Tagalog

Contributed by Rowena Garcia and Rhenee Espayos (ResearchGate profile)

R.G.'s photo R.E.'s photo

The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Garcia, Rowena & Rhenee Espayos. 2020. Bivalent patterns in Tagalog. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 11, 2023; last revised on December 13, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 14.06, 121.75.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Austronesian, genus: Greater Central Phillipine.
Macro-area: East and Southeast Asia.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Masakit	ang	ulo	ni	Pedro.
painful	subj	head	pers . gen	pn
‘Pedro’s head hurts.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

May	trangkaso	si	Pedro
exist	flu	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-ta~takot	si	Pedro	sa	aso
av . ipfv - ipfv ~be_afraid	pers . subj	pn	dat	dog
‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>agis	ni	Pedro	ang	bato
< pv > pfv .throw	pers . gen	pn	subj	stone
‘Pedro threw a stone.’
Note: Co-exists with an AV construction.

5. have enough

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

May	sapat	na	pera	na	si	Pedro
exist	enough	lin	money	already	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro now has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Ka-hawig	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	lolo
com -resemblance	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	grandfather
‘Pedro resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

7. believe

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-ni~niwala	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~believe	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with the causativized construction with LV and Y argument marked as PERS.SUBJ.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

K<um>uha	si	Pedro	ng	libro
< av > pfv .take	pers . subj	pn	gen	book
‘Pedro took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-ki~kita	ni	Pedro	ang	bahay
pot . pv - ipfv ~see	pers . gen	pn	subj	house
‘Pedro sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Naka-ka~impluwensya	sa	memorya	ang	edad
pot . av - ipfv ~influence	dat	memory	subj	age
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: This kind of marking co-exists with the [SUBJ; GEN] encoding, hence the verb is classified as ACT_UND.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-ka-salubong	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
pot - com -encounter[ pv ]	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

P<um>asok	si	Pedro	sa	bahay
< av > pfv .enter	pers . subj	pn	dat	house
‘Pedro entered the house.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled as "pa-loob ng bahay" [<AV>enter[PFV] DIR-inside GEN house].

13. win

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

T<in>alo	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

L<um>abas	si	Pedro	ng	bahay
< av > pfv .went	out	pers . subj	pn	gen house
‘Pedro went out of the house.’
Note: Ask Sergey

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

D<in>a~dala	ni	Pedro	ang	baka	sa	pastulan
< pv > ipfv ~bring	pers . gen	pn	subj	cow	dat	pasture
‘Pedro is bringing the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

B<in>aluktot	ni	Pedro	ang	sanga
< pv > pfv .bend	pers . gen	pn	subj	branch
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

S<in>abih-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pfv >say- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro told Miguel.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LIN

X: SBJNV

Y: LIN

Locus: XY

May	hawak	na	libro	si	Pedro
exist	hold	lin	book	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is holding a book’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<um>abol	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > pfv .catch	up	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat pn
‘Pedro caught up with Miguel.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

G<in>atas-an	ni	Pedro	ang	baka
< pv > pfv .milk- lv	pers . gen	pn	subj	cow
‘Pedro milked the cow’
Note: Ask Sergey. The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

21. reach

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

Naka-rating	si	Pedro	sa	bangko
pot . av . pfv -reach	pers . subj	pn	dat	bank
‘Pedro reached the bank.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y argument can also be signaled by a locative phrase.

22. touch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>awak-an	ni	Pedro	ang	pader
< pfv >touch- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	wall
‘Pedro touched the wall.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

23. fight

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<In>a~away	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~fight	pers . gen	pn	subj	pn
‘Pedro is fighting Miguel.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Kaibigan	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
friend	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

<In>i~isip	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~think	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

K<um>ain	si	Pedro	ng	mansanas
< av > pfv .eat	pers . subj	pn	gen	apple
‘Pedro ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Pr<in>ito	ni	Pedro	ang	isda
< pv > pfv .fry	pers . gen	pn	subj	fish
‘Pedro fried the fish.’
Note: Co-exists with the AV construction.

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Nag-hi~hintay	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av - ipfv ~wait	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with a PV construction.

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-ka-limut-an	ni	Pedro	ang	iba	pa-ng	daan
pot . pfv - stem -forget- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	other	clitic- lin	way
‘Pedro forgot about the other road.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

30. depend

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Naka-depende	ang	memorya	sa	edad
stat . av . pfv -depend	subj	memory	dat	age
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Ask Sergey. Non-verbal predicate (state).

