Turkish

Contributed by Maria Ovsjannikova (Academia.edu profile)

M.O.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2016 in St. Petersburg, Russia, with Enes Taştan, then a master's student at the Department of Russian Language and Literature at St. Petersburg State University. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Ovsjannikova, Maria. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Turkish. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on November 29, 2020; last revised on January 22, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 39.87, 32.87.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Altaic, genus: Turkic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Turkish belongs to the Oghuz sub-branch of the Turkic branch of the assumed Altaic language family. The examples are given using the standard orthograthy except that the apostrophes between the stems of proper names and case suffixes are omitted.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

In the transitive construction, nominal subjects are used in the unmarked form and direct objects are used either in the unmarked form (1) or in the accusative case (2) depending on their animacy and referentiality (Differential Object Marking).

(1) Mehmet  ilginç      bir kitap   oku-du.
    PN      interesting one book    read-PST
    ‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’

(2) Mehmet  kitab-ı     raf-tan     al-dı.
    PN      book-ACC    shelf-ABL   take-PST
    ‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’

The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. 3rd person singular agreement markers have zero exponents and are not reflected in the glosses. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique cases or by postpositions. The comitative marker can be realized either as a suffix or as a postposition. All the postpositions attested in the questionnaire take the unmarked or the genitive form of the noun. The genitive case can mark clause-level constituents standing in a possessive relationship with the subject (3). These constituents can be freely separated from their (semantic) possessees, the possessees can be pronominalized, etc.

(3) Mehmed-in   şimdi   on  lira-sı     kal-dı.
    PN-GEN      now     ten lira-P.3    remain-PST
    ‘Now Mehmet has 10 liras left.’

The verbal tense forms in the examples are glossed as present (marked with -yor), past (-dı) or aorist (-r). The tense form traditionally called aorist is used to describe habitual events, permanent states and (some) future events.

Case system

The case system includes five cases for nouns, viz. the unmarked nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative and ablative.

Verb lemmas

The verbs are shown in the form of the infinitive in -mak.

Glossing abbreviations

1, 3 — 1st, 3rd person; ABL — ablative case; ACC — accusative case; ADJ — adjectivizer; AOR — aorist; COM — comitative; COP — copula; DAT — dative case; GEN — genitive case; IMP — imperative; INF — infinitive; LOC — locative case; NEG — negative marker; NMLZ — nominalization; P — possessive marker; PL — plural; PN — proper name; PRS — present tense; PST — past; PTCP — participle; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ağrımak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-in	baş-ı	ağrı-yor
pn - gen	head- p .3	ache- prs
‘Mehmet has a headache.’

2. have (illness) grip olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-ın	grib-i	var
pn - gen	flu- p .3	there_is
‘Mehmet has the flu.’

3. be afraid korkmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	köpek-ten	kork-uyor
pn	dog- abl	be_afraid- prs
‘Mehmet is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw atmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	taş-ı	at-tı
pn	stone- acc	throw- pst
‘Mehmet threw his stone.’

5. have enough yetmek

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-e	para	şimdi	yet-iyor
pn - dat	money	now	be_enough- prs
‘Now Mehmet has enough money.’

6. resemble benzemek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	dede-si	Kemal-e	benzi-yor
pn	grandfather- p .3	pn - dat	be_similar- prs
‘Mehmet resembles his grandfather Kemal.’

7. believe inanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	inan-iyor
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’

8. take almak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	kitab-ı	raf-tan	al-dı
pn	book- acc	shelf- abl	take- pst
‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’

9. see görmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	ev-i	gör-üyor
pn	house- acc	see- prs
‘Mehmet sees the house.’

10. influence etkilemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

yaş	akl-ı	etkile-r
age	mind- acc	affect- aor
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rastlamak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	rastla-dı
pn	pn - dat	come_across- pst
‘Mehmet encountered Filiz’.

12. enter girmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	ev-e	gir-di
pn	house- dat	enter- pst
‘Mehmet entered the house.’

13. win galip gelmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Kemal-e	galip	gel-di
pn	pn - dat	winner	come- pst
‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’

14. go out çıkmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	ev-den	çık-tı
pn	house- abl	exit- pst
‘Mehmet went out of the house.’

