbe
pn
fall.
pfv
.3
m
in-
art
.
f
gripp(
f
)
‘Gabriyel has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-zoyəʕ
m-u
kalbo
d
ko-nowəḥ
pn
prs
-be_afraid.
ipfv
.3
m
from-
art
.
m
dog(
m
)
rel
prs
-bark.
ipfv
.3
m
‘Gabriyel is afraid of the dog that is barking.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mḥalaq-le
i
kefo
b-i
qamayto
pn
throw.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
f
stone(
f
)
in-
art
.
f
beginning(
f
)
‘Gabriyel threw the stone first.’
Valency pattern:
IO_SBJ
X: IO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
az
zuz-e
d
Gabriyel
ko-makfəl-le=ne
uʕdo
art
.
pl
money-
pl
rel
pn
prs
-be_enough.
ipfv
.3
pl
-
ls
.3
m
=
cop
.3
pl
now
‘Now Gabriyel has enough money’.
Note: X is first expressed as a possessor within the subject NP and then resumed as the indirect object.
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_IO
X: SBJ.SS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-šobəh
l
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-resemble.
ipfv
.3
m
to
pn
‘Gabriyel resembles Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-mətyaqən
me
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-believe.
ipfv
.3
m
from
pn
‘Gabriyel believes Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
məd-le
u
kṯowo
m-u
rafo
pn
take.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
book(
m
)
from-
art
.
m
shelf(
m
)
‘Gabriyel took the book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ḥze-le
bayto
pn
see.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
house(
m
)
‘Gabriyel saw a house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
u
ʕəmro
ko-ḥokəm
ʕal
u
hawno
art
.
m
age(
m
)
prs
-govern.
ipfv
.3
m
on
art
.
m
cognition(
m
)
‘Age influences cognition.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
laqi
b
Mixoyel
dlo
waʕdo
b-u=darbo
pn
meet.
pfv
.3
m
in
pn
without
agreement
in-
art
.
m
=road(
m
)
‘Gabriyel unexpectedly ran into Mixoyel on the way.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_IO
X: SBJ.SS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ʕabər
l-u
bayto
pn
enter.
pfv
.3
m
to-
art
.
m
house(
m
)
‘Gabriyel entered the house’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Šabo
maxṣar-le
Maryam
pn
defeat.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
pn
‘Shabo defeated Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
nafəq
m-u
bayto
pn
go_out.
pfv
.3
m
from-
art
.
m
house(
m
)
‘Gabriyel went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
qləʕ-le
aḥ
ḥayewən
l-i
marʕa
pn
drive.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
pl
animal(
pl
)
to-
art
.
f
pasture(
f
)
‘Gabriyel drove the animals to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ṭwe-le
u
čəqəl
d-u
ilono
pn
bend.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
branch(
m
)
rel
-
art
.
m
tree(
m
)
‘Gabriyel bent the tree branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Šabo
mər-le
l
Maryam
ʕaṣriye
haw-li
talafon
pn
say.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
to
pn
evening
give.
imp
.
sg
-
ls
.1
sg
telephone
‘Shabo told Maryam: “Call me in the evening.”’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ko-zobəṭ
u
kṯowo
b
iḏ-e
pn
prs
-hold.
ipfv
.3
m
art
.
m
book(
m
)
in
hand(
f
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel is holding the book in his hands.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_IO
X: SBJ.SS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Šabo
maṭi
l
Maryam
pn
reach.
pfv
.3
m
to
pn
‘Shabo caught up with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ḥlu-le
i
tərto
pn
milk.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
f
cow(
f
)
‘Gabriyel milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_IO
X: SBJ.SS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
maṭi
l-i
skale
pn
reach.
pfv
.3
m
to-
art
.
f
bank(
f
)
‘Gabriyel reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mḥe-le
iḏ-e
b-u
šuro
pn
hit.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
hand(
f
)-
p
.3
m
in-
art
.
m
wall(
m
)
‘Gabriyel touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7am
X: SBJ
Y: 7am
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mqate-le
ʕam
Yuḥanən
pn
fight.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
with
pn
‘Gabriyel fought with Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gabriyel
u
ḥawro
d
Yuḥanən
yo
pn
art
.
m
friend(
m
)
rel
pn
cop
.3
sg
‘Gabriel is friends with Yuḥanən.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-mətfakər
b
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-think.
ipfv
.3
m
in
pn
‘Gabriyel thinks about Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
xil-e
ḥabušo
pn
eat.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
apple(
m
)
‘Gabriyel ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mqale-le
u
nuno
pn
fry.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
fish(
m
)
‘Gabriyel fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ko-noṭər
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-wait.
