Kandyk Tabasaran

Contributed by Natalia Bogomolova

Dagmara Seferova-Juzbekova provided the translations in 2023. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Bogomolova, Natalia. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kandyk Tabasaran. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 7, 2024; last revised on March 7, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.8, 47.88.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS

X: GEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-n	k’ul	ic:-ura
pn - gen	head( abs )	be.sick- prs
‘Fatima has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS

X: CONT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-k	grip	k-iv-na
pn - cont	flu( abs )	cont -put- res
‘Fatima has a flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: APUD.ELAT

Locus: XY

fatima.ji-z	χuj-ir.i-x-a	guc’-uru
pn - dat	dog- pl - apud - elat	be.afraid- hab
‘Fatima is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmed-ǯi	ʁan	gat’a<b>x-nu
pn - erg	stone( abs )	< n . sg >throw- pst
‘Mahamad threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	pul	hu<b>k’-ra
pn - dat	money( abs )	< n . sg >be.enough- prs
‘Fatima has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT

X: ABS

Y: POST.LAT

Locus: Y

fatima	ča-n	mama.ji-q-na	ʁ-uš-ur=u
pn ( abs )	3. sg . refl - gen	mother- post - lat	pf -( h . sg )go- part = cop ( prs )
‘Fatima resembles her mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

7. believe

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmed.a-q	q-uˁʁ-uru
pn ( abs )	pn - post	post -( h . sg )believe- hab
‘Fatima believes Mahamad.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmed-ǯi	polka.ji-l-a	pul	ʁada<b>ʁ-nu
pn - erg	shelf- super - elat	money( abs )	< n . sg >take- pst
‘Mahamad took money from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	maˁhaˁmаd	raˁqːuˁ-ra
pn - dat	pn ( abs )	( h . sg )see- prs
‘Fatima sees Mahamad.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

jaš	špaq	fikir	ʁu<b>z-u-dar
age( abs )	with	thought( abs )	< n . sg >remain- prs - neg
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmed.a-q-ǯi	alaq-nu
pn ( abs )	pn - post - dir	( h . sg )encounter- pst
‘Fatima encountered Mahamad.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: ABS_IN

X: ABS

Y: IN

Locus: Y

ma’ha’mad	χla-ʔ	uc̊’-nu
pn ( abs )	house- in	( h . sg )enter- pst
‘Mahamad entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	maˁhaˁmad	qtip-nu
pn - erg	pn ( abs )	( n . sg )overtake- pst
‘Fatima beat Mahamad.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: ABS_IN.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: IN.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	χl.a-an	uduc̊’-nu
pn ( abs )	house-( in ) elat	( h . sg )go.out- pst
‘Mahamad went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	χni	χtl.i-z	ut’u<b>kː-nu
pn - erg	cow( abs )	field- dat	( n . sg )drive- pst
‘Mahamad drove the cow out to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	t’ul	q’uǯal	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	branch( abs )	twofold	pf -do- pst
‘Fatima bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

fatima-ji	maˁhaˁmad.a-z	fu	vuš ʁa-p-nu
pn - erg	pn - dat	something	pf -say- pst
‘Fatima told Mahamad something.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ktab	χl.i	di-b-is-na
pn - erg	book( abs )	hand( in )	res - n . sg -catch- res
‘Mahamad is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	fatima.ji-q	qu<r>q’u-nu
pn ( abs )	pn - post	< h . sg >get.up.to- pst
‘Mahamad caught up with Fatima.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	χni	kːudu<b>z-nu
pn - erg	cow( abs )	< n . sg >milk- pst
‘Fatima milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT

X: ABS

Y: POST.LAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	lodka.ji-ǯi	ʁiraʁi.ǯi-q-na	qu<r>q’-nu
pn ( abs )	boat-( in ) dir	bank- post - lat	< h . sg >reach- pst
‘Mahamad reached the bank of the river.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT

X: ABS

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	cal.i-k	ku<r>k’-u	kac’-nu
pn ( abs )	wall- cont	< h . sg >touch- pf conv	( h . sg )get.dirty- pst
‘Mahamad touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmad.a-q-ǯi	kič’i<r>χ-na
pn ( abs )	pn - post - dir	< h . sg >fight- res
‘Fatima got into a fight with Mahamad.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS

X: GEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

mahamad.a-n	dust	vu	fatima
pn - gen	friend( abs )	cop ( prs )	pn ( abs )
‘Fatima is a friend of Mahamad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT

X: ERG

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	fatima.ji-k-an	fikr-ar	ap’-ura
pn - erg	pn - cont - elat	thought- pl ( abs )	do- prs
‘Mahamad is thinking about Fatima.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	aš	ʁ-ip’-nu
pn - erg	porridge( abs )	pf -eat- pst
‘Mahamad ate porridge.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	jikː	žarit’	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	meat( abs )	roast	pf -do- pst
‘Fatima fried meat.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmad.a-z	kːilig-ura
pn ( abs )	pn - dat	wait.for- prs
‘Fatima is waiting for Mahamad.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	vstreča	k’aʔ-l-an	ʁ-u<b>š-nu
pn - dat	meeting( abs )	heart- super - elat	pf -< n . sg >go- pst
‘Fatima forgot about the meeting.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.ELAT

Locus: Y

šadval	pul-il-an	asilu	vu
happiness( abs )	money- super - elat	dependent	cop ( prs )
‘Happiness depends on money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

fatima-ji	maˁhaˁmad.a-z	ǯaχ	ʁ-ap’nu
pn - erg	pn - dat	voice	pf -do- pst
‘Fatima called Mahamad.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

mahamad	fatima.ji-q-ǯi	taniš	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	pn - post - dir	acquaintance	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad got to know Fatima.’

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	maˁhaˁmad	aˁʁ-aˁ
pn - dat	pn ( abs )	know- prs
‘Fatima knows Mahamad.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

rasul-i	zurna	jiv-ura
pn - erg	zurna( abs )	hit- prs
‘Rasul is playing zurna.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: APUD.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	fatima.ji-x-an	žin	šul-a
pn ( abs )	pn - apud - elat	hide	become- prs
‘Mahamad is avoiding Fatima.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	q’uˁl-ar.i-n	ruqar	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	mouse- pl - gen	trap( abs )	pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmad.ʔ-in	aˁlq-uˁra
pn ( abs )	pn - super	( h . sg )laugh- prs
‘Fatima is making fun of Mahamad.’

38. have

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhamad.a-z	mašin	a
pn - dat	car( abs )	( in )be( prs )
‘Mahamad has a car.’

39. look for

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

mahamad	ǯülher.i-q	lic-ura
pn ( abs )	key- post	( h . sg )look.for- prs
‘Mahamad is looking for his key.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	arčil.i-z	šir	jiv-ura
pn - erg	fence- dat	color( abs )	hit- prs
‘Mahamad is painting the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

χu-ji	maˁhaˁmad.a-z	q’ac’	ʁ-ap’-nu
dog- erg	pn - dat	bite	pf -do- pst
‘A dog bit Mahamad.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: APUD.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	χl.a-x-an	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	house- apud - elat	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad lost (his) house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

mahamad-ǯi	gatu	b-is-ura
pn - erg	cat( abs )	n . sg -catch- prs
‘Mahamad is catching the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

mahamad-ǯi	marʁ	ʁ-uˁ<b>ʁ-uˁ-nu
pn - erg	stick( abs )	pf -< n . sg >break- pst
‘Mahamad broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mahamad-ǯi	fatima.ji-z	uc̊ːur-dar	gaf-ar	ap’-ura
pn - erg	pn - dat	nice- pl	word- pl	do- prs
‘Mahamad is flattering Fatima.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmed.a-z	fatima	kːun-ǯa
pn - dat	pn ( abs )	love- prs
‘Mahamad loves Fatima.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	jaʁluq	t’u<b>c̊ː-ura
pn - erg	scarf( abs )	< n . sg >wave- prs
‘Fatima is waving a scarf.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT

X: ERG

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

mahamad-ǯi	c’iji	mašin.ǯi-k-an	fikr-ar	ap’-ura
pn - erg	new	car- cont - elat	thought- pl	do- prs
‘Mahamad is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	ʁab	ʁi-ǯi<b>k’-nu
pn - erg	plate( abs )	< n . sg >wash- