BivalTyp

Tsakhur

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo A.D.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire and also its Azerbaijani translation. The data were provided by Ahmed Davudov (see the second picture above). Before 2023, the database featured a limited dataset on Tsakhur that was assembled by Dmitry Gerasimov based on Kibrik et al.'s published materials.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Tsakhur. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on December 12, 2023; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative (aka absolutive) alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the P-argument is in the nominative, and the A-argument is in the ergative. The ergative case has two allomorphs: -ee for most (higher) animates and -yn for most animals and for inanimates. The former marker (-ee) also marks the inessive on inanimates.

The A-arguments of transitives are never indexed on the verb. The verb agrees in gender-number with the nominative argument (the sole core argument in intransitives or the P-argument of transitives). Thus, both (1) and (2) are examples of the canonical transitive construction.

(1)  murad-ee  q:aye     avhu-na
     PN-ERG    stone(A)  A.shoot.PF-A
     ‘Murad threw a stone.’

(2)  gaˁbaˁ-yn   bıkır-ba    džil     gipkır-na
     carpet-ERG  complete-A  clay(A)  A.cover.PF-A
     ‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

The morphology of verbal agreement is extremely complex and often fusional. Non-core arguments are flagged by spatial case markers and postpositions.

Case system

There are eight grammatical cases: nominative, ergative, attributive (a threefold gender-number set agreeing with the possessee), caritive, dative, affective, comitative, possessive, and twelve (3x4) spatial cases.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their masdar form, which belongs to the perfective paradigm.

Glossing abbreviations

A — animate (aka third) gender; ADD — additive particle ADEL — adelative; ADLAT — adlative; ADD — additive particle; ADV — adverbializer; AFF — affective; ATTR — attributive; AUX — auxiliary; CAR — caritive; COM — comitative; CONT — contessive; CONTEL — contelative; CONTLAT — contlative; COP — copula; COV — coverb; DAT — dative; DIST — distal; ERG — ergative; F — feminine; H — human; HPL — human plural; IMP — imperative; IN — inessive; INEL — inelative; INLAT — inlative; IPF — imperfective; H — human; LAT — lative; M — masculine; MED — medial; MSD — masdar; N — neuter (aka fourth gender); NEG — negation; NM — non-masculine; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; RE — repetitive; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SUPER — superessive; SUPEREL — superelative; SUPERLAT — superlative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain yık’ıyk’ıriy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-ın kalle ık’aar
pn - n head( n ) n .ache. ipf
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ıхhay

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-qha grip vo-b-na
pn - obl - lat flu( a ) cop - a - a
‘Murad has the flu.’

3. be afraid qhaˁrq’ıˁniy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad хoye-le qhaˁyq’aˁn vo-r
pn dog. obl - superel m .fear. ipf cop - h
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw avhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee q:aye avhu-na
pn - erg stone( a ) a .shoot. pf - a
‘Murad threw a stone.’

5. have enough yettığda ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-ı-qha yettığ-ın pıl vo-dun
pn - obl - lat enough- n money cop - n . n
‘Murad has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble akar ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad rasul-ı-k vo-r akar
pn pn - obl - cont cop - h ( m )resemble. ipf
‘Murad resembles Rasul.’

7. believe haˁye qhıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
murad aˁliy-lqha haˁye qheхhi
pn pn - superlat believing re . m .be. ipf
‘Murad believes Ali.’

8. take alyaat’iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee kitab alyaat’u
pn - erg book( a ) a .take. pf
‘Murad took a book.’

9. see q:adžiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-k’le хav q:edži vo-d
pn - obl - aff house ( n )see. ipf cop - n
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence taˁʔsir haʔiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
yeš-ın bič’-ı-s taˁʔsir haʔa-n
age- erg memory- obl - dat influence n .do. ipf - n
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter qhaˁllqhamıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
murad rasul-u-lqha qhaˁllqhamıš-хha-y-na
pn pn - obl - superlat encounter- aux . pf - ptcp - h
‘Murad encountered Rasul.’

