BivalTyp

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Tagalog

Contributed by Rowena Garcia and Rhenee Espayos (ResearchGate profile)

R.G.'s photo R.E.'s photo

The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Garcia, Rowena & Rhenee Espayos. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Tagalog. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 11, 2023; last revised on August 11, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Masakit ang ulo ni Pedro.
painful subj head pers . gen pn
‘Pedro's head hurts.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. Alternative is “S<um>akit ang ulo ni Pedro” [<AV>PFV.hurt SUBJ head PERS.GEN PN] ‘Pedro's head became hurt.’, which also cannot be included because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
May trangkaso si Pedro
exist flu pers . subj pn
‘Pedro has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. I classified this non-verbal construction based on the following considerations. The X-argument, ‘Pedro’, is encoded as a subject marker. Although this construction does not participate in the voice alternations, I still thought it can be compared to the AV construction, one reason for this being the fact that a similar dynamic construction has ‘Pedro’ as the subject in the AV-COM construction: “Nag-ka-trangkaso si Pedro” [AV-COM-PFV-have.flu PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro got the flu.’. Subjects in AV constructions are considered ACT. By contrast the Y-argument receives no flagging at all and is given a specialized status of ‘BARE’.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ta~takot si Pedro sa aso
statpv . ipfv ~be afraid pers . subj pn dat dog
‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the dog into the subject here? Alternative is a non-verbal construction: “Takot si Pedro sa aso” [scared PERS.SUBJ PN DAT dog] ‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
H<in>agis ni Pedro ang bato
< pv > pfv .throw pers . gen pn subj stone
‘Pedro threw a stone.’
Note: Alternative is an AV construction: “Nag-hagis si Pedro ng bato” [AV.PFV-throw PERS.SUBJ PN GEN stone] ‘Pedro threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
May sapat na pera na si Pedro
exist enough lin money already pers . subj pn
‘Pedro now has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Ka-hawig ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng lolo
com -resemblance pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin grandfather
‘Pedro resembles his grandfather.’
Note: ??? Think about the COM marker. Non-verbal predicate. Although this is a non-verbal construction, the encoding of X and Y is identical with that displayed by ACT & UND in the PV-construction. As RG mentioned that “After chatting with two linguists, I think we can categorize it like a PV”, the pattern here has been identified as “ACT_UND”.

7. believe

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ni~niwala si Pedro kay Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~believe pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is the causativized construction with the ACT_LOC pattern: “P<in>a-ni~niwala-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [CAUS<PV>IPFV-belief-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro believes Miguel’.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
K<um>uha si Pedro ng libro
< av > pfv .take pers . subj pn gen book
‘Pedro took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-ki~kita ni Pedro ang bahay
potpv - ipfv ~see pers . gen pn subj house
‘Pedro sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Naka-ka~impluwensya sa memorya ang edad
potav - ipfv ~influence dat memory subj age
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Alternative is the LV construction, also with the ACT_LOC pattern: “Na-i~impluwensya-han ng edad ang memorya” [POTPV-IPFV~influence-LV GEN age SUBJ memory] “Age influences memory” .

11. encounter

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-ka-salubong ni Pedro si Miguel
potpv - com - pfv .encounter pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’
Note: ??? Think about the COM marker. Initially, this form was interpreted as Naka-salubong (POTAV-PFV.encounter). However, the choice of the more logical interpretation (POTPV-COM) was based on “the noun marker interpretation, and not due to uninfluenced voice-marker on the verb judgement”). Alternative is a construction where X and Y are encoded as conjoined NPs: “Nag-ka-salubong sina Pedro at Miguel” [AV-COM-PFV.encounter 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro encountered Miguel’.

12. enter

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<um>asok si Pedro sa bahay
< av > pfv .enter pers . subj pn dat house
‘Pedro entered the house.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the house into the subject here?

13. win

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
T<in>alo ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
L<um>abas si Pedro ng bahay
< av > pfv .went out pers . subj pn gen house
‘Pedro went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
D<in>a~dala ni Pedro ang baka sa pastulan
< pv > ipfv ~bring pers . gen pn subj cow dat pasture
‘Pedro is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
B<in>aluktot ni Pedro ang sanga
< pv > pfv .bend pers . gen pn subj branch
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
S<in>abih-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .say- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro told Miguel.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into a subject here?

