Telugu

Contributed by Elizaveta Zabelina (Academia.edu profile)

E.Z.'s photo

How to cite

Zabelina, Elizaveta. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Telugu. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 25, 2023; last revised on May 25, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 16.45, 78.7.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Dravidian, genus: Dravidian.
Macro-area: South Asia.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Two main features of case marking in Telugu are: nominative-accusative alignment and differential object marking. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative case, and the P-argument is either in the accusative or in the nominative case, depending on the salience of the object. Only nominative subjects are cross-referenced on the verb. The neutral word order is SOV. An example of the transitive construction can be found in (1).

(1)  maheṣ         uttaraṃ           /  uttarānni         rāsāḍu
     PN(M).SG.NOM  answer(N).SG.NOM  /  answer(N).SG.ACC  write.PST.3SG.M
     ‘Mahesh wrote a/the letter.’

Non-core arguments are flagged by case markers or postpositions (normally in combination with the oblique nominal stem). For the majority of nouns, the genitive form coincides with the oblique stem found in other cases. Even though the oblique stem, in turn, coincides with the nominative for a large number of nouns, these forms are consistently tagged according to their grammatical feature value.

Case system

The borderline between case suffixes and postpositions is blurred. Commonly recognized cases are: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and locative. Comitative/instrumental, causal and some other markers, sometimes included into the Telugu case system, are treated here as postpositions.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited as bare stems, not used in any actual construction. For example, the verb 'write' from the example (1) is cited as rāyu.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ADVZ — adverbializer; ANT — anterior; COM — comitative; CVB — converb; DAT — dative; DEM — demonstrative; DIST — distal; DUR — durative; EPIC — epicene gender; EXCL — exclusive; F — feminine; HON — honorific; INTENS — intensive; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NM — non-masculine; NOM — nominative; NPST — non-past; OBL — oblique; PL — plural; PN — person named; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SIM — simultaneous; VN — verbal noun.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain noppi gā uṁḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	ā	kālu	noppi	gā	uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	dem . dist	leg( n ). sg . nom	pain( n ). sg . nom	advz	be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen’s that leg hurts.’

2. have (illness) vaccu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	flū	vacciṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	flu( n ). sg . nom	come. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen has the flu.’

3. be afraid bhayamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	ā	kukk'	aṁṭē	bhayamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	dem . dist	dog( n ). sg . nom	that_is	fear( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is afraid of that dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw visurēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	mundu	rāyyi	visurēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	before	stone( n ). sg . nom	throw. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen threw a stone first.’

5. have enough saripōyē uṁḍu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ippuḍu	pravīṇ-ki	saripōyē	aṁta	ḍabbu-l'	unnāyi
now	pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	be_enough. ptcp . npst	that_much	money( n )- pl . nom	be. prs .3 pl . n
‘Now Praveen has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble uṁḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLlaga

X: NOM

Y: OBLlaga

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ	lāgā	uṁṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl	like	be. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen resembles Mahesh.’

7. believe nammu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	nammutāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	believe. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’

8. take tīsukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	pustakamu	tīsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	book( n ). sg . nom	take. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen took a book.’

9. see cūcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	iṁṭi-ni	cūstunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	house( n ). sg . obl - acc	see. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sees a house.’

10. influence māru

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

vayasu	jñāpakašakti-ni	mārustuṁdi
age( n ). sg . nom	memory_force( n ). sg . obl - acc	change. npst .3 sg . nm
‘Age changes memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

11. encounter kaliyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	anukōkuṁḍā	kalisāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	accidentally	unite. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen accidentally met Mahesh.’

12. enter pravēšiṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCDAT

X: NOM

Y: LOCDAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	iṁṭi-lō-ki	pravēšiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	house( n ). sg . obl - loc - dat	enter. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen entered the house.’

13. win gelucu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida

X: NOM

Y: OBLmida

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ	mīda	gelicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl	on	win. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’

14. go out veḷḷu

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	iṁṭi-nuṁci	bayaṭi-ki	veḷḷāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	house( n ). sg . obl - abl	outdoors( n ). sg . obl - dat	go. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen went out of the house.’

15. drive tōlukupōvu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	āvu-ni	tōlukupōtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	cow( n ). sg . obl - acc	make_walk. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is driving the cow.’

16. bend vaṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	komma-ni	vaṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	branch( n ). sg . obl - acc	bend. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen bent the branch.’

17. tell ceppu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ku	ceppāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	say. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen told Mahesh...’

18. hold paṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	pustakānni	paṭṭukuni	unnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	book( n ). sg . acc	take_hold. cvb . ant	be. prs .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is holding a book.’