12. enter ič’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT
X: NOM
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
murad хaa-qha ič’u
pn house. in - lat ( m )enter. pf
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win q:amхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ıle q:am-хha-na
pn pn - superel overcome- aux . pf - h
‘Murad beat Aydin.’

14. go out qhiğečiy

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
murad хaa-nče qhiğeč’u-na
pn house. obl - inel m .go_out. pf - h
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive heʔevkiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee zer q:ohooši
pn - erg cow a .drive. ipf
‘Murad is driving the cow.’

16. bend qhuˁč’okar haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee bıtar qhuˁč’okar haʔu
pn - erg branch bend. ipf n .do. pf
‘Murad bent the branch.’

17. tell uvhay

Valency pattern: ERG_AFF
X: ERG
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
murad-ee aydın-ı-k’le uvha-yn
pn - erg pn - obl - aff say. pf - ptcp . n
‘Murad told Aydin.’

18. hold aq:q:iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee kitab aq:q:ı
pn - erg book n .hold. pf
‘Murad is holding a book.’

19. catch up arq’uniy

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRqhehna
X: NOM
Y: ATTRqhehna
Locus: Y
murad nigar-ni qhehna arq’un-na
pn pn - attr . obl behind h .catch_up. pf - h
‘Murad caught up with Nigar.’
Note: nigar-ni qhehna forms a constituent here and qhehna is a postposition.

20. milk gyaaziy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee zer gyaazı
pn - erg cow a .milk. pf
‘Murad milked the cow.’

21. reach hirхhıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
murad q:uru-lqha hirхhın-na
pn dry- superlat h .go. pf - h
‘Murad reached the bank.’

22. touch qhet’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad barug-e-k qhet’u-na
pn wall- obl - cont ( m )touch. pf - h
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight saˁyхiy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ı-kva vo-r siyхaˁ
pn pn - obl - com cop - h m .fight. ipf
‘Murad is fighting with Aydin.’

24. be friends hambaz ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad iy aydın hambaz-ar vo-b
pn add pn friend- pl cop - hpl
‘Murad and Aydin are friends.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think fıkırrašmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRhakee
X: NOM
Y: ATTRhakee
Locus: Y
murad nigar-ni haˁk’ee vo-r fıkırrašmıš-eхhi
pn pn - attr . obl about cop - h think- aux . ipf
‘Murad is thinking about Nigar.’

26. eat otхhuniy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee opхhun
pn - erg apple a .eat. pf
‘Murad ate an apple.’

27. fry qhedžiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee baluğ-ar qhedžu
pn - erg fish- pl ( n )fry. pf
‘Murad fried the fish.’

28. wait gozet haʔıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee aydın gozet haʔu-na
pn - erg pn wait ( m )do. pf - h
‘Murad is waiting for Aydin.’

29. forget k’elıtхıniy

Valency pattern: ADEL_NOM
X: ADEL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-sse šenasa yaˁqh k’elipхın-na
pn - obl - adel other. a road( a ) a .forget. pf - a
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asılı ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
bič’ yeš-ı-ke asılı-ba vo-b-na
memory( a ) age- obl - contel depending- a cop - a - a
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call qhort’uniy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee aydın qhort’un
pn - erg pn h .call. pf
‘Murad called Aydin.’

32. get to know tanıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad rasul-u-kva sa sen-na heqha tanıš-хha
pn pn - obl - com one year- h before know- aux . pf
‘Murad got to know Rasul a year ago.’

33. know qhıvaats’iy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-k’le aydın qhıvaats’a-na
pn - obl - aff pn ( m )know. ipf - h
‘Murad knows Aydin.’

34. play (instrument) hek’viy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee gitara vo-d hek’va
pn - erg guitar( n ) cop - n n .play. ipf
‘Murad is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid hiхiy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ı-ke heхva vo-r
pn pn - obl - contel ( m )flee. ipf cop - h
‘Murad avoids Aydin.’