18. hold

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
May hawak na libro si Pedro
exist hold lin book pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is holding a book’
Note: Non-verbal construction. RG suggested to treat this construction “as similar to AV”. For that reason, ‘Pedro’ is classified as ACT (in fact, one of the linguists RG consulted suggested exactly the contrary, i.e. to treat unconjugated verbs, here and elsewhere, as parallel to PV). Grammatically, “hawak na” is a preposed modifier to “libro” (not unlike adjectives); “One can actually also say “may libro na hawak”, and “na hawak” is a relative clause”. Thus, “libro” has a very special status here in that it has no flag at all (hence, classified as BARE). There is a solid ground to believe that ‘the book’ is not the subject (Cf. RG’s remark that Sabbagh (2009) wrote that “Concretely, all existential sentences are impersonal constructions in that they have no overt subject and the nominal pivot functions as an internal argument of some sort. That the pivot (e.g., held book) is an internal argument rather than a subject is established by a couple of observations. First, one property of subjects in Tagalog is that they can serve as the shared subject of coordinated predicates… By contrast, non-subjects (namely, direct objects and VP-internal agents) cannot serve as the shared argument of coordinated predicates (see Kroeger 1993: 35; Sabbagh 2008)… With respect to this type of argument sharing, the pivot in existential sentences appears to pattern as a non-subject (i.e., internal argument) rather than as a subject.” Alternative is the stative construction with the pattern ACT_UND: “Hawak-hawak ni Pedro ang libro” [held PERS.GEN PN SUBJ book] ‘Pedro is holding the book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
H<um>abol si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > pfv .catch up pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro caught up with Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

20. milk

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
G<in>atas-an ni Pedro ang baka
< pv > pfv .milk- lv pers . gen pn subj cow
‘Pedro milked the cow’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

21. reach

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Naka-rating si Pedro sa bangko
potav . pfv -reach pers . subj pn dat bank
‘Pedro reached the bank.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the bank into the subject here?

22. touch

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
H<in>awak-an ni Pedro ang pader
< pv > pfv -touch- lv pers . gen pn subj wall
‘Pedro touched the wall.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? Alternative is the POTPV-LV construction with the ACT_LOC (???) pattern: “Na-hawak-an ni Pedro ang pader” [POTPV.PFV-touch-LV PERS.GEN PN SUBJ wall] ‘Pedro touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>a~away ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~fight pers . gen pn subj pn
‘Pedro is fighting Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is an AV construction where X and Y are expressed in a conjoined NP: “Nag-a~away sina Pedro at Miguel” [AV-IPFV~fight 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Kaibigan ni Pedro si Miguel
f riend pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. This non-verbal predicate has been identified as an ACT_UND pattern based on RG’s comment that this constructions can be considered like PV. Alternative is an non-verbal pattern with X and Y expressed in a conjoined NP: “Mag-kaibigan sina Pedro at Miguel” [friends 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’

25. think

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>i~isip ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~think pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
K<um>ain si Pedro ng mansanas
< av > pfv .eat pers . subj pn gen apple
‘Pedro ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Pr<in>ito ni Pedro ang isda
< pv > pfv .fry pers . gen pn subj fish
‘Pedro fried the fish.’
Note: Alternative is an AV construction: “Nag-prito si Pedro ng isda” [AV.PFV-fry PERS.SUBJ PN GEN fish] ‘Pedro fried the fish’.

28. wait

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Nag-hi~hintay si Pedro kay Miguel
av - ipfv ~wait pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is nevertheless a PV construction that looks exactly like the ACT_UND pattern: “H<in>i~hintay ni Pedro si Miguel” [<PV>IPFV~wait PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’ It is interesting and unexpected for me that there is no LV marking in this second option.

29. forget

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ka-limut-an ni Pedro ang iba pa-ng daan
potpv - com . pfv -forget- lv pers . gen pn subj other clitic- lin way
‘Pedro forgot about the other road.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? ??? Think about the COM marker. RG was not sure about the analysis of this structure.

