BivalTyp

Tagalog

Contributed by Rowena Garcia and Rhenee Espayos (ResearchGate profile)

R.G.'s photo R.E.'s photo

The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. The identification of valency encoding devices and valency classes is primarily based on the system proposed by Sergei Klimenko (2019). His generous assistance with the data analysis is gratefully acknowledged.

Klimenko, Sergei (2019). Criteria for establishing the inventory of semantic participants and voices in Tagalog. Studies in language 43(1). 1-43.

How to cite

Garcia, Rowena & Rhenee Espayos. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Tagalog. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 11, 2023; last revised on December 13, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
masakit ang ulo ni Pedro
painful subj head pers . gen pn
‘Pedro’s head hurts.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE
X: SBJNV
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
may trangkaso si Pedro
exist flu pers . subj pn
‘Pedro has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-ta~takot si Pedro sa aso
av . ipfv - ipfv ~be_afraid pers . subj pn dat dog
‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>agis ni Pedro ang bato
< pv > pfv .throw pers . gen pn subj stone
‘Pedro threw a stone.’
Note: Co-exists with an AV construction.

5. have enough

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE
X: SBJNV
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
may sapat na pera na si Pedro
exist enough lin money already pers . subj pn
‘Pedro now has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ka-hawig ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng lolo
com -resemblance pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin grandfather
‘Pedro resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

7. believe

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-ni~niwala si Pedro kay Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~believe pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with the causativized construction with LV and Y argument marked as PERS.SUBJ.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<um>uha si Pedro ng libro
< av > pfv .take pers . subj pn gen book
‘Pedro took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-ki~kita ni Pedro ang bahay
pot . pv - ipfv ~see pers . gen pn subj house
‘Pedro sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
naka-ka~impluwensya sa memorya ang edad
pot . av - ipfv ~influence dat memory subj age
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: This kind of marking co-exists with the [SUBJ; GEN] encoding, hence the verb is classified as ACT_UND.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-ka-salubong ni Pedro si Miguel
pot - com -encounter[ pv ] pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
p<um>asok si Pedro sa bahay
< av > pfv .enter pers . subj pn dat house
‘Pedro entered the house.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled as "pa-loob ng bahay" [DIR-inside GEN house].

13. win

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
t<in>alo ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
l<um>abas si Pedro ng bahay
< av > pfv .go_out pers . subj pn gen house
‘Pedro went out of the house.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled as "pa-labas ng bahay" [DIR-exit GEN house].

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
d<in>a~dala ni Pedro ang baka sa pastulan
< pv > ipfv ~bring pers . gen pn subj cow dat pasture
‘Pedro is bringing the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
b<in>aluktot ni Pedro ang sanga
< pv > pfv .bend pers . gen pn subj branch
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
s<in>abih-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< pfv >say- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro told Miguel.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LIN
X: SBJNV
Y: LIN
Locus: XY
may hawak na libro si Pedro
exist hold lin book pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<um>abol si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > pfv .catch_up pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro caught up with Miguel.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
g<in>atas-an ni Pedro ang baka
< pv > pfv .milk- pv pers . gen pn subj cow
‘Pedro milked the cow.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

21. reach

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
naka-rating si Pedro sa bangko
pot . av . pfv -reach pers . subj pn dat bank
‘Pedro reached the bank.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled by a locative phrase, e.g. "pa-punta bangko" [DIR-go bank].

22. touch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>awak-an ni Pedro ang pader
< pfv >touch- pv pers . gen pn subj wall
‘Pedro touched the wall.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

23. fight

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<in>a~away ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~fight pers . gen pn subj pn
‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
kaibigan ni Pedro si Miguel
friend pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
<in>i~isip ni Pedro si Miguel
< ipfv > ipfv ~think[ lv ] pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’
Note: It seems to be impossible to find examples with the GEN ("ng") encoding of Y in the Actor Voice. Hence, this is classified as LV and ACT_LOC.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<um>ain si Pedro ng mansanas
< av > pfv .eat pers . subj pn gen apple
‘Pedro ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
pr<in>ito ni Pedro ang isda
< pv > pfv .fry pers . gen pn subj fish
‘Pedro fried the fish.’
Note: Co-exists with the AV construction.

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
nag-hi~hintay si Pedro kay Miguel
av - ipfv ~wait pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with a PV construction.

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-ka-limut-an ni Pedro ang iba pa-ng daan
pot . pfv - stem -forget- pv pers . gen pn subj other clitic- lin way
‘Pedro forgot about the other road.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

30. depend

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC
X: SBJNV
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
naka-depende ang memorya sa edad
stat -depend subj memory dat age
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (state).