36. make havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee q’oˁybıšı-s k’ıts’ havʔu
pn - erg mouse. pl . obl - dat trap( a ) a .do. pf
‘Murad made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun maxsara havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Murad-ee Rasul maxsara haʔu
pn - erg pn ( m ) fun m .do. pf
‘Murad is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have ıхhay

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-qha mašın vo-dun
pn - obl - lat car cop - n . n
‘Murad has a car.’

39. look for t’abal haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee mık’ey-bı t’abal haʔa
pn - erg key- pl . nom search n .do. ipf
‘Murad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šır qhabğiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee barug-e-s šır qhabağa
pn - erg wall- obl - dat paint( a ) a .smear. ipf
‘Murad painted the wall.’

41. bite ats’adk’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad-ı-k хuvaa ats’abk’ın
pn - obl - cont dog a .bite
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR
X: NOM
Y: CAR
Locus: Y
murad хav-ı-kena ıхha
pn house- obl - car . h ( m )be. pf
‘Murad lost his house.’

43. try to catch avqhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee bisiy avqhu-na
pn - erg cat a .catch. pf - a
‘Murad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break haq’var haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee čık’ haq’var haʔu
pn - erg stick ( n )break. cov n .do. pf
‘Murad broke a stick.’

45. flatter qhaˁpčiyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee leyla-ys qhaˁpčiyvalla haaʔa
pn - erg pn - dat flattery( a ) a .do. ipf
‘Murad is flattering Leyla.’

46. love (person) yıkkiykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s sona yıkkan
pn - obl - dat pn f .want. ipf
‘Murad loves Sona.’

47. wave q:ooхhar havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee k’at’ar vo-b q:ooхhar haaʔa
pn - erg handkerchief( a ) cop - a a .wave. ipf a .do. ipf
‘Murad is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad teze mašın-ee-ni muraad-ee vo-r
pn new car- obl - attr . obl desire- in cop - h
‘Murad is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

49. wash hodğuliy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee k’ula hodğul
pn - erg cup n .wash. pf
‘Murad washed the cup.’

50. put on gyahiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee šlyapa gyahu
pn - erg cap n .throw_on. pf
‘Murad put on his cap.’

51. be called ıхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ma-nčı-n do kompas vo-dun
dist - obl . nm - n name compass cop - n
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish taˁnbıh q:avdžiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee džu-ni duхay-s taˁnbıh q:avdžu
pn - erg refl . m - attr . obl son. obl - dat punishment( a ) a .see. pf
‘Murad punished his son.’

53. attack keč’uvkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
baluğči-y-qha syo k’eč’ivku
fisherman- obl - lat bear a .attack. pf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) gyats’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
vedra хhine-n gyats’iyn
bucket water. obl - erg ( n )fill. pf . n
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find uvaykiy

Valency pattern: ADLAT_NOM
X: ADLAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-sqha mık’ey-bı uvaykı-mbı
pn - obl - adlat key- pl . nom find. pf - pl
‘Murad found his keys.’

56. be short q:idyabıy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s sa manat q:idyabı
pn - obl - dat one manat( a ) neg . a .reach. pf
‘Murad is one manat short.’

57. hate zaˁhlayna ark’ıniy

Valency pattern: POSS_SUPEREL
X: POSS
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-na rasul-u-le zaˁhla-y-na aˁlhaaˁ
pn - a pn - obl - superel hate( a )- obl - h go. ipf
‘Murad hates Rasul.’

58. like q’abılхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
i-n gurt murad-ı-s q’abıl-хhayn
prox - n jacket pn - obl - dat please- aux . pf . n
‘Murad likes this jacket.’

59. need lezimхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s pıl lezim-da
pn - obl - dat money( a ) necessary- a . nom
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_heqhiyalla
X: NOM
Y: heqhiyalla
Locus: Y
šahar-ni heqhiyalla barug-bı vo-d
town- attr . obl around wall- pl . nom cop - n
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain aхviy

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-qha 10 manat avхu
pn - obl - lat 10 manat( a ) a .remain. pf
‘Murad has ten manats left.’