30. depend

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Naka-depende ang memorya sa edad
statav . pfv -depend subj memory dat age
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
T<in>awag ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .call pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro called Miguel.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-kilala ni Pedro si Miguel
potpv - pfv .know pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro got to know Miguel.’

33. know

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Kilala ni Pedro si Miguel
knows pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Note: This construction is classified as a ACT_UND pattern based on the assumption that it can be viewed like a PV, although there is no voice morphology in this structure.

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
T<um>u~tugtog ng gitara si Pedro
< av > ipfv ~play gen guitar pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’
Note: Alternative is a construction where Y is incorporated into the verb: “Nag-gi~gitara si Pedro” [AV-IPFV~play guitar PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
<Um>i~iwas si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > ipfv ~avoid pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is a LV with the same ACT_LOC pattern: “<In>i~iwas-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [<PV>IPFV~avoid-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
G<um>awa ng panghuli ng daga si Pedro
< av > pfv .make gen trap gen rat pers . subj pn
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<in>ag-ta~tawan-an ni Pedro si Miguel
caus < pv > ipfv ~laugh- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

38. have

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
May kotse si Pedro
exist car pers . subj pn
‘Pedro has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal (existential) construction. The X argument is identified as ACT based on the assumption that this construction is basically like an AV construction.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
H<in>a~hanap ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
< pv > ipfv ~find pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat keys
‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<in>inturah-an ni Pedro ang bakod
< pv > pfv ~paint- lv pers . gen pn subj fence
‘Pedro painted the fence’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
K<in>agat ng aso si Pedro
< pv > pfv ~bite gen dog pers . subj pn
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: LOC_UND
X: LOC
Y: UND
Locus: X
Na-wala-n ng bahay si Pedro
potpv . pfv -lose- lv gen house pers . subj pn
‘Pedro lost his house.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the house into the subject here? (the reason I ask is that as I see from you grandma&stone example, there is no flagging difference between ACT and UND in the LV construction (see the identical encoding of grandma and a stone). RG mentions that she “cannot say that house is an actor” and adds that “what makes [this verb] different from the other POTPV is that this one has a locative voice marking too, which makes Pedro sort of the source/owner of the object that is now lost. The ACT in other POTPV are more clearly agents. For this item, I really cannot add an agent, but for another verb POTPV + LV verb, I can add an agent: “Na-hagis-an ng lola ng bato ang bata.” The grandma (ng lola) accidentally threw the child (ang bata) a stone (ng bato).”

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
S<in>u~subuk-an-g huli-hin ni Pedro ang pusa
< pv > ipfv ~try- lin catch- pv . nonreal . pfv pers . gen pn subj cat
‘Pedro is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-bali ni Pedro ang patpat/kahoy
potpv . pfv -break pers . gen pn subj stick
‘Pedro broke a stick.’
Note: Alternative is a POTAV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern: “Naka-bali si Pedro ng patpat/kahoy” [POTAV.PFV-break PERS.SUBJ PERS GEN stick] “Pedro broke a stick”.

45. flatter

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
B<in>o~bola ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~flatter pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is flattering Maria.’
Note: Alternative is a AV construction, also with a ACT_UND pattern (hence, SBJ & GEN), cf. “Pedro flattered someone/a girl” “Nambola si Pedro ng isang babae.”, where the girl gets GEN. But this is only possible with indefinite Y-arguments, not with a proper name.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
M<in>a~mahal ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~love pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
W<in>a~wagayway ni Pedro ang panyo
< pv > ipfv ~wave pers . gen pn subj handkerchief
‘Pedro is waving the handkerchief.’
Note: Alternative is AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern: “Nag-wa~wagayway si Pedro ng panyo” [AV-IPFV~wave PERS.SUBJ PN GEN handkerchief] ‘Pedro is waving a handkerchief’.