ipfv
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel is waiting for Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
X: SBJ.SS
Y: DO.LS
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ṭaʕi
u
darb-awo
pn
forget.
pfv
.3
m
art
.
m
road-
dem
.
m
‘Gabriyel forgot the road.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7am
X: SBJ
Y: 7am
Locus: Y
u
hawno
ko-maləx
ʕam
u
ʕəmro
art
.
m
cognition(
m
)
prs
-walk.
ipfv
.3
m
with
art
.
m
age(
m
)
‘Cognition depends on age’, lit. ‘Cognition goes along with age.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
qre-le
l
Yuḥanən
pn
call.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
to
pn
‘Gabriyel called Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
X: SBJ.SS
Y: DO.LS
Locus: Y
meqəm
me
šato
Gabriyel
aḏəʕ
Yuḥanən
before
from
year(
f
)
pn
know.
pfv
.3
m
pn
‘A year ago, Gabriyel got to know Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
X: SBJ.SS
Y: DO.LS
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
k-oḏəʕ
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-know.
ipfv
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel knows Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
uʕdo
Yuḥanən
ko-moḥe
ʕal
u
keṯoro
now
pn
prs
-beat.
ipfv
.3
m
on
art
.
m
guitar(
m
)
‘Yuḥanən is playing the guitar now.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-qoṭəʕ
ruḥ-e
me
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-cut.
ipfv
.3
m
refl
-
p
.3
m
from
pn
‘Gabriyel avoids Yuḥanən’, lit. ‘Gabriyel cuts himself off from Y.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
səm-le
faḥo
l-aʕ
ʕebugr-e
pn
make.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
trap(
m
)
to-
art
.
pl
mouse-
pl
‘Gabriyel made a trap for mice.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-goḥək
ʕal
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-laugh.
ipfv
.3
m
on
pn
‘Gabriyel makes fun of Yuḥanən’ (lit. ‘Gabriyel laughs at Yuḥanən’).
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
X: OBJAGR
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
Gabriyel
kət-le
raḏayto
pn
exi
-
ls
.3
m
car(
f
)
‘Gabriyel has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-korəx
ʕal
a
qliḏ-ayḏe
pn
prs
-look.
ipfv
.3
m
on
art
.
pl
key-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mḥe-le
gawno
b-u
sawġo
pn
hit.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
colour
in-
art
.
m
fence.
m
‘Gabriyel painted the walls.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
u
kalbo
nkət-le
Gabriyel
art
.
m
dog(
m
)
bite.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
pn
‘The dog bit Gabriyel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mṣakar-le
u
bayt-ayḏe
pn
lose.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
house(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gabriyel
ko-mǧarəb
d
zobəṭ
i
qaṭən
pn
prs
-try.
ipfv
.3
m
cmp
catch.
ipfv
.3
m
art
.
f
cat(
f
)
‘Gabriyel tries to catch the cat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
twər-le
u
čugan
pn
break.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
stick(
m
)
‘Gabriyel broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Šabo
kə-mbasəm
lebo
d
Maryam
pn
prs
-make_sweet.
ipfv
.3
m
heart(
m
)
rel
pn
‘Šabo is flattering Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ko-roḥəm
Maryam
pn
prs
-love.
ipfv
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel loves Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
həz-le
i
dəsmale
pn
shake.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
f
handkerchief(
f
)
‘Gabriyel waved the handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-ḥoləm
me
raḏayto
ḥaṯ-to
pn
prs
-dream.
ipfv
.3
m
from
car(
f
)
new-
f
‘Gabriyel is dreaming about a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mfayaʕ-le
u
koso
pn
wash.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
cup(
m
)
‘Gabriyel washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
lwəš-le
u
pantron-ayḏe
pn
put_on.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
pants(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel put on his pants.’
Valency pattern:
IO_DO
X: IO
Y: DO
Locus: X
haṯe
ale
yo
k-əmmi-na-la
puṣəla
this.
f
device.
f
cop
.3
sg
prs
-say.
ipfv
.
pl
-
ss
.1
pl
-
ls
.3
f
compass(
f
)
‘This is a device, it is called “compass”’ (Lit. ‘We say “compass” to it’).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mǧaze-le
u
abro
pn
punish.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
son
‘Gabriyel punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
hərče
haǧim-o
ʕal
ṣayodo
d
nun-e
bear(
f
)
attack.
pfv
-
ss
.3
f
on
hunter(
m
)
rel
fish-
pl
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_BARE
X: SBJ.SS
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
i
ṣəṭlo
maly-o
maye
art
.