62. answer džavab qheliy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee maˁʔlim-ı-s džavab qheli
pn - erg teacher- obl - dat answer re . n .give. pf
‘Murad answered the teacher.’

63. open aaqhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee akka aaqhı
pn - erg gate( a ) a .open. pf
‘Murad opened the gate.’

64. be different badaldaхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
yızın gurt yığı-nčı-le badal-da vo-d
my. n jacket yours- obl . nom - superel different- a . nom cop - n
‘My jacket is different from yours.’

65. fall behind aˁvqhiyr aхviy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
aˁli murad-ıle aˁvqhiyr aхu
pn pn - superel behind ( m )stay. pf
‘Murad fell behind Murad.’

66. plough get’iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee dirnig gyoot’a vo-b
pn - erg garden( a ) a .till. ipf cop - a
‘Murad is tilling the garden.’

67. smell evaхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yizdi хulyoppu-šı-k benzin-in eva vo-d
my. obl hand. pl . nom - pl . obl - cont oil- n smell cop - n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross ilğeč’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad yaˁq:q:ıˁ-le ilğeč’u
pn road. obl - superel ( m )cross. pf
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing hek’iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee i-na meʔni hook’u-na
pn - erg prox - a song( a ) a .call. pf - a
‘Murad sang this song.’

70. write odk’uniy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee maˁktub odk’un
pn - erg letter n .write. pf
‘Murad wrote a letter.’

71. drink ulyodğiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee nyak ulyobğu-na
pn - erg milk( a ) a .drink. pf - a
‘Murad drank the milk.’

72. melt eramıš haʔıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee sa q:urğušun-un parče eramıš haʔu
pn - erg one lead- n piece melt n .do. pf
‘Murad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match uvak’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
i-na ts’ıra yizdi don-u-s uvak’ı vo-b
prox - a belt( a ) my. obl dress- obl - dat a .suit. pf cop - a
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave hapsırıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee džu-na šahar hapsır-na
pn - erg refl. m - a town( a ) a .leave. pf - a
‘Murad left his city.’

75. cover gitkuriy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gaˁbaˁ-yn bıkır-ba džil gipkır-na
carpet- erg complete- a clay( a ) a .cover. pf - a
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik’ely qhıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s vudž хaˁr qhıхha-yn хav yik’-e-ly vo-d
pn - obl - dat m .self big. h re .( m )be. pf - ptcp . n house heart- obl - super cop - n
‘Murad remembers the house where he grew up.’

77. help kumag haʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee rasul-us kumag haʔu
pn - erg pn - dat help( n ) n .do. pf
‘Murad helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) vaats’iy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-k’le tatar-sum vats’a-na
pn - obl - aff t atar-language( a ) a .know. ipf - a
‘Murad understands the Tatar language.’

79. hit (target) ulossuy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
zabyalav хav-ıle ulossu
lightning house- superel ( n )fall. pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself q:ats’adk’uniy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lezva-yn murad-ın aq’va q:ats’adk’un
blade- erg pn - n face n .pluck. pf
‘Murad cut himself with a razor.’ (Lit. ‘The razor cut Murad's face.’)
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck at’idq’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
istakan istol-u-k at’ıbq’ın-na
glass( a ) table- obl - cont a .stick. pf - a
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) avur aхviy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
aˁli ehmed-ıle avu-r aхu
pn pn - superel under- h ( m )stay. pf
‘Murad lost to Ahmed.’

83. be glad šadхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad mektub qadžij-s šad-хha-na
pn letter( n ) n .see. msd - dat glad- aux . pf - h
‘Murad was glad to see the letter.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

84. speak yušan haʔiy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ı-kva yušan vo-r haʔa
pn pn - obl - com word cop - h n .do. ipf
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

85. give birth uхoхiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
sonee diх uхu
pn . erg son ( m )give_birth. pf
‘Sona gave birth to a son.’