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-nga~ngarap si Pedro ng bago-ng sasakyan
av - ipfv ~dream pers . subj pn gen new- lin vehicle
‘Pedro is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Alternative is the CAUS<PV> construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern: “P<in>a~pangarap ni Pedro ang bago-ng sasakyan” [CAUS<PV>IPFV~dream PERS.GEN PN SUBJ new-LIN vehicle] ‘Pedro is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
H<in>ugas-an ni Pedro ang baso
< pv > pfv ~wash- lv pers . gen pn subj cup
‘Pedro washed the cup.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
I-s<in>uot ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng pantalon
cv < pv > pfv .put on pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin trousers
‘Pedro put on his trousers.’
Note: Alternative is the AVconstruction, also with the ACT_UND pattern: “Nag-suot si Pedro ng kaniya-ng pantalon.” [AV.PFV-put on PERS.SUBJ PN GEN 3.SG.DAT-LIN trousers] ‘Pedro put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: UND_LIN
X: UND
Y: LIN
Locus: Y
T<in>a~tawag na compass ang gamit na ito
< pv > ipfv ~call lin compass subj tool lin prx . subj
‘This tool is called a compass.’
Note: SS. ‘This tool’ has the status I identify as UND (PV & SBJ). However, ‘compass’ is not an ACT (‘Indeed, one can add an agent with a ng- phrase (tinatawag na compass ang gamit na ito ng mga scientists “scientists call this tool a compass”), so the “na compass” does seem to be something else»). The label LIN is somewhat arbitrarz though, but it signals some special relation to the predicate.

52. punish

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<in>arusah-an ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng anak
< pv > pfv -punish- lv pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin son
‘Pedro punished his son.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

53. attack

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>atake ng oso ang mangingisda
< pv > pfv .attack gen bear subj fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-puno ng tubig ang timba
potpv . pfv -fill gen water subj bucket
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-hanap ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
potpv . pfv -find pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin keys
‘Pedro found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: UND_ACT
X: UND
Y: ACT
Locus: X
K<in>ulang ng piso si Pedro
< pv > pfv .fall short gen one_peso pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is one peso short.’
Note: The status of X-argument, ‘Pedro’, is more or les doubtlessly UND. Things get more complicated when it comes to the Y-argument, ‘one peso’. Based on the observed encoding pattern it should be classified as ACT. This does contradict the semantic expectations we have but fits the observed encoding. Unexpectedly, in the corresponding AV construction no change in the encoding of arguments occurs: actually they receive the same flags as in the PV construction, cf. “Nag-kulang ng piso si Pedro“ [AV.PFV-short GEN one_peso PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is one peso short.’. Taken in isolation, this structure would have analyzed as ACT_UND.

57. hate

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ga~galit si Pedro kay Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

58. like

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Gusto ni Pedro ito-ng damit
like pers . gen pn 3. sg . subj - lin shirt
‘Pedro likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Despite the lack of overt voice morphology, this structure has been analyzed similar to PV construction and identified as ACT_UND.

59. need

Valency pattern: LOC_UND
X: LOC
Y: UND
Locus: X
Na-nga~ngailang-an si Pedro ng pera
potpv - ipfv ~need- lv pers . subj pn gen money
‘Pedro needs money.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn money into the subject here? I chose this option because it has overt voice morphology. Alternative is a non-verbal construction with a very unusual pattern (two GEN in the coding frame; probably should be viewed as UND_UND), cf. “Kailangan ni Pedro ng pera” [need PERS.GEN PN GEN money] ‘Pedro needs money’.

60. surround

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-pali~libut-an ng pader ang lungsod
potpv - ipfv ~surround- lv gen wall subj city
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the walls into the subject here? Alternative is another LV construction: “P<in>a~pa-libut-an ng pader ang lungsod” [<PV>IPFV~surround-LV GEN wall SUBJ city] ‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
May sampung-piso na lang si Pedro
exist ten-pesos now only pers . subj pn
‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Alternative that was actually suggested first was a cleft construction: “Sampung-piso na lang ang na-ti~tira kay Pedro.” [Ten-pesos now only SUBJ POTPV-IPFV~leave PERS.DAT PN] ‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’ Here, X is LOC.