31. call

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
t<in>awag ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .call pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro called Miguel.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-kilala ni Pedro si Miguel
pot . pfv . pv -know pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro got to know Miguel.’
Note: Verbal predicate.

33. know

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV
X: ACT
Y: SBJNV
Locus: Y
kilala ni Pedro si Miguel
knows pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (pseudo-verb). The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
t<um>u~tugtog ng gitara si Pedro
< av > ipfv ~play gen guitar pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
<um>i~iwas si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > ipfv ~avoid pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible. Co-exists with the LV construction.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
g<um>awa ng panghuli ng daga si Pedro
< av > pfv .make gen trap gen rat pers . subj pn
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
p<in>ag-ta~tawan-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~laugh- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

38. have

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE
X: SBJNV
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
may kotse si Pedro
exist car pers . subj pn
‘Pedro has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>a~hanap ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
< pv > ipfv ~find pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin keys
‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>inturah-an ni Pedro ang bakod
< pfv >paint- pv pers . gen pn subj fence
‘Pedro painted the fence.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<in>agat ng aso si Pedro
< pv > pfv ~bite gen dog pers . subj pn
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: LOC_ACT
X: LOC
Y: ACT
Locus: X
na-wala-n ng bahay si Pedro
pot . pfv -lose- lv gen house pers . subj pn
‘Pedro lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>u~huli ni Pedro ang pusa
< pv > ipfv ~catch pers . gen pn subj cat
‘Pedro is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-bali ni Pedro ang patpat
pot . pv . pfv -break pers . gen pn subj stick
‘Pedro broke a stick.’
Note: Alternative is a POT.AV construction.

45. flatter

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
b<in>o~bola ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~flatter pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
m<in>a~mahal ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~love pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
w<in>a~wagayway ni Pedro ang panyo
< pv > ipfv ~wave pers . gen pn subj handkerchief
‘Pedro is waving the handkerchief.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-nga~ngarap si Pedro ng bago-ng sasakyan
av - ipfv ~dream pers . subj pn gen new- lin vehicle
‘Pedro is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Alternative is the CAUS<PV> construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>ugas-an ni Pedro ang baso
< pfv >wash- pv pers . gen pn subj cup
‘Pedro washed the cup.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
i-s<in>uot ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng pantalon
cv < pv > pfv .put_on pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin trousers
‘Pedro put on his trousers.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

51. be called

Valency pattern: UND_LIN
X: UND
Y: LIN
Locus: XY
t<in>a~tawag na compass ang gamit na ito
< pv > ipfv ~call lin compass subj tool lin prx . subj
‘This tool is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>arusah-an ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng anak
< pfv >punish- pv pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin son
‘Pedro punished his son.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

53. attack

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<in>atake ng oso ang mangingisda
< pv > pfv .attack gen bear subj fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: UND_ACT
X: UND
Y: ACT
Locus: X
na-puno ng tubig ang timba
pot . pv . pfv -fill gen water subj bucket
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-hanap ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
pot . pv . pfv -find pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin keys
‘Pedro found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: UND_ACT
X: UND
Y: ACT
Locus: X
k<in>ulang ng piso si Pedro
< pv > pfv .fall_short gen peso pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is one peso short.’
Note: The valency label is partially arbitrary, since this verb does not fit the usual scheme: the encoding of arguments is not affected by the contrast between voice markers on the verb.

57. hate

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-ga~galit si Pedro kay Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

58. like

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV
X: ACT
Y: SBJNV
Locus: Y
gusto ni Pedro ito-ng damit
like pers . gen pn 3. sg . subj - lin shirt
‘Pedro likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

59. need

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-nga~ngailang-an si Pedro ng pera
ipfv . av - ipf ~need- av pers . subj pn gen money
‘Pedro needs money.’

60. surround

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-pali~libut-an ng pader ang lungsod
ipfv . mod - man - ipfv ~surround- lv gen wall subj city
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE
X: SBJNV
Y: BARE
Locus: XY
may sampung-piso na lang si Pedro
exist ten-peso now only pers . subj pn
‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
s<in>agot ni Pedro ang guro
< pfv >answer[ lv ] pers . gen pn subj teacher
‘Pedro answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
nag-bukas si Pedro ng lata
av . pfv -open pers . subj pn gen can
‘Pedro opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-i~iba ang damit ko sa iyo
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_different[ av ] subj shirt 1. sg . gen dat yours
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-huli si Pedro kay Miguel
< pfv > stem -be_last[ av ] pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<in>a~araro ni Pedro ang bukid
< pv > ipfv ~plough pers . gen pn subj field
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’
Note: Co-exists with the AV-construction.