15. drive sürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	ineğ-i	sür-üyor
pn	cow- acc	drive- prs
‘Mehmet is driving the cow.’

16. bend bükmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	dal-ı	bük-tü
pn	branch- acc	bend- pst
‘Mehmet bent the branch.’

17. tell demek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	de-di	ki,	“Misafirliğ-e	gel-Ø!”
pn	pn - dat	say- pst	that	visit- dat	come- imp
‘Mehmet told Filiz: “Come to visit me”’.

18. hold tutmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	kitap	tut-uyor
pn	book	hold- prs
‘Mehmet is holding a book.’

19. catch up yetişmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	yetiş-ti
pn	pn - dat	catch_up- pst
‘Mehmet caught up with Filiz.’

20. milk sağmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Filiz	ineğ-i	sağ-dı
pn	cow- acc	milk- pst
‘Filiz milked the cow.’

21. reach varmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	kıyı-ya	var-dı
pn	coast- dat	reach- pst
‘Mehmet reached the bank’.

22. touch dokunmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	duvar-a	dokun-du
pn	wall- dat	touch- pst
‘Mehmet touched the wall.’

23. fight dövüşmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	çocuk-la	dövüş-üyor
pn	boy- com	fight- prs
‘Mehmet is fighting with a boy.’

24. be friends arkadaşlık etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-la	arkadaşlık	ed-ıyor
pn	pn - com	friendship	make- prs
‘Mehmet is friends with Orhan’.

25. think düşünmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	düşün-üyor
pn	pn - acc	think- prs
‘Mehmet is thinking about Filiz.’

26. eat yemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	elma	ye-di
pn	apple	eat- pst
‘Mehmet ate an apple.’

27. fry kızartmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	balığ-ı	kızart-tı
pn	fish- acc	fry- pst
‘Mehmet fried the fish.’

28. wait beklemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	bekli-yor
pn	pn - acc	wait- prs
‘Mehmet is waiting for Filiz.’

29. forget unutmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	diğer	yol-u	unut-tu
pn	other	way- acc	forget- pst
‘Mehmet forgot about the other road’.

30. depend bağlı olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

akıl	yaş-a	bağlı-dır
mind	age- dat	dependent- cop .3
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call çağırmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Filiz	Mehmed-i	çağır-dı
pn	pn - acc	call- pst
‘Filiz called Mehmet.’

32. get to know tanışmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-le	bir	yıl	önce	tanış-tı
pn	pn - com	one	year	before	get_acquainted- pst
‘Mehmet got to know Filiz a year ago.’

33. know tanımak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	tanı-yor
pn	pn - acc	know- prs
‘Mehmet knows Filiz.’

34. play (instrument) çalmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	gitar	çal-ıyor
pn	guitar	strike- prs
‘Mehmet is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid kaçmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-dan	kaç-ıyor
pn	pn - abl	escape- prs
‘Mehmet avoids Orhan’.

36. make yapmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	bomba	yap-tı
pn	bomb	make- pst
‘Mehmet made a bomb.’

37. make fun alay etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-le	alay	ed-ıyor
pn	pn - com	mockery	make- prs
‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’

38. have var

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-in	araba-sı	var
pn - gen	car- p .3	there_is
‘Mehmet has a car.’

39. look for aramak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	anahtar-lar-ı	arı-yor
pn	key- pl - acc	search- prs
‘Mehmet is looking for his keys’.

40. paint boyamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	çit-ler-i	boya-dı
pn	fence- pl - acc	paint- pst
‘Mehmet painted the fence.’

41. bite ısırmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

köpek	Mehmed-i	ısır-dı
dog	pn - acc	bite- pst
‘A dog bit Mehmet.’

42. forfeit kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	ev-i-ni	kaybet-ti
pn	house- p .3- acc	lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his house.’

43. try to catch yakalamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	kedi-yi	yakalı-yor
pn	cat- acc	catch- prs
‘Mehmet is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kırmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	dal-ı	kır-dı
pn	branch- acc	break- pst
‘Mehmet broke a stick.’

45. flatter pohpohlamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	pohpohlu-yor
pn	pn - acc	flatter- prs
Mehmet is flattering Filiz.