62. answer

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
S<in>agot ni Pedro ang guro
< pv > pfv .answer pers . gen pn subj teacher
‘Pedro answered the teacher’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Nag-bukas si Pedro ng lata
av . pfv -open pers . subj pn gen can
‘Pedro opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Naiiba ang damit ko sa iyo
different subj shirt 1. sg . gen dat yours
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal construction. It has been aligned with PV constructions and, consequently, identified as UND_LOC.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-huli si Pedro kay Miguel
potpv . pfv -fall_behind pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>a~araro ni Pedro ang bukid
< pv > ipfv ~plough pers . gen pn subj field
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction: “Nag-a~araro ng bukid si Pedro” [AV-IPFV-plough GEN field PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: UND_BARE
X: UND
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
Na-nga~ngamoy gasolina ang kamay ko
potpv . ipfv ~smell gasoline subj hands 1. sg . gen
‘My hands smell like / smell of gasoline.’
Note: The status of the X argument is clearly UND. The status of the Y-argument is trickier: it can be considered an incorporated object. The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument. Alternatively, this structre can be disregarded altogether as the one that lacks two clause-level arguments.

68. cross

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
T<um>awid si Pedro sa kalsada
< av > pfv .cross pers . subj pn dat road
‘Pedro crossed the road.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the road into the subject here?

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
K<um>anta si Pedro ng maganda-ng kanta
< av > pfv .sing pers . subj pn gen beautiful- lin song
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
S<um>ulat si Pedro ng liham
< av > pfv .write pers . subj pn gen letter
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<Um>inom si Pedro ng gatas
< av > pfv .drink pers . subj pn gen milk
‘Pedro drank the milk.’
Note: Alternative is a PV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern: “<In>inom ni Pedro ang gatas” [<PV>PFV.drink PERS.GEN PN SUBJ milk] ‘Pedro drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
T<in>unaw ni Pedro ang piraso ng tingga
< pv > pfv .melt pers . gen pn subj piece gen lead
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Bagay ang sinturon sa damit ko
matches subj belt dat dress 1. sg . gen
‘This belt goes well with / matches my dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. If this voiceless construction is to be aligned with PV, as suggested by RG, then this is the UND_LOC pattern.

74. leave

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
<Ni>lis-an ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng pinanggalingan
< pv > pfv .leave- lv pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin native_city
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

75. cover

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ta~takp-an ng karpet ang buo-ng sahig
potpv - ipfv ~cover- lv gen carpet subj whole- lin floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the carpet into the subject here?

76. remember

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-a~alala pa ni Pedro ang bahay na kinalakihan niya
potpv - ipfv ~remembers still pers . gen pn subj house lin place_where_one_grew_up 3. sg . gen
‘Pedro still remembers the house where he grew up.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
T<in>u~lung-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv ~help- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro helped Miguel.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Naka-ka~intindi si Pedro ng French
potav - ipfv ~understand pers . subj pn gen f rench
‘Pedro understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
T<in>ama-an ng kidlat ang bahay
< pv > pfv ~hit- lv gen lightning subj house
‘Lightning hit / struck the house.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the lightning into the subject here? Alternative is a construction where the X-argument is semantically incorporated into the verb: “Na-kidlat-an ang bahay” [POTPV.PFV-strike_by_lightning-LV SUBJ house] ‘Lightning hit / struck the house’.

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ACT_gamit
X: ACT
Y: gamit
Locus: Y
Na-hiwa ni Pedro ang sarili gamit ang pang-ahit
potpv . pfv -cut pers . gen pn subj self using subj razor
‘Pedro cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Hsieh (2020) considers “gamit ang pang-ahit” as an adverbial phrase.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-dikit ang baso sa mesa
potpv . pfv -stick subj glass dat table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the table into the subject here?

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-talo si Pedro kay Miguel
potpv . pfv -lose pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

83. be glad

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-galak si Pedro sa sulat
statpv . pfv -glad pers . subj pn dat letter
‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the letter into the subject here?