19. catch up cērukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	cērukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	join. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen caught up with Mahesh.’

20. milk *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pravīṇ	āvu	pāla-ni	pitikāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	cow( n ). sg . obl	milk. pl . obl - acc	milk. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen milked the cow.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

21. reach cēru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	oḍḍi-ki	cērāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	coast( n ). sg . obl - dat	reach. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen reached the bank.’

22. touch muṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	goḍa-ni	muṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	wall( n ). sg . obl - acc	touch. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen touched the wall.’

23. fight goḍavapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-tō	goḍavapaḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	fight. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is fighting with Mahesh.’

24. be friends snēhamu cēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-tō	snēhamu	cēstunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	amity( n ). sg . nom	do. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is friends with Mahesh.’

25. think ālōciṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci

X: NOM

Y: OBLgurinci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	madhuri	guriṁci	ālōcistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl	about	think. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is thinking about Madhuri.’

26. eat tinu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	āpil	tinnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	apple( n ). sg . nom	eat. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen ate an apple.’

27. fry vēyiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	cēpa-nu	vēyiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	fish( n ). sg . obl - acc	fry. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fried the fish.’

28. wait edurucūcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkosamu

X: NOM

Y: OBLkosamu

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ	kōsamu	edurucūstunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl	for	wait. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is waiting for Mahesh.’

29. forget māracipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci

X: NOM

Y: OBLgurinci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	vērē	rōḍḍu	guriṁci	māracipōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	other	road( n ). sg . obl	about	forget. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen forgot about the other road.’

30. depend ādhārapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida

X: NOM

Y: OBLmida

Locus: Y

jñāpakašakti	vayasu	mīda	ādhārapaḍi	uṁṭuṁdi
memory_force( n ). sg . nom	age( n ). sg . obl	on	depend. cvb . ant	be. dur .3 sg . nm
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call pilucu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	pilicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	call. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen called Mahesh.’

32. get to know telusukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci

X: NOM

Y: OBLgurinci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ	guriṁci	saṁvatsaramu	mundu	telusukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl	about	year( n ). sg . obl	before	get_to_know. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got to know Mahesh a year ago.’

33. know teliyu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	telusu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	be_known
‘Praveen knows Mahesh.’
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula.

34. play (instrument) vāyiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	giṭār	vāyistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	guitar( n ). sg . nom	strike. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid tappiṁcukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-nuṁci	tappiṁcukuṁtū	tirugutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - abl	escape. cvb . sim	turn. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen avoids Mahesh.’

36. make tayāru cēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	eluka-la	kōsamu	uccu	tayāru	cēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	rat( n )- pl . obl	for	loop( n ). sg . nom	ready	do. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen made a trap for rats.’

37. make fun vekkiriṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	vekkiristunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	ridicule. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is making fun of Mahesh.’

38. have uṁḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	kār'	uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	car( n ). sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen has a car.’

39. look for vetuku

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkosamu

X: NOM

Y: OBLkosamu

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	tāḷaṁcēvu-la	kōsamu	vetukutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	key( n )- pl . obl	for	search. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is looking for the keys.’

40. paint raṁgu vēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	tana	kaṁce-ki	raṁgu	vēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	fence( n ). sg . obl - dat	colour( n ). sg . nom	throw. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen painted his fence.’

41. bite karucu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

oka	kukka	pravīṇ-ni	kariciṁdi
one	dog( n ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	bite. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A dog bit Praveen.’

42. forfeit pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	tana	iṁṭi-ni	pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	house( n ). sg . obl - acc	lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his house.’

43. try to catch paṭṭukovadāniki prayatniṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	pilli-ni	paṭṭukōvaḍāni-ki	prayatnistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	cat( n ). sg . obl - acc	take_hold. vn . obl - dat	try. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break viragakoṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	kaṭṭe-ni	viragakoṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	stick( n ). sg . obl - acc	break. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen broke a stick.’

45. flatter poguḍu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	madhuri-ni	poguḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc	commend. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is flattering Madhuri.’

46. love (person) prēmiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	madhuri-ni	prēmistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc	love. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen loves Madhuri.’

47. wave ūpu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	dasti-ni	gāli-lo	ūputunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	handkerchief( n ). sg . obl - acc	wind( n ). sg . obl - loc	cause_to_swing. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream kalalu kanu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci

X: NOM

Y: OBLgurinci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	kotta	kāru	guriṁci	kala-lu	kaṁtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	new	car( n ). sg . obl	about	dream( n )- pl . nom	perceive. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash kaḍugu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	kappu-ni	kaḍigāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	cup( n ). sg . obl - acc	wash. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen washed the cup.’