67. smell

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
na-nga~ngamoy gasolina ang kamay ko
av . stem . ipfv ~ ipfv -smell gasoline subj hands 1. sg . gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument.

68. cross

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
t<um>awid si Pedro sa kalsada
< av > pfv .cross pers . subj pn dat road
‘Pedro crossed the road.’
Note: The Y-argument can be also introduced by PATH-expressions, such as "pa-tawid ng ilog" [DIR-cross GEN river].

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<um>anta si Pedro ng maganda-ng kanta
< av > pfv .sing pers . subj pn gen beautiful- lin song
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
s<um>ulat si Pedro ng liham
< av > pfv .write pers . subj pn gen letter
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<um>inom si Pedro ng gatas
< av > pfv .drink pers . subj pn gen milk
‘Pedro drank the milk.’
Note: Co-exists with the PV-construction.

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
t<in>unaw ni Pedro ang piraso ng tingga
< pv > pfv .melt pers . gen pn subj piece gen lead
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC
X: SBJNV
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
bagay ang sinturon sa damit ko
appropriate subj belt dat dress 1. sg . gen
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

74. leave

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
ni-lisan ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng pinanggalingan
pfv -leave[ p ath v ] pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin native_city
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Note: The Y-argument can be also introduced by PATH-expressions in AV constructions, such as "l<um>isan pa-alis Maynila" [<AV>PFV.leave DIR-leave Manila].

75. cover

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-ta~takp-an ng karpet ang buo-ng sahig
pot . ipfv - ipfv ~cover- lv gen carpet subj whole- lin floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-a~alala pa ni Pedro ang bahay na kinalakihan niya
pot . pv - ipfv ~remember still pers . gen pn subj house lin place_where_one_grew_up 3. sg . gen
‘Pedro still remembers the house where he grew up.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
t<in>u~lung-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< pfv > pfv ~help- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro helped Miguel.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
naka-ka~intindi si Pedro ng French
pot . av - ipfv ~understand pers . subj pn gen f rench
‘Pedro understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
t<in>ama-an ng kidlat ang bahay
< pfv >hit- lv gen lightning subj house
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ACT_gamit
X: ACT
Y: gamit
Locus: Y
na-hiwa ni Pedro ang sarili gamit ang pang-ahit
pot . pv . pfv -cut pers . gen pn subj self using subj razor
‘Pedro cut himself with a razor.’
Note: gamit is a originally a verb that has partially grammaticalized into a preposition.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-dikit ang baso sa mesa
< pfv > stem -stick[ av ] subj glass dat table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-talo si Pedro kay Miguel
< pfv > stem -lose[ av ] pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-galak si Pedro sa sulat
< pfv > stem -be_glad[ av ] pers . subj pn dat letter
‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

84. speak

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-ki~ki-pag-usap si Pedro kay Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-nganak ng anak na lalaki si Maria
av . pfv -give_birth gen child lin male pers . subj pn
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-hulog ni Pedro ang salamin
pot . pv . pfv -drop pers . gen pn subj glass
‘Pedro dropped the glass.’
Note: Co-exists with the regular PV construction that implies intentional action and has the same encoding frame.

87. govern

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>a-mu~munu-an ni Pedro ang amin-g bayan
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~head- pv pers . gen pn subj 1. pl . ex . dat - lin town
‘Pedro runs our town.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

88. miss

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-ngu~ngulila si Pedro kay Maria
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~feel_lonely[ av ] pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro misses Maria.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
s<um>u~sunod si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > ipfv ~follow pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’
Note: It is possible that the Y argument is actually a PATH, but it is not easy to identify uses with an explicit path-like encoding, hence it is classified as LOC.

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ACT_mulaPATH
X: ACT
Y: mulaPATH
Locus: Y
b<um>aba si Pedro mula sa kabayo
< av > pfv .go_down pers . subj pn from dat horse
‘Pedro got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-ki~kinig si Pedro sa radyo
< av > ipfv ~listen pers . subj pn dat radio
‘Pedro is listening to radio.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with the same Y-argument, hence ACT_UND.

92. obey

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
s<um>u~sunod palagi si Pedro sa nanay niya
< av > ipfv ~obey always pers . subj pn dat mother 3. sg . gen
‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible, hence ACT_UND. Co-exists with the PV-construction.

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-ri~rinig ni Pedro ang tugtugin
pot . pv . ipfv ~hear pers . gen pn subj music
‘Pedro hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
h<um>alo ang pulot sa gatas
< av > pfv .mix subj honey dat milk
‘The honey got accidentally mixed with the milk.’
Note: This is classified this as ACT_LOC because "sa" does not seem to alternate with "ng".