84. speak

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ki~ki-pag-usap si Pedro kay Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-nganak ng anak na lalaki si Maria
av . pfv -give_birth gen child lin male pers . subj pn
‘Maria gave birth to a son’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-hulog ni Pedro ang salamin
potpv . pfv -drop pers . gen pn subj glass
‘Pedro dropped the glass.’
Note: Alternative is the same verb in a slightly different voice construction, but with the same encoding frame: “H<in>ulog ni Pedro ang salamin” [<PV>PFV.drop PERS.GEN PN SUBJ glass] ‘Pedro dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<in>a-mu~munu-an ni Pedro ang amin-g bayan
caus < pv > ipfv ~run- lv pers . gen pn subj 1. pl . ex . dat - lin town
‘Pedro runs our town.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

88. miss

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ngu~ngulila si Pedro kay Maria
statpv . ipfv ~miss pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro misses Maria.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

89. follow

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
S<um>u~sunod si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > ipfv ~follow pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ACT_mulaLOC
X: X
Y: mulaLOC
Locus: Y
B<um>aba si Pedro mula sa kabayo
< av > pfv .go down pers . subj pn from dat horse
‘Pedro got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ki~kinig si Pedro sa radyo
< av > ipfv ~listen pers . subj pn dat radio
‘Pedro is listening to radio’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

92. obey

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
S<um>u~sunod palagi si Pedro sa nanay niya
< av > ipfv ~obey adv pers . subj pn dat mother 3. sg . gen
‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother.’
Note: Although ‘his mother’ is animate, the DAT marker used is the “inanimate” one; with a person name like Miguel “kay” would be used. Alternative is the PV construction that looks exactly like ACT_UND pattern: “S<in>u~sunod palagi ni Pedro ang nanay niya” [<PV>IPFV~obey ADV PERS.GEN PN SUBJ mother 3.SG.GEN] ‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother’.

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-ri~rinig ni Pedro ang tugtugin
potpv . ipfv ~hear pers . gen pn subj music
‘Pedro hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
H<um>alo ang pulot sa gatas
< av > pfv .mix subj honey dat milk
‘The honey got accidentally mixed with the milk.’
Note: Alternative is a symmetrical construction where X and Y are expressed in a conjoined NP: “Nag-halo ang pulot at gatas” [AV.PFV-mix SUBJ honey CONJ milk] ‘The honey got mixed with the milk’.

95. look

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
T<in>i~tign-an ni Pedro ang ulap
< pv > ipfv ~look- lv pers . gen pn subj cloud
‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
H<in>ubad ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng damit
< pv > pfv .take_off pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat . lin shirt
‘Pedro took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-pa~panaginip-an ni Pedro si Maria
potpv . ipfv ~dream- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

98. agree

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
S<um>ang-ayon si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > pfv .agree pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro agreed with Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>away si Pedro ni Maria
< pv > pfv .fight pers . subj pn pers . gen pn
‘Maria quarreled with Pedro.’
Note: RG: “that’s what I would answer to a question “Why is Pedro so sad”---that Maria did something to him”. Alternative is a symmetrical construction: “Nag-away sina Pedro at Maria” [AV.PFV-quarrel 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: ACT_LIN
X: ACT
Y: LIN
Locus: Y
Nag-ka~ka-halaga ng piso ito-ng baso
av - com ~ ipfv -cost lin one_peso 3. sg . subj - lin cup
‘This cup costs 1 peso.’
Note: ??? Think about the COM marker (and read a comment on this). RG: “Piso here is like compass in 51”. “ “Ito” can be a demonstrative and the LIN links it to the noun, like “this cup”. This would have simply been “ang baso” if it had been “the cup” instead of “this cup””. “I sometimes feel like the “ng” is also used like “na” as a linker (51).”. SS. i) I took your last comment seriously and changed the gloss of “ng” in this sentence.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
B<in>aril ni Pedro ang ibon
< pv > pfv .shoot pers . gen pn subj bird
‘Pedro shot the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Nag-salin si Pedro ng asukal sa garapon
av . pfv -pour pers . subj pn gen sugar dat container
‘Pedro poured the sugar in a container.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-wala ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
potpv . pfv -lose pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
L<um>ubog ang troso sa tubig
< av > ipfv .sink subj log dat water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn water into the subject here?