31. call

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

T<in>awag	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .call	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro called Miguel.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-kilala	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
pot . pv - pfv .know	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro got to know Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey

33. know

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

Kilala	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
knows	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (pseudo-verb). The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on similarity on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

T<um>u~tugtog	ng	gitara	si	Pedro
< av > ipfv ~play	gen	guitar	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

<Um>i~iwas	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > ipfv ~avoid	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible. Co-exists with the LV construction.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

G<um>awa	ng	panghuli	ng	daga	si	Pedro
< av > pfv .make	gen	trap	gen	rat	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

P<in>ag-ta~tawan-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~laugh- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

38. have

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

May	kotse	si	Pedro
exist	car	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>a~hanap	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
< pv > ipfv ~find	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	keys
‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

P<in>inturah-an	ni	Pedro	ang	bakod
< pfv >paint- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	fence
‘Pedro painted the fence’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

K<in>agat	ng	aso	si	Pedro
< pv > pfv ~bite	gen	dog	pers . subj	pn
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: LOC_ACT

X: LOC

Y: ACT

Locus: X

Na-wala-n	ng	bahay	si	Pedro
pot . pv . pfv -lose- lv	gen	house	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro lost his house.’
Note: Ask Sergey

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>u~huli	ni	Pedro	ang	pusa
< pv > ipfv ~catch	pers . gen	pn	subj	cat
‘Pedro is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-bali	ni	Pedro	ang	patpat
pot . pv . pfv -break	pers . gen	pn	subj	stick
‘Pedro broke a stick.’
Note: Alternative is a POT.AV construction.

45. flatter

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

B<in>o~bola	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > ipfv ~flatter	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

M<in>a~mahal	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > ipfv ~love	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

W<in>a~wagayway	ni	Pedro	ang	panyo
< pv > ipfv ~wave	pers . gen	pn	subj	handkerchief
‘Pedro is waving the handkerchief.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-nga~ngarap	si	Pedro	ng	bago-ng	sasakyan
av - ipfv ~dream	pers . subj	pn	gen	new- lin	vehicle
‘Pedro is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Alternative is the CAUS<PV> construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>ugas-an	ni	Pedro	ang	baso
< pfv >wash- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	cup
‘Pedro washed the cup.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

I-s<in>uot	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	pantalon
cv < pv > pfv .put	on	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin trousers
‘Pedro put on his trousers.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

51. be called

Valency pattern: UND_LIN

X: UND

Y: LIN

Locus: XY

T<in>a~tawag	na	compass	ang	gamit	na	ito
< pv > ipfv ~call	lin	compass	subj	tool	lin	prx . subj
‘This tool is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

P<in>arusah-an	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	anak
< pfv >punish- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	son
‘Pedro punished his son.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

53. attack

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<In>atake	ng	oso	ang	mangingisda
< pv > pfv .attack	gen	bear	subj	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: UND_ACT

X: UND

Y: ACT

Locus: X

Na-puno	ng	tubig	ang	timba
pot . pv . pfv -fill	gen	water	subj	bucket
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-hanap	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
pot . pv . pfv -find	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	keys
‘Pedro found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: UND_ACT

X: UND

Y: ACT

Locus: X

K<in>ulang	ng	piso	si	Pedro
< pv > pfv .fall_short	gen	one_peso	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is one peso short.’
Note: The valency label is partially arbitrary, since this verb does not fit the usual scheme: the encoding of arguments is not affected by the contrast between voice markers on the verb.

57. hate

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-ga~galit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~angry	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

58. like

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

Gusto	ni	Pedro	ito-ng	damit
like	pers . gen	pn	3. sg . subj - lin	shirt
‘Pedro likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on similarity on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

59. need

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-nga~ngailang-an	si	Pedro	ng	pera
ipfv . av - ipf ~need- av	pers . subj	pn	gen	money
‘Pedro needs money.’

60. surround

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-pali~libut-an	ng	pader	ang	lungsod
ipfv . mod - man - ipfv ~surround- lv	gen	wall	subj	city
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

May	sampung-piso	na	lang	si	Pedro
exist	ten-pesos	now	only	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

S<in>agot	ni	Pedro	ang	guro
< pfv .answer>[ lv ]	pers . gen	pn	subj	teacher
‘Pedro answered the teacher’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Nag-bukas	si	Pedro	ng	lata
av . pfv -open	pers . subj	pn	gen	can
‘Pedro opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-i~iba	ang	damit	ko	sa	iyo
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_different[ av ]	subj	shirt	1. sg . gen	dat	yours
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-huli	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< pfv > stem -be_last[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<In>a~araro	ni	Pedro	ang	bukid
< pv > ipfv ~plough	pers . gen	pn	subj	field
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’
Note: Co-exists with the AV-construction.

67. smell

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE

X: ACT

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

Na-nga~ngamoy	gasolina	ang	kamay	ko
pot . pv . ipfv ~smell	gasoline	subj	hands	1. sg . gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument.