50. put on vēsukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	baṭṭa-lu	vēsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	cloth( n )- pl . nom	wear. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen put on his clothes.’

51. be called pilucu

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ī	sādhanānni	diksūci	pilustāru
dem . prox	means( n ). sg . acc	compass( n ). sg . nom	call. npst .3 pl . epic
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish šikṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	tana	koḍuku-ni	šikṣiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	son( m ). sg . obl - acc	punish. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen punished his son.’

53. attack dāḍicēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmidaki

X: NOM

Y: OBLmidaki

Locus: Y

oka	cēpavāḍi	mīda-ki	oka	elugubaṁṭi	dāḍicēsiṁdi
one	fisherman( m ). sg . obl	on- dat	one	bear( n ). sg . nom	attack. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) niṁḍipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

bākeṭ	niḷḷa-tō	niṁḍipōyiṁdi
bucket( n ). sg . nom	water. pl . obl - com	fill_up. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find doruku

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	tana	tāḷaṁcēvu-lu	dorikāyi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	own	key( n )- pl . nom	be_found. pst .3 pl . n
‘Praveen found his keys.’

56. be short takkuva agu

Valency pattern: OBLdaggara_NOM

X: OBLdaggara

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ	daggara	oka	yūro	takkuv'	ayiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl	near	one	euro( n ). sg . nom	lack( n ). sg . nom	become. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen lacks one euro.’

57. hate dvēṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	dvēṣistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	hate. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hates Mahesh.’

58. like iṣṭamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	ī	cokka	aṁṭē	iṣṭamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	dem . prox	shirt( n ). sg . nom	that_is	liking( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need avasaramu paḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_COM

X: DAT

Y: COM

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	ḍabbu-la-tō	avasaramu	paḍiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	money- pl . obl - com	need( n ). sg . nom	fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen needs money.’

60. surround cuṭṭumuṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

goḍa-lu	nagarānni	cuṭṭumuṭṭāyi
wall( n )- pl . nom	city( n ). sg . acc	surround. pst .3 pl . n
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain migulu

Valency pattern: OBLdaggara_NOM

X: OBLdaggara

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ	daggara	padi	yūro	migul'	unnāyi
pn ( m ). sg . obl	near	ten	euro( n ). sg . nom	remain. cvb . ant	be. prs .3 pl . n
‘Praveen has 10 euros left.’

62. answer javābu ivvu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	tana	gurugāri-ki	javābu	iccāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	teacher. hon ( m ). sg . obl - dat	reply( n ). sg . nom	give. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen answered the teacher.’

63. open terucu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	kyān-ni	tericāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	can( n ). sg . obl - acc	open. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen opened a can.’

64. be different vēru + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkante

X: NOM

Y: OBLkante

Locus: Y

nā	cokka	nīdāni	kaṁṭē	vēru
1 sg . obl	shirt( n ). sg . nom	yours_one( n ). sg . obl	than	other
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind venakapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ki	venakapaḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	lag. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fell behind Mahesh.’

66. plough dunnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	polānni	dunnutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	field( n ). sg . acc	plough. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is ploughing the field.’

67. smell vaccu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

nā	cētu-la-nuṁci	gyās	vāsana	vastuṁdi
1 sg . obl	hand( n )- pl . obl - abl	gas( n ). sg . obl	smell( n ). sg . nom	come. npst .3 sg . nm
‘The gasoline smell comes from my hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

68. cross dāṭu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	rōḍḍu	dāṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	road( n ). sg . nom	cross. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen crossed the road.’

69. sing pāḍu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	andamaina	pāṭa	pāḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	beautiful	song( n ). sg . nom	sing. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sang a beautiful song.’

70. write rāyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	uttaramu	rāsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	answer( n ). sg . nom	write. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen wrote a letter.’

71. drink tāgu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	pālu	tāgāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	milk. pl . nom	drink. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen drank the milk.’

72. melt karigiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	lēḍu	mukka-ni	karigiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	lead( n ). sg . obl	piece( n ). sg . obl - acc	melt. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen melted a piece of lead.’

73. match kuduru

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

ī	belṭu	nā	ḍrēs-tō	bāgā	kudurutuṁdi
dem . prox	belt( n ). sg . nom	1 sg . obl	dress( n ). sg . obl - com	well	be_set. npst .3 sg . nm
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave vadilēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	tana	soṁta	nagarānni	vadilēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	belonging_to_self	city( n ). sg . acc	quit. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen left his native city.’