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
P<in>atay ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .kill pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
S<in>untok ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .hit pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro hit Miguel’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
H<in>alik-an ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > pfv .kiss- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Naka-basa si Pedro ng isa-ng nakakatuwa-ng libro
potav . pfv -read pers . subj pn gen one- lin interesting- lin book
‘Pedro read an interesting book’
Note: An alternative word for ‘interesting’ is nakakawili.

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
G<in>alaw ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng daliri
< pv > pfv .move pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat . lin finger
‘Pedro moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<Ni>re~respeto ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~respect pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Nan-di~diri si Pedro sa maru~rumi-ng hugasin
statpv - ipfv .be_squeamish pers . subj pn dat dirty. pl - lin dishes
‘Pedro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

112. be content

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Kuntento si Pedro sa kaniya-ng anak
content pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin son
‘Pedro is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal construction. RG suggested to align it with PV, hence ‘Pedro’ is viewed as an UND.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-pa-ibig si Pedro kay Maria
potpv . pfv - caus -fall_in_love pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? Alternative is “Na-hulog si Pedro kay Maria” [POTPV-PFV.fall PERS.SUBJ PN PERS.DAT PN] ‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’, with the same UND_LOC pattern.

114. trust

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Nag-ti~tiwala si Pedro kay Maria
av - ipfv ~trust pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Maria into the subject here?

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ki-ki~simpatya si Pedro sa kaniya-ng nanay
av - soc - ipfv ~sympathize pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin mother
‘Pedro sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn his mother into the subject here?

116. envy

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-i~inggit si Pedro kay Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~envy pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

117. be angry

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ga~galit si Pedro kay Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is angry with Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-gulat si Pedro sa regalo sa kaniya
statpv . pfv -shock pers . subj pn dat gift dat 3. sg . dat
‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn this gift into the subject here?

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Mahilig sa tsaa si Pedro
like dat tea pers . subj pn
‘Pedro loves tea’
Note: RG suggested to align this structure with the PV constructions (hence, ‘Pedro’ is viewed as an UND). RG: I am actually now thinking if the ma- should be considered as STATPV in non-realis perfective (which supports the PV alignment).”

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Mahilig si Pedro sa mainit na tsaa
like pers . subj pn dat hot lin tea
‘Pedro enjoys hot tea’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. RG suggested to align this structure with the PV constructions (hence, ‘Pedro’ is viewed as an UND).

121. want

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Gusto ni Pedro ng bago-ng telepono
want pers . gen pn gen new- lin phone
‘Pedro wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Syntactic interpretation of this construction is tricky and partially arbitrary. First, it is based on RG’s suggestion to align this structure with PV structures. Thus, ‘Pedro’ is interpreted as ACT. As for the Y-argument, ‘phone’, it is treated as UND mainly because “one can have an “ang” before phone here, which just changes the specificity of the patient”. RG also noticed that she thinks that “we can treat telephone as PAT here, but yes, I don’t really have a clue. One linguist was telling me that constructions such as this are used as arguments that the ang-phrase is not a real subject.”

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
May sama ng loob si Pedro kay Miguel
exist bad gen feelings pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. GR suggested to align this construction with the AV.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-galit si Pedro kay Miguel.
statpv . pfv -angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro took offence at Miguel. (Pedro got angry at Miguel.)’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
I<ni>nis ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .upset pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro greatly upset Miguel’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-mangha si Pedro sa kaniya-ng bayan
statpv . pfv ~be amazed pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat . lin town
‘Pedo marvelled at / was struck by / was impressed by this town’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

126. despise

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
K<in>asu-suklam-an ni Pedro si Miguel
ka< pv > ipfv ~despise- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

127. get upset

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
S<um>ama ang loob ni Pedro sa kaniya-ng anak
< av > ipfv .get_bad subj feelings pers . gen pn dat 3. sg . dat . lin son
‘Pedro got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-i~irita si Pedro sa kaniya-ng anak na babae
statpv - ipfv ~irritate pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin child lin female
‘Pedro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn his daughter into the subject here?

129. be fond

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Gusto ni Pedro si Maria
like pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro likes Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. RG suggested to align this example with PV constructions.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
I-k<in>a-hi~hiya ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng tangkad
cv -ka< pv > ipfv ~shy pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin height
‘Pedro is shy / embarrassed about his height.’