68. cross

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

T<um>awid	si	Pedro	sa	kalsada
< av > pfv .cross	pers . subj	pn	dat	road
‘Pedro crossed the road.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument can be introduced by PATH-expression.

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

K<um>anta	si	Pedro	ng	maganda-ng	kanta
< av > pfv .sing	pers . subj	pn	gen	beautiful- lin	song
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

S<um>ulat	si	Pedro	ng	liham
< av > pfv .write	pers . subj	pn	gen	letter
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<Um>inom	si	Pedro	ng	gatas
< av > pfv .drink	pers . subj	pn	gen	milk
‘Pedro drank the milk.’
Note: Co-exists with the PV-construction.

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

T<in>unaw	ni	Pedro	ang	piraso	ng	tingga
< pv > pfv .melt	pers . gen	pn	subj	piece	gen	lead
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

Bagay	ang	sinturon	sa	damit	ko
appropriate	subj	belt	dat	dress	1. sg . gen
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

74. leave

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

Ni-lisan	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	pinanggalingan
pfv -leave[ p ath v ]	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	native_city
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Note: Ask Sergey

75. cover

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-ta~takp-an	ng	karpet	ang	buo-ng	sahig
pot . pv - ipfv ~cover- lv	gen	carpet	subj	whole- lin	floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Note: Ask Sergey

76. remember

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-a~alala	pa	ni	Pedro	ang	bahay	na	kinalakihan	niya
pot . pv - ipfv ~remembers	still	pers . gen	pn	subj	house	lin	place_where_one_grew_up	3. sg . gen
‘Pedro still remembers the house where he grew up.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

T<in>u~lung-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv ~help- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro helped Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Naka-ka~intindi	si	Pedro	ng	French
pot . av - ipfv ~understand	pers . subj	pn	gen	f rench
‘Pedro understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

T<in>ama-an	ng	kidlat	ang	bahay
< pfv >hit- lv	gen	lightning	subj	house
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ACT_gamit

X: ACT

Y: gamit

Locus: Y

Na-hiwa	ni	Pedro	ang	sarili	gamit	ang	pang-ahit
pot . pv . pfv -cut	pers . gen	pn	subj	self	using	subj	razor
‘Pedro cut himself with a razor.’
Note: gamit is a originally a verb that has partially grammaticalized into a preposition.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-dikit	ang	baso	sa	mesa
pfv > stem -stick[ av ]	subj	glass	dat	table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-talo	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< pfv > stem -lose[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-galak	si	Pedro	sa	sulat
< pfv > stem -be_glad[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	dat	letter
‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

84. speak

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-ki~ki-pag-usap	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-nganak	ng	anak	na	lalaki	si	Maria
av . pfv -give_birth	gen	child	lin	male	pers . subj	pn
‘Maria gave birth to a son’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-hulog	ni	Pedro	ang	salamin
pot . pv . pfv -drop	pers . gen	pn	subj	glass
‘Pedro dropped the glass.’
Note: Ask Sergey. Co-exists with the regular PV construction that implies intentional action and has the same encoding frame.

87. govern

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

P<in>a-mu~munu-an	ni	Pedro	ang	amin-g	bayan
caus < pv > ipfv ~run- lv	pers . gen	pn	subj	1. pl . ex . dat - lin	town
‘Pedro runs our town.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

88. miss

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-ngu~ngulila	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~feel_lonely[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro misses Maria.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

S<um>u~sunod	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > ipfv ~follow	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ACT_mulaPATH

X: ACT

Y: mulaPATH

Locus: Y

B<um>aba	si	Pedro	mula	sa	kabayo
< av > pfv .go	down	pers . subj	pn	from	dat horse
‘Pedro got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-ki~kinig	si	Pedro	sa	radyo
< av > ipfv ~listen	pers . subj	pn	dat	radio
‘Pedro is listening to radio’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with the same Y-argument, hence ACT_UND.

92. obey

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

S<um>u~sunod	palagi	si	Pedro	sa	nanay	niya
< av > ipfv ~obey	adv	pers . subj	pn	dat	mother	3. sg . gen
‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible, hence ACT_UND. Co-exists with the PV-construction.

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-ri~rinig	ni	Pedro	ang	tugtugin
pot . pv . ipfv ~hear	pers . gen	pn	subj	music
‘Pedro hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

H<um>alo	ang	pulot	sa	gatas
< av > pfv .mix	subj	honey	dat	milk
‘The honey got accidentally mixed with the milk.’
Note: Ask Sergey. I classified this as ACT_LOC because I observe "sa". But maybe it alternates with ng?

95. look

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

T<in>i~tign-an	ni	Pedro	ang	ulap
< ipfv > ipfv ~look- lv	pers . gen	pn	subj	cloud
‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>ubad	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	damit
< pv > pfv .take_off	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	shirt
‘Pedro took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-pa~panaginip-an	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
pot . pv . ipfv ~dream- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

98. agree

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

S<um>ang-ayon	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > pfv .agree	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro agreed with Miguel.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<In>away	si	Pedro	ni	Maria
< pv > pfv .fight	pers . subj	pn	pers . gen	pn
‘Maria quarreled with Pedro.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: ACT_LIN

X: ACT

Y: LIN

Locus: Y

Nag-ka~ka-halaga	ng	piso	ito-ng	baso
av - com ~ ipfv -cost	lin	one_peso	3. sg . subj - lin	cup
‘This cup costs 1 peso.’
Note: The DAT encoding of the Y-argument is also possible.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

B<in>aril	ni	Pedro	ang	ibon
< pv > pfv .shoot	pers . gen	pn	subj	bird
‘Pedro shot the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Nag-salin	si	Pedro	ng	asukal	sa	garapon
av . pfv -pour	pers . subj	pn	gen	sugar	dat	container
‘Pedro poured the sugar in a container.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-wala	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
pot . pv . pfv -lose	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

L<um>ubog	ang	troso	sa	tubig
< av > ipfv .sink	subj	log	dat	water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

P<in>atay	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .kill	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

S<in>untok	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .hit	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro hit Miguel’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

H<in>alik-an	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > pfv .kiss- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’
Note: Ask Sergey

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Naka-basa	si	Pedro	ng	isa-ng	nakakatuwa-ng	libro
pot . av . pfv -read	pers . subj	pn	gen	one- lin	interesting- lin	book
‘Pedro read an interesting book’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

G<in>alaw	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	daliri
< pv > pfv .move	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	finger
‘Pedro moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<Ni>re~respeto	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > ipfv ~respect	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Nan-di~diri	si	Pedro	sa	maru~rumi-ng	hugasin
ipfv . stem - ipfv ~to_feel_disgusted	pers . subj	pn	dat	dirty. pl - lin	dishes
‘Pedro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Ask Sergey

112. be content

Valency pattern: SBJNV_CAUSE

X: SBJNV

Y: CAUSE

Locus: XY

Kuntento	si	Pedro	dahil	sa	kaniya-ng	anak
content	pers . subj	pn	because.of	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	son
‘Pedro is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-pa-ibig	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
pot . pv . pfv - caus -fall_in_love	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

114. trust

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Nag-ti~tiwala	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
av - ipfv ~trust	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-ki-ki~simpatya	si	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	nanay
av - soc - ipfv ~sympathize	pers . subj	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	mother
‘Pedro sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

116. envy

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-i~inggit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~envy	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-ga~galit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~angry	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is angry with Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-gulat	si	Pedro	sa	regalo	sa	kaniya
stat . pv . pfv -shock	pers . subj	pn	dat	gift	dat	3. sg . dat
‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

Mahilig	sa	tsaa	si	Pedro
like. adj	dat	tea	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro loves tea’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective). The Y-argument can only be signalled by DAT.

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

Mahilig	si	Pedro	sa	mainit	na	tsaa
like. adj	pers . subj	pn	dat	hot	lin	tea
‘Pedro enjoys hot tea’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective). The Y-argument can only be signalled by DAT.

121. want

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Gusto	ni	Pedro	ng	bago-ng	telepono
like	pers . gen	pn	gen	new- lin	phone
‘Pedro wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The GEN marker on the Y-argument signals indefiniteness (otherwise SUBJ is required). Co-exists with the construction in 129. The pattern is exceptional and cannot be fitted into the classification based on voice contrasts.

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

May	sama	ng	loob	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
exist	bad	gen	feelings	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-galit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel.
stat . pv . pfv -angry	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro took offence at Miguel. (Pedro got angry at Miguel.)’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

I<ni>nis	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .upset	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro greatly upset Miguel’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-mangha	si	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	bayan
stat . pv . pfv ~be	amazed	pers . subj	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin town
‘Pedro marvelled at this town’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

126. despise

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

K<in>asu-suklam-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~despise- cv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

S<um>ama	ang	loob	ni	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	anak
< av > ipfv .get_bad	subj	feelings	pers . gen	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	son
‘Pedro got upset with his son.’ (Lit. ‘Pedro’s feelings at his son got bad.’)
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-i~irita	si	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	anak	na	babae
stat . pv - ipfv ~irritate	pers . subj	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	child	lin	female
‘Pedro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

Gusto	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
like	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro likes Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on similarity on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

130. be shy

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

I-k<in>a-hi~hiya	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	tangkad
cv -ka< pv > ipfv ~shy	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	height
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’
Note: Ask Sergey