86. drop q:aʔavhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee istakan q:aʔavhu
pn - erg glass( a ) a .drop. pf
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

87. govern хaˁbvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee yišdi gaˁsaˁbaˁ-ys хaˁbvalla haaʔa
pn - erg our. obl village- dat leadership( a ) a .do. ipf
‘Murad runs our village.’

88. miss darıхmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_mee
X: NOM
Y: mee
Locus: Y
murad leyla-yni-mee darıхmıš-eeхhi
pn pn - obl -until bored-be. pf
‘Murad misses Leyla.’

89. follow ark’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRqhehna
X: NOM
Y: ATTRqhehna
Locus: Y
murad rasul-ni qhehna aˁlhaaˁ
pn pn - attr . obl behind go. ipf
‘Murad follows Rasul.’
Note: rasul-ni qhehna forms a constituent here and qhehna is a postposition.

90. dismount q:eʔeč’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad balkan-ıle q:eʔeč’u
pn horse- superel ( m )dismount. pf
‘Murad got down from the horse.’

91. listen k’ırı gyaq:q:iy

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad-ee piryomnik’-ıle k’ırı vo-d gyaq:q:a
pn - erg radio- superel ear cop - n ( n )listen. ipf
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

92. obey k’ırı gyaq:q:iy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-ee yedy-ni džıvab-ı-qha k’ırı gyaq:q:a
pn - erg mother- attr . obl argument- obl - lat ear ( n )listen. ipf
‘Murad obeys his mother.’ (Lit. ‘Murad listens to his mother’s words.’)
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear q:ayхhiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-k’le ses q:ayхhı
pn - obl - aff voice n .hear. pf
‘Murad hears the voice.’

94. mix alikkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
uˁt nyak-ılqha alikkiyn
honey milk- superlat ( n )mix. pf . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look ılyakkiy

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
murad rasul-ıqha ılyakka
pn pn - lat ( m )look. ipf
‘Murad is looking at Rasul.’

96. take off q:akkahiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee gurt q:akkahi-yn
pn - erg jacket ( n )take_off. pf - n
‘Murad took off his jacket.’

97. dream (sleeping) nik’e q:adžiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-k’le nik’e xunašše q:ajdže
pn - obl - aff dream. in wife f .see. ipf
‘Murad dreams about his wife.’

98. agree džıvabılqha qharıy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad leyla-y-kva džıvab-ılqha qh-arı-na
pn pn - obl - com argument- superlat re - h .come. pf - h
‘Murad agreed with Leyla.’

99. have a quarrel džıvabılqha ariy

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
murad sona-y-kva džıvab-ılqha arı
pn pn - obl - com argument- superlat h .come. pf
‘Murad had a quarrel with Sona.’

100. cost dagariyхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hayni guruška-yn dagariy sa manat vo-b
med . obl cup- n value one manat( a ) cop - a
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at tifang avhiy

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPERLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee šit’-ı-lqha tifang avhu
pn - erg bird- obl - superlat gun( a ) a .shoot. pf
‘Murad shot at the bird.’

102. pour k’yaʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee k’olee-qha šakar k’yaʔu
pn - erg cup. obl - lat sugar ( n )pour. pf
‘Murad poured the sugar.’

103. lose ak’an haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee mık’ey-bı ak’an haʔu
pn - erg key- pl . nom n .lose. ipf n .do. pf
‘Murad lost his keys.’

104. sink batmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
yıv хhinee batmıš-хha
tree water. in sink- aux . pf
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill gik’iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee хoče givk’u
pn - erg snake a .kill. pf
‘Murad killed the snake.’

106. hit ıˁхiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee aydın-ı-s ıˁхiyn
pn - erg pn - obl - dat strike. pf . n
‘Murad hit Aydin.’

107. kiss uba haʔiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee sona-ys uba haʔu
pn - erg pn - dat kiss n .do. pf
‘Murad kissed Sona.’

108. read qhaˁtqhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee kitab qhaˁtqhıˁ
pn - erg book n .read. pf
‘Murad read a book.’