f
bucket(
f
)
fill.
pfv
-
ss
.3
f
water(
pl
)
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ḥze-le
a
qliḏ-ayḏe
pn
see.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
pl
key-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
X: OBJAGR
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
Gabriyel
ko-noqaṣ-le
waraqto
pn
prs
-be_few.
ipfv
.3
m
-
ls
.3
m
banknote(
f
)
‘Gabriyel is one (euro) short.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-mʕanət
me
Maryam
pn
prs
-hate.
ipfv
.3
m
from
pn
‘Gabriyel hates Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
rḥəm-le
u
gumlak-ayḏe
pn
like.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
shirt(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel likes his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-məsnəq
l-az
zuze
pn
prs
-need.
ipfv
.3
m
to-
art
.
pl
money(
pl
)
‘Gabriyel needs money.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_heder
X: SBJ
Y: heder
Locus: Y
aš
šur-one
ḥeḏər
i
walaye
ne
art
.
pl
wall-
pl
around
art
.
f
city(
f
)
cop
.3
pl
‘The walls are around the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
X: OBJAGR
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
Gabriyel
zayəd-le
ʕaṣro
waroqe
pn
be_extra.
pfv
.3
m
-
ls
.3
m
ten
banknote(
pl
)
‘Gabriyel has ten (extra) (euro) left.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
hu-le
funoyo
l-u
məlfon-ayḏe
pn
give.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
answer(
m
)
to-
art
.
m
teacher(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel answered his teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ftəḥ-le
qotiye
pn
open.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
can(
f
)
‘Gabriyel opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_IO
X: SBJ.SS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
u
gumlak-ayḏi
lə
k-šobəh
l
diḏ-ux
art
.
m
shirt(
m
)-
p
.1
sg
neg
prs
-be_similar.
ipfv
.3
m
to
p
-2
m
‘My shirt does not look similar to yours.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_beter.m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: beter.m
Locus: Y
Šabo
fayəš
bəṯṯər
m-i
Maryam
pn
remain.
pfv
.3
m
behind
from-
art
.
f
pn
‘Šabo fell behind Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ko-dowər
i
arʕ-ayḏe
pn
prs
-plough.
ipfv
.3
m
art
.
f
field(
f
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel is ploughing his field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
k-oṯe
reḥ-e
d-u
banzin
me
iḏ-oṯ-i
prs
-come.
ipfv
.3
m
smell-
p
.3
m
rel
-
art
.
m
gasoline(
m
)
from
hand(
f
)-
pl
-
p
.1
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
qaṭəʕ
ʕal
u
šuqo
pn
cross.
pfv
.3
m
on
art
.
m
street
‘Gabriyel crossed the street.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
zmər-le
qolo
sagi
šafiro
pn
sing.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
song(
m
)
very
beautiful(
m
)
‘Gabriyel sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
kṯu-le
egarṯo
pn
write.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
letter(
f
)
‘Gabriyel wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
šte-way-le
u
ḥalwo
pn
drink.
pfv
-
pst
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
milk(
m
)
‘Gabriyel had drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mfašar-le
qatte
d
riṣaṣ
pn
melt.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
piece(
f
)
rel
lead(
m
)
‘Gabriyel melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
i
qariše
k-uṯyo-wa
ʕal
u
fəṣtan-ayḏi
art
.
f
belt(
f
)
prs
-come.
ipfv
.3
m
-
pst
on
art
.
m
dress(
m
)-
p
.1
sg
‘The belt matched my dress.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
nafəq
m-u
aṯr-ayḏe
pn
leave.
pfv
.3
m
from-
art
.
m
homeland(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel left his homeland.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
i
marše
zbəṭ-la
i
arʕo
kul-a
art
.
f
carpet(
f
)
seize.
pfv
-
ls
.3
f
art
.
f
ground(
f
)
all-
p
.3
f
‘The carpet covered the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
BARE_SBJ.SS
X: BARE
Y: SBJ.SS
Locus: X
Gabriyel
k-oṯe
u
bayto
l
bol-e
pn
prs
-come.
ipfv
.3
m
art
.
m
house(
m
)
to
mind(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel remembers the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mʕawal-le
Maryam
pn
help.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel helped Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
X: SBJ.SS
Y: DO.LS
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-fohəm
faransawi
pn
prs
-understand.
ipfv
.3
m
f
rench
‘Gabriyel understands French.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
u
barqo
mḥayṣe-le
u
bayto
art
.