75. cover parucukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

kārpiṭ	nēla	mottānni	parucukuṁdi
carpet( n ). sg . nom	floor( n ). sg . obl	sum( n ). sg . obl . acc	spread_over. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember gurtu uṁḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	iḷḷu	bāgā	gurt'	uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	house( n ). sg . nom	well	mark( n ). sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen remembers the house well.’

77. help sahāyamu cēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ki	sahāyamu	cēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	help( n ). sg . nom	do. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen helped Mahesh.’

78. understand (language) arthamu agu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	preṁcibhāṣa	artham'	avutuṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	f rench_language( n ). sg . nom	meaning( n ). sg . nom	become. npst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen understands French.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

79. hit (target) paḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLpai

X: NOM

Y: OBLpai

Locus: Y

iṁṭi	pai	piḍugu	paḍiṁdi
house( n ). sg . obl	over	thunderbolt( n ). sg . nom	fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Lightning fell on the house.’

80. cut oneself kōsukōnu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	blēḍ-tō	tana-ni	tānu	kōsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	blade( n ). sg . obl - com	own- acc	refl	cut. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck atuku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

glāsu	ṭēbal-ki	atukkuṁdi
glass( n ). sg . nom	table( n ). sg . obl - dat	stick. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) ōḍipōvu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-tō	ōḍipōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	be_defeated. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost to Mahesh.’

83. be glad santōṣiṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla

X: NOM

Y: OBLvalla

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	uttāramu	valla	saṁtōṣiṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	answer( n ). sg . obl	by	rejoice. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was glad about the letter.’

84. speak māṭlāḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-tō	māṭlāḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	speak. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’

85. give birth puṭṭu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

madhuri-ki	koḍuku	puṭṭāḍu
pn ( f ). sg . obl - dat	son( m ). sg . nom	be_born. pst .3 sg . m
‘Madhuri gave birth to a son.’

86. drop paḍēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	glāsu-ni	paḍēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	glass( n ). sg . obl - acc	drop. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dropped the glass.’

87. govern naḍupu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	mā	paṭṭaṇānni	naḍuputāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	1 pl . excl . obl	town( n ). sg . acc	make_walk. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen runs our town.’

88. miss mis agu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	madhuri-ni	mis	avutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc	miss	become. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen misses Madhuri.’

89. follow veṁbaḍiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	veṁbaḍistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	follow. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen follows Mahesh.’

90. dismount digu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmidanunci

X: NOM

Y: OBLmidanunci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	gurramu	mīda-nuṁci	digāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	horse( n ). sg . obl	on- abl	come_down. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got down from the horse.’

91. listen viṇu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	rēḍiyō	viṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	radio( n ). sg . nom	listen. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is listening to radio.’

92. obey viṇu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pravīṇ	eppuḍū	tana	amma	māṭa	viṁṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	always	own	mother( f ). sg . obl	word( n ). sg . nom	listen. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen always listens to his mother’s words.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear viṇu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	saṁgītamu	viṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	music( n ). sg . nom	listen. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hears the music.’

94. mix kaliyu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

tēne	pāla-tō	kalisiṁdi
honey( n ). sg . nom	milk. pl . obl - com	unite. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look gamaniṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	mēgha-la-ni	gamanistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	cloud( n )- pl . obl - acc	pay_attention. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is observing the clouds.’

96. take off viḍacēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	tana	cokka-ni	viḍacēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	shirt( n ). sg . obl - acc	undo. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen took off/unbuttoned his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) kalalu kanu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci

X: NOM

Y: OBLgurinci

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	nidra-lō	madhuri	guriṁci	kala-lu	kaṁtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	sleep( n ). sg . obl - loc	pn ( f ). sg . obl	about	dream( n )- pl . nom	perceive. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dreams about Madhuri.’

98. agree aṁgīkariṁcu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ-tō	aṁgīkariṁcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	agree. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen agreed with Mahesh.’

99. have a quarrel goḍava agu

Valency pattern: DAT_COM

X: DAT

Y: COM

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ-tō	goḍav'	ayiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . obl - com	quarrel( n ). sg . nom	become. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen had a quarrel with Mahesh.’

100. cost dhara + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ī	kappu	dhara	oka	yūro
dem . prox	cup( n ). sg . obl	price( n ). sg . nom	one	euro( n ). sg . nom
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at kālcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	pakṣi-ni	kālcāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	bird( n ). sg . obl - acc	shoot. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen shot at the bird.’

102. pour pōyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	paṁcadāra	pōsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	sugar( n ). sg . nom	pour. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen poured the sugar.’