46. love (person) sevmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	sev-iyor
pn	pn - acc	love- prs
‘Mehmet loves Filiz.’

47. wave sallamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	mendil-i-ni	sallı-yor
pn	handkerchief- p .3- acc	shake- prs
‘Mehmet is waving his handkerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mehmet	yeni	araba	al-ma-yı	hayal	ed-ıyor
pn	new	car	take- nmlz - acc	dream	make- prs
‘Mehmet is dreaming to buy a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

49. wash yıkamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	çay	bardağ-ı-nı	yıka-dı
pn	tea	glass- p .3- acc	wash- pst
‘Mehmet washed his cup.’

50. put on giymek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	pantolon-u-nu	giy-di
pn	trousers- p .3- acc	put_on- pst
‘Mehmet put on his trousers.’

51. be called *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

bu-nun	ad-ı	pusula-dır
this- gen	name- p .3	compass- cop .3
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

52. punish cezalandırmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	oğl-u-nu	cezalandır-dı
pn	son- p .3- acc	punish- pst
‘Mehmet punished his son.’

53. attack saldırmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ayı	balıkçı-ya	saldır-dı
bear	fisherman- dat	attack- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) dolmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

kova	suy-la	dol-du
bucket	water- com	fill- pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bulmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	anahtar-lar-ı	bul-du
pn	key- pl - p .3	find- pst
‘Mehmet found his keys.’

56. be short yetmemek

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-in	bilet	al-mak	için	bir	lira-sı	yet-mi-yor
pn - gen	ticket	take- inf	for	one	lira- p .3	be_enough- neg - prs
‘Mehmet is short of one lira to buy a ticket.’

57. hate nefret etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-dan	nefret	ed-ıyor
pn	pn - abl	hatred	make- prs
‘Mehmet hates Orhan.’

58. like beğenmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	bu	gömleğ-i	beğen-iyor
pn	this	shirt- acc	like- prs
‘Mehmet likes this shirt.’

59. need ihtiyaç olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Mehmed-in	para-ya	ihtiyac-ı	var
pn - gen	money- dat	need- p .3	there_is
‘Mehmet needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround çevrelemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

duvar	şehr-i	çevreli-yor
wall	city- acc	encircle- prs
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain kalmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-in	şimdi	on	lira-sı	kal-dı
pn - gen	now	ten	lira- p .3	remain- pst
‘Now Mehmet has 10 liras left.’

62. answer cevap vermek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	öğretmen-e	cevap	ver-di
pn	teacher- dat	answer	give- pst
‘Mehmet answered the teacher.’

63. open açmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	şişe-yi	aç-tı
pn	bottle- acc	open- pst
‘Mehmet opened the bottle.’

64. be different farklı olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

benim	gömleğ-im	senin-ki-nden	farklı
i . gen	shirt- p .1 sg	thou. gen - adj - abl	different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind geri kalmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-dan	geri	kal-dı
pn	pn - abl	behind	remain- pst
‘Mehmet fell behind Orhan.’

66. plough sürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	tarla-yı	sür-üyor
pn	field- acc	plough- prs
‘Mehmet is ploughing the field.’

67. smell kokmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

el-ler-im	bu	benzin-den	kok-uyor
hand- pl - p .1 sg	this	gasoline- abl	smell- prs
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

68. cross geçmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	yol-dan	karşı-ya	geç-ti
pn	way- abl	opposite- dat	pass- pst
‘Mehmet crossed to the other side of the street.’
Note: The adverb "karşıya" is optional.

69. sing söylemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	güzel	şarkı-yı	söyle-di
pn	beautiful	song- acc	sing- pst
‘Mehmet sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yazmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	mektup	yaz-dı
pn	letter	write- pst
‘Mehmet wrote a letter.’

71. drink içmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	suy-u	iç-ti
pn	water- acc	drink- pst
‘Mehmet drank the water’.

72. melt eritmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	buz-u	erit-ti
pn	ice- acc	melt- pst
‘Mehmet melted the ice.’

73. match uymak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

bu	kemer	elbise-m-e	uy-uyor
this	belt	dress- p .1 sg - dat	fit- prs
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave ayrılmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	memleket-i-nden	ayrıl-dı
pn	hometown- p .3- abl	leave- pst
‘Mehmet left his hometown.’

75. cover kaplamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

halı	bütün	yer-i	kaplı-yor
carpet	whole	place- acc	cover- prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember hatırlamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	büyü-düğ-ü	ev-i	iyi	hatırlı-yor
pn	grow- ptcp . pst - p .3	house- p .3	good	remember- prs
‘Mehmet remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help yardım etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	yardım	et-ti
pn	pn - dat	help	make- pst
‘Mehmet helped Filiz.’

78. understand (language) anlamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Fransız	dil-i-ni	anlı-yor
pn	f rench	language- p .3- acc	understand- prs
‘Mehmet understands the French language.’

79. hit (target) düşmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yıldırım	ev-e	düş-tü
lightning	house- dat	fall- pst
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself yüzünü kesmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	traş	bıçağ-ı-yla	yüz-ü-nü	kes-ti
pn	shaving	knife- p .3- com	face- p .3- acc	cut- pst
‘Mehmet cut his face with a razor.’

81. get stuck yapışmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

bardak	masa-ya	yapış-tı
glass	table- dat	stick- pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kaybetmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	kaybet-ti
pn	pn - dat	lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost to Orhan.’

83. be glad sevinmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	mektub-a	sevin-di
pn	letter- dat	rejoice- pst
‘Mehmet was glad about the letter.’

84. speak konuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-la	konuş-uyor
pn	pn - com	talk- prs
‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’

85. give birth doğurmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Filiz	erkek	çocuğ-u	doğur-du
pn	male	child- p .3	give_birth- pst
‘Filiz gave birth to a baby boy.’

86. drop düşürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	bardağ-ı	düşür-dü
pn	glass- acc	drop- pst
‘Mehmet dropped the glass.’

87. govern yönetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	fabrıka-yı	yönet-iyor
pn	factory- acc	manage- prs
‘Mehmet runs the factory.’

88. miss özlemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	özlö-yor
pn	pn - acc	miss- prs
‘Mehmet misses Filiz.’

89. follow gitmek

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpesinden

X: NOM

Y: GENpesinden

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-ın	peşinden	gid-iyor
pn	pn - gen	after	go- prs
‘Mehmet is following Orhan.’

90. dismount inmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	at-tan	in-di
pn	horse- abl	descend- pst
‘Mehmet got down from the horse.’

91. listen dinlemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	radyo-yı	dinli-yor
pn	radio- acc	listen- prs
‘Mehmet is listening to the radio.’

92. obey *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mehmet	anne-si-nin	söz-ü-nü	dinli-yor
pn	mother- p .3- gen	word- p .3- acc	listen- prs
‘Mehmet obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear duymak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	müziğ-i	duy-uyor
pn	music- acc	hear- prs
‘Mehmet hears the music.’

94. mix karışmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

süt	bal-la	karış-tı
milk	honey- com	mix- pst
‘The milk got mixed with the honey.’

95. look bakmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	yağmur	bulut-lar-ı-na	bak-ıyor
pn	rain	cloud- pl - p .3- dat	look- prs
‘Mehmet is looking at the rainclouds.’

96. take off çıkarmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	gömleğ-i-ni	çıkar-dı
pn	shirt- p .3- acc	extract- pst
‘Mehmet took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) rüyasında görmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	rüya-sı-nda	Filiz-i	gör-üyor
pn	dream- p .3- loc	pn - acc	see- prs
‘Mehmet dreams about Filiz.’

98. agree katılmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	katıl-dı
pn	pn - dat	join- pst
‘Mehmet agreed with Filiz.’

99. have a quarrel bozuşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-la	bozuş-tu
pn	pn - com	quarrel- pst
‘Mehmet quarreled with Orhan.’

100. cost etmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

bu	bardak	bir	lira	ed-iyor
this	glass	one	lira	make- prs
‘This glass costs one lira.’

101. shoot at ateş etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	kuş-a	ateş	et-ti
pn	bird- dat	fire	make- pst
‘Mehmet shot at the bird.’