m
lightning(
m
)
catch.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
house(
m
)
‘The lightning hit the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Šabo
ǧrəḥ-le
ruḥ-e
b
ǧəlet
pn
injure.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
refl
-
p
.3
m
with
razor(
m
)
‘Shabo cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
u
koso
zliq
b-i
təbliṯo
art
.
m
cup(
m
)
stick.
pfv
.3
m
in-
art
.
f
table(
f
)
‘The cup got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7am
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7am
Locus: Y
Šabo
xaṣər
ʕam
i
Maryam
pn
lose.
pfv
.3
m
with
art
.
f
pn
‘Shabo lost to Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_l
X: SBJ.SS
Y: l
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
fṣiḥ
l-i
egarṯo
pn
rejoice.
pfv
.3
m
to-
art
.
f
letter(
f
)
‘Gabriyel was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7am
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7am
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-məǧġəl
ʕam
Yuḥanən
pn
prs
-speak.
ipfv
.3
m
with
pn
‘Gabriyel is speaking with Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
X: OBJAGR
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
Maryam
hawi-la
abro
pn
become.
pfv
.3
m
-
ls
.3
f
son
‘Maryam gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
dre-le
u
koso
pn
drop.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
m
cup
‘Gabriyel dropped the cup.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-ḥokəm
ʕal
i
walaye
pn
prs
-rule.
ipfv
.3
m
on
art
.
f
city(
f
)
‘Gabriyel rules over the city.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Gabriyel
ko-soyəm
i
beriye
d
Maryam
pn
prs
-do.
ipfv
.3
m
art
.
f
longing(
f
)
rel
pn
‘Gabriyel misses Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_beter
X: SBJ
Y: beter
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mḥalaq-le
bəṯre
Maryam
pn
throw.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
after
pn
‘Gabriyel followed Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m.7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m.7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
naḥət
m
ʕal
u
səsyo
pn
descend.
pfv
.3
m
from
on
art
.
m
horse(
m
)
‘Gabriyel got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
uʕdo
ko-maṣəṯ
ʕal
u
radyo
pn
now
prs
-listen.
ipfv
.3
m
on
art
.
m
radio(
m
)
‘Gabriyel is listening to the radio now.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_IO
X: SBJ.SS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Šabo
dayəm
k-šoməʕ
l-i
mama
pn
always
prs
-hear.
ipfv
.3
m
to-
art
.
f
mother
‘Shabo always obeys his mother.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
X: SBJ.SS
Y: DO.LS
Locus: Y
Šabo
k-šoməʕ
mosiqa
pn
prs
-hear.
ipfv
.3
m
music(
f
)
‘Shabo hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
u
dawšo
xliṭ
b-u
ḥalwo
art
.
m
honey(
m
)
be_mixed.
pfv
.3
m
in-
art
.
m
milk(
m
)
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ḥər-le
ʕal
aʕ
ʕayw-e
pn
look.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
on
art
.
pl
cloud-
pl
‘Gabriyel looked at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
šləḥ-le
i
gomlak-ayḏe
pn
take_off.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
f
shirt(
f
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-ḥoləm
me
Maryam
pn
prs
-dream.
ipfv
.3
m
from
pn
‘Gabriyel dreams about Maryam’.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7am
X: SBJ
Y: 7am
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mqate-le
ʕam
Maryam
pn
fight.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
with
pn
‘Gabriyel had a fight with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
u
koso
u
ṭim-ayḏe
waraqto
yo
art
.
m
cup(
m
)
art
.
m
price-
p
.3
m
banknote(
f
)
cop
.3
sg
‘The price of the cup is one (euro).’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mḥe-le
m-u
safruno
pn
hit.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
from-
art
.
m
bird(
m
)
‘Gabriyel shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
maḥat-le
šakar
b-u
koso
pn
put.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
sugar(
m
)
in-
art
.
m
cup(
m
)
‘Gabriyel put the sugar in the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mṣakar-le
a
qliḏ-ayḏe
pn
lose.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
art
.
pl
key-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
i
qatte
d-u
qayso
ġayir-o
b-am
maye
art
.
f
piece(
f
)
rel
-
art
.
m
wood(
m
)
sink.
pfv
-
ss
.3
f
in-
art
.
pl
water(
pl
)
‘The piece of wood sank in water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
qṭi-le
Yuḥanən
pn
kill.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel killed Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
mḥe-le
l
Yuḥanən
pn
hit.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
to
pn
‘Gabriyel hit Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
nšəq-le
Yuḥanən
pn
kiss.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel kissed Yuḥanən.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
qre-le
kṯowo
sagi
basimo
pn
read.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
book(
m
)
very
nice(
m
)
‘Gabriyel read a very good book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
mbe-le
w
amṭe-le
ṣawʕ-e
pn
take_away.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
and
bring.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
finger(
m
)-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_l
X: OBJAGR
Y: l
Locus: XY
Gabriyel
kət-le
iqoro
l
Yuḥanən
pn
exi
-
ls
.3
m
respect
to
pn
‘Gabriyel respects Yuḥanən.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
BARE_m
X: BARE
Y: m
Locus: XY
Šabo
k-migawləʕ
leb-e
m-aʕ
ʕəbugr-e
pn
prs
-loathe.
ipfv
.3
m
heart(
m
)-
p
.3
m
from-
art
.
pl
mouse-
pl
‘Šabo is disgusted by mice.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
raḏyo
yo
m-u
abro
pn
content(
m
)
cop
.3
sg
from-
art
.
m
son
‘Gabriyel is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
rḥəm-le
Maryam
pn
love.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel fell in love with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_b
X: OBJAGR
Y: b
Locus: XY
Gabriyel
kət-le
tuxlono
b
Maryam
pn
exi
-
ls
.3
m
trust
in
pn
‘Gabriyel trusts Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
BARE_7al
X: BARE
Y: 7al
Locus: XY
Gabriyel
leb-e
ko-yoqəḏ
ʕal
i
emo
pn
heart-
p
.3
m
prs
-burn.
ipfv
.3
m
on
art
.
f
mother
‘Gabriyel has sympathy/pity for his mother.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-maku
gawo
me
Maryam
pn
prs
-make_hurt.
ipfv
.3
m
stomach
from
pn
‘Gabriyel envies Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-məqḥər
me
Maryam
pn
prs
-be_angry.
ipfv
.3
m
from
pn
‘Gabriyel is angry with Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Maryam
mdawmr-o
m-u
dəšno
pn
be_surprised.
pfv
-
ss
.3
f
from-
art
.
f
present(
m
)
‘Maryam was surprised by the gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
ko-roḥəm
i
tiyo
pn
prs
-love.
ipfv
.3
m
art
.
f
tea(
f
)
‘Gabriyel loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Šabo
kə-mbasəm
leb-e
b
čay
šaḥino
pn
prs
-please.
ipfv
.3
m
heart(
m
)-
p
.3
m
in
tea(
m
)
hot(
m
)
‘Gabriyel is enjoying hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_DO.LS
X: SBJ.SS
Y: DO.LS
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
k-obəʕ
talafon
d
kiso
ḥaṯo
pn
prs
-want.
ipfv
.3
m
phone(
m
)
rel
pocket(
m
)
new(
m
)
‘Gabriyel wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Maryam
ġbənto
yo
me
Mixoyel
pn
angry(
f
)
cop
.3
sg
from
pn
‘Maryam is angry at Michael.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ʕaǧəz
me
Maryam
pn
be_annoyed.
pfv
.3
m
from
pn
‘Gabriyel got annoyed by Maryam.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Maryam
qḥərto
wa
me
Mixoyel
pn
angry(
f
)
cop
.
pst
from
pn
‘Maryam was upset wich Michael.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Šabo
mɁaṯər
m-i
walay-aṯe
pn
be_impressed.
pfv
.3
m
from-
art
.
f
city(
f
)-
dem
.
f
‘Shabo was impressed by this city.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Maryam
lo
səm-la
ḥəšwo
l
Mixoyel
pn
neg
make.
pfv
-
ls
.3
f
thought(
m
)
to
pn
‘Maryam despised Michael.’
Valency pattern:
BARE_m
X: BARE
Y: m
Locus: XY
Šabo
twir
leb-e
m-i
ḥale
d-u
abro
pn
be_broken.
pfv
.3
m
heart(
m
)-
p
.3
m
from-
art
.
f
situation(
f
)
rel
-
art
.
m
son
‘Shabo got upset because of the situation with his son.’
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
i
barṯo
ko-magiž-o
Gabriyel
u
bab-ayḏa
art
.
f
daughter
prs
-irritate.
ipfv
-
ss
.3
f
pn
art
.
m
father-
p
.3
f
‘The daughter irritates Gabriyel, her father.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel
sagi
ko-roḥəm
Maryam
pn
much
prs
-like.
ipfv
.3
m
pn
‘Gabriyel likes Maryam a lot.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel
ko-minakəf
b-i
qumṯo
d
ruḥ-e
pn
prs
-be_ashamed.
ipfv
.3
m
in-
art
.
f
height(
f
)
rel
refl
-
p
.3
m
‘Gabriyel is shy about his own height.’