103. lose pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	atani	tāḷaṁcēvu-lu	pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_man( m ). sg . obl	key( n )- pl . nom	lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his keys.’

104. sink munugu

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCDAT

X: NOM

Y: LOCDAT

Locus: Y

ceṭṭu	niḷḷa-lō-ki	munigiṁdi
tree( n ). sg . nom	water. pl . obl - loc - dat	sink. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The tree sank in the water.’

105. kill caṁpēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	caṁpēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	kill. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen killed Mahesh.’

106. hit koṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	koṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	beat. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen hit Mahesh.’

107. kiss muddu peṭṭu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	madhuri-ki	muddu	peṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl - dat	kiss( n ). sg . nom	put. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen kissed Madhuri.’

108. read caduvu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	maṁci	pustakānni	cadivāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	good	book( n ). sg . acc	read. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen read a good book.’

109. move (bodypart) kadupu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	tana	vēli-ni	kadipāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	finger( n ). sg . obl - acc	move. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen moved his finger.’

110. respect ādariṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	ādaristāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	respect. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen respects Mahesh.’

111. be squeamish cirāku + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	eṁgili	aṁṭlu	aṁṭē	cirāku
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	defiled	utensil. pl . nom	that_is	crossness( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is vexed about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content saṁtuṣṭi + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	atani	koḍuku	aṁṭē	saṁtuṣṭi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	that_man( m ). sg . obl	son( n ). sg . nom	that_is	satisfaction( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love prēmalō paḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	madhuri-tō	prēma-lō	paḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( f ). sg . obl - com	love( n ). sg . obl - loc	fall. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fell in love with Madhuri.’

114. trust nammakamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	madhuri	aṁṭē	nammakamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( f ). sg . nom	that_is	credit( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen trusts Madhuri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise bādha(ni) paṁcukōnu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pravīṇ	tana	amma	bādha-ni	paṁcukuṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	mother( f ). sg . obl	pain( n ). sg . obl - acc	share. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. This translation is probably semantically inaccurate.

116. envy īrṣya + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	aṁṭē	īrṣya
pn ( m ). sg - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_is	envy( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen envies Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry kopamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_OBLmida

X: DAT

Y: OBLmida

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	mīda	kopamu	uṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . obl	on	anger( n ). sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen is angry with Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised āšcaryapōvu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pravīṇ	ā	bahumati-ni	cūsi	āšcaryapōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	dem . dist	gift( n ). sg . obl - acc	see. cvb . ant	get_surprised. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

119. love (tea) iṣṭamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	ṭī	aṁṭē	iṣṭamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	tea( n ). sg . nom	that_is	liking( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy āsvādiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	vēḍi	ṭī-ni	āsvādistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	hot	tea( n ). sg . obl - acc	enjoy_the_taste. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is enjoying hot tea.’

121. want kāvāli

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	kotta	fōn	kāvāli
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	new	phone( n ). sg . nom	be_wanted
‘Praveen wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: This predicate is used without agreement markers and without copula.

122. have a grudge paga + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	aṁṭē	paga
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_is	enmity( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen has a grudge against Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence manastāpamu ceṁdu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLpai

X: NOM

Y: OBLpai

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ	pai	manastāpamu	ceṁdāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl	over	mental_distress( n ). sg . nom	happen. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got cross with Mahesh.’

124. upset duḥkhaparucu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	cālā	duḥkhaparicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	very	upset. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen greatly upset Mahesh.’

125. marvel āšcaryapōvu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pravīṇ	ā	paṭṭaṇānni	cūsi	āšcaryapōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	dem . dist	city( n ). sg . acc	see. cvb . ant	get_suprised. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was surprised by this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise hīnaṁgā cūcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	hīnaṁ-gā	cūstāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	low- advz	see. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen despises Mahesh.’

127. get upset bādhapaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla

X: NOM

Y: OBLvalla

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	tana	koḍuku	valla	bādhapaḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	son( m ). sg . obl	by	suffer. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated cirākupaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida

X: NOM

Y: OBLmida

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	tana	kūturu	mīda	cirākupaḍutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	daughter( f ). sg . obl	on	be_cross. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond muddu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ku	madhuri	aṁṭē	muddu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( f ). sg . nom	that_is	kiss( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is fond of Madhuri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy siggupaḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLvalla

X: NOM

Y: OBLvalla

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	atani	ettu	valla	siggupaḍatāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_man( m ). sg . obl	height( n ). sg . obl	by	be_shy. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is shy about his height.’