109. move (bodypart) iğitkıriy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee t’ub iğivkar havʔu
pn - erg finger( a ) a .move. ipf a .do. pf
‘Murad moved his finger.’

110. respect huˁrmaˁt havʔıy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aˁlee murad-ı-s huˁrmaˁt haaʔa
pn . erg pn - obl - dat respect( a ) a .do. ipf
‘Ali respects Murad.’

111. be squeamish diksimmišхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad meq’ı-ni q:ab-bıš-ıle diksimmiš-eхhi
pn dirty- attr . obl plate- pl . obl - superel nauseous-( m ) aux . ipf
‘Murad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content raziyra ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad duхay-le raziy-ra vo-r
pn son. obl - superel content- adv . h cop - h
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love aˁšuˁq’хhay

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad leyla-ys aˁšuˁq’-хha
pn pn - dat lover-( m ) aux . pf
‘Murad fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust dalbı qhirzıriy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee leyla-y-lqha dalbı qhiyzar
pn - erg pn - obl - superlat support m .prop. ipf
‘Murad trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazuх qhabiy

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPERLAT
X: DAT
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s maˁ-nq:-ılqha yazuх qhooˁ
pn - obl - dat med - obl - superlat pity( a ) a .come. ipf
‘Murad sympathises with him/her.’

116. envy paхıliyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aˁlee manq:u-na paхıliyvalla haaʔa
pn . erg med . obl . m - a envy( a ) a .do. ipf
‘Murad envies him.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

117. be angry qhaˁllamıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
mamay murad-ılqha qhaˁllamıš-хha-na
aunt pn - superlat angry- aux . pf - h
‘Murad’s aunt is angry with him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised matхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad i-ni pay-ıle mat-хha-na
pn prox - attr . obl share- superel surprised- aux . pf - h
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) ıkkıykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s čey ıkkan
pn - obl - dat tea n .want. ipf
‘Murad loves tea.’

120. enjoy lezzetхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL
X: DAT
Y: CONTEL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s issağa-ni čey-i-ke lezzet-eeхhi
pn - obl - dat hot- attr . obl tea- obl - contel pleasure-be. ipf
‘Murad enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

121. want ıkkiykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s ts’e-b-na t’ilfon vukkan
pn - obl - dat new- a - a telephone( a ) a .want. ipf
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhaˁl vuхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL
X: DAT
Y: CONTEL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s rasul-u-ke qhaˁl vo-b-na vuхha
pn - obl - dat pn - obl - contel anger( a ) cop - a - h a .be. pf
‘Murad holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence indžimišхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
aˁli murad-le indžimiš-хha-na
pn pn - superel offended-( m ) aux . pf - h
‘Ali took offence at Murad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset pašman haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee rasul geer pašman haʔu
pn - erg pn very. h sad ( m )do. pf
‘Murad greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel haˁyranхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
murad i-ni šahar-ı-qha haˁyran-хha-na
pn prox- attr . obl town- obl - lat astonished-( m ) aux . pf - h
‘Murad was impressed by this town.’

126. despise maхsara haʔiy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-ee aˁli maхsara haʔu
pn - erg pn joke m .do. pf
‘Murad makes fun of Ali.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset dehserхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERalla
X: NOM
Y: SUPERalla
Locus: Y
murad duхa-yl alla dehser-хha
pn son. obl - super about disturbed-( m )be. pf
‘Murad got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated qhaˁl vuхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_CONTEL
X: DAT
Y: CONTEL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s yišše-ke qhaˁl vuхha
pn - obl - dat girl. obl - contel anger( a ) a .be. pf
‘Murad is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond q’abıl ıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ıs rasul q’abıl vo-r
pn - dat pn please cop - m
‘Murad is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy naš qhıхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s džu-ni boy-u-le naš vo-d qheхhi
pn - obl - dat refl . m - attr . obl size- obl - superel shame cop - n re . n .be. ipf
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.