102. pour dökmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	bardağ-a	şeker	dök-tü
pn	glass- dat	sugar	pour- pst
‘Mehmet poured sugar into the glass.’

103. lose kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	anahtar-lar-ı	kaybet-ti
pn	key- pl - p .3	lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his keys.’

104. sink batmak

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

odun	parça-sı	su-da	bat-tı
wood	piece- p .3	water- loc	sink- pst
‘The piece sank in the water.’

105. kill öldürmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Orhan-ı	öldür-dü
pn	pn - acc	kill- pst
‘Mehmet killed Orhan.’

106. hit vurmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	vur-du
pn	pn - dat	strike- pst
‘Mehmet hit Orhan.’

107. kiss öpmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Filiz-i	öp-tü
pn	pn - acc	kiss- pst
‘Mehmet kissed Filiz.’

108. read okumak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	ilginç	bir	kitap	oku-du
pn	interesting	one	book	read- pst
‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) kıpırdatmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	parmağ-ı-nı	kıpırdat-tı
pn	finger- p .3- acc	wiggle- pst
‘Mehmet moved his finger.’

110. respect saygı göstermek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	saygı	göster-ir
pn	pn - dat	respect	show- aor
‘Mehmet respects Orhan.’

111. be squeamish iğrenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	bulaşık-lar-dan	iğren-iyor
pn	dirty_dishes- pl - abl	be_disgusted- prs
‘Mehmet is sqeamish about the dirty dishes.’

112. be content memnun olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	oğl-u-ndan	memnun
pn	son- p .3- abl	pleased
‘Mehmet is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love âşık olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	âşık	ol-du
pn	pn - dat	enamoured	be- pst
‘Mehmet fell in love with Filiz.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust güvenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	güven-iyor
pn	pn - dat	trust- prs
‘Mehmet trusts Filiz.’

115. sympathise acımak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	anne-si-ne	acı-yor
pn	mother- p .3- dat	feel_pity- prs
‘Mehmet feels sorry for his mother.’

116. envy kıskanmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Orhan-ı	kıskan-ıyor
pn	pn - acc	envy- prs
‘Mehmet envies Orhan.’

117. be angry öfkelenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	öfkelen-iyor
pn	pn - dat	be_angry- prs
‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’

118. be surprised şaşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	bu	hediye-ye	şaş-tı
pn	this	gift- dat	be_surprised- pst
‘Mehmet was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) sevmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	çay	sev-er
pn	tea	love- aor
‘Mehmet loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Mehmet	çay-ın	tad-ı-nı	çıkar-ıyor
pn	tea- gen	taste- p .3- acc	extract- prs
‘Mehmet is enjoying the tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

121. want istemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	yeni	telefon	isti-yor
pn	new	phone	want- prs
‘Mehmet wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge öfkelenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	öfkelen-iyor
pn	pn - dat	be_angry- prs
‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’

123. take offence gücenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	gücen-di
pn	pn - dat	take_offence- pst
‘Mehmet took offence at Filiz.’

124. upset üzmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Orhan	Mehmed-i	üz-dü
pn	pn - acc	upset- pst
‘Orhan upset Mehmet.’

125. marvel şaşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	bu	şehir-e	şaş-tı
pn	this	city- dat	be_surprised- pst
‘Mehmet marvelled at this city.’

126. despise hor görmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	hor	gör-üyor
pn	pn - dat	contemptible	see- prs
‘Mehmet despises Orhan.’

127. get upset üzülmek

Valency pattern: NOM_GENuzunden

X: NOM

Y: GENuzunden

Locus: Y

Mehmet	oğl-u	yüzünden	üzül-dü
pn	son- p .3	because_of	be_upset- pst
‘Mehmet got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated sinirlenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Orhan-a	sinirlen-iyor
pn	pn - dat	get_irritated- prs
‘Mehmet is getting irritated with Orhan.’

129. be fond sempati duymak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	sempati	duy-or
pn	pn - dat	liking	feel- aor
‘Mehmet is fond of Filiz.’

130. be shy utanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Mehmet	boy-u-ndan	utan-uyor
pn	height- p .3- abl	be_shy- prs
‘Mehmet is shy about his height.’