95. look

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
t<in>i~tign-an ni Pedro ang ulap
< ipfv > ipfv ~look- lv pers . gen pn subj cloud
‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>ubad ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng damit
< pv > pfv .take_off pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin shirt
‘Pedro took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-pa~panaginip-an ni Pedro si Maria
pot . ipfv - ipfv ~dream- pv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

98. agree

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
s<um>ang-ayon si Pedro kay Miguel
< av > pfv .agree pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro agreed with Miguel.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<in>away si Pedro ni Maria
< pv > pfv .fight pers . subj pn pers . gen pn
‘Maria quarreled with Pedro.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: ACT_LIN
X: ACT
Y: LIN
Locus: Y
nag-ka~ka-halaga ng piso ito-ng baso
av - com ~ ipfv -cost lin peso 3. sg . subj - lin cup
‘This cup costs 1 peso.’
Note: The DAT encoding of the Y-argument is also possible.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
b<in>aril ni Pedro ang ibon
< pv > pfv .shoot pers . gen pn subj bird
‘Pedro shot the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
nag-salin si Pedro ng asukal sa garapon
av . pfv -pour pers . subj pn gen sugar dat container
‘Pedro poured the sugar in a container.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-wala ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
pot . pv . pfv -lose pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
l<um>ubog ang troso sa tubig
< av > ipfv .sink subj log dat water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>atay ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .kill pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
s<in>untok ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .hit pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro hit Miguel.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>alik-an ni Pedro si Maria
pfv .kiss- pv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
naka-basa si Pedro ng isa-ng nakakatuwa-ng libro
pot . av . pfv -read pers . subj pn gen one- lin interesting- lin book
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
g<in>alaw ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng daliri
< pv > pfv .move pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin finger
‘Pedro moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<ni>re~respeto ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~respect pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
nan-di~diri si Pedro sa maru~rumi-ng hugasin
av . ipfv - ipfv ~get_disgusted pers . subj pn dat dirty. pl - lin dishes
‘Pedro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

112. be content

Valency pattern: SBJNV_CAUSE
X: SBJNV
Y: CAUSE
Locus: XY
kuntento si Pedro dahil sa kaniya-ng anak
content pers . subj pn because.of dat 3. sg . dat - lin son
‘Pedro is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-pa-ibig si Pedro kay Maria
av . pfv - caus -fall_in_love pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

114. trust

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
nag-ti~tiwala si Pedro kay Maria
av - ipfv ~trust pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
na-ki-ki~simpatya si Pedro sa kaniya-ng nanay
av - soc - ipfv ~sympathize pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin mother
‘Pedro sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

116. envy

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-i~inggit si Pedro kay Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~envy pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-ga~galit si Pedro kay Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~get_angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro is angry with Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-gulat si Pedro sa regalo sa kaniya
av . pfv -get_surprised pers . subj pn dat gift dat 3. sg . dat
‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC
X: SBJNV
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
mahilig sa tsaa si Pedro
like. adj dat tea pers . subj pn
‘Pedro loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC
X: SBJNV
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
mahilig si Pedro sa mainit na tsaa
like. adj pers . subj pn dat hot lin tea
‘Pedro enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective). The Y-argument can only be signalled by DAT.

121. want

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gusto ni Pedro ng bago-ng telepono
like pers . gen pn gen new- lin phone
‘Pedro wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The GEN marker on the Y-argument signals indefiniteness (otherwise SUBJ is required). Co-exists with the construction in 129. The pattern is exceptional and cannot be fitted into the classification based on voice contrasts.

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC
X: SBJNV
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
may sama ng loob si Pedro kay Miguel
exist bad gen feelings pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-galit si Pedro kay Miguel
av . pfv -get_angry pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro took offence at Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
i<ni>nis ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .upset pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro greatly upset Miguel.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-mangha si Pedro sa kaniya-ng bayan
av . pfv ~get_amazed pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin town
‘Pedro marvelled at this town.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

126. despise

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
k<in>asu-suklam-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~despise- cv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
s<um>ama ang loob ni Pedro sa kaniya-ng anak
< av > ipfv .get_bad subj feelings pers . gen pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin son
‘Pedro got upset with his son.’ (Lit. ‘Pedro’s feelings at his son got bad.’)
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-i~irita si Pedro sa kaniya-ng anak na babae
av . ipfv - ipfv ~get_irritated pers . subj pn dat 3. sg . dat - lin child lin female
‘Pedro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV
X: ACT
Y: SBJNV
Locus: Y
gusto ni Pedro si Maria
like pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro likes Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

130. be shy

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
i-k<in>a-hi~hiya ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng tangkad
cv -< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_ashamed pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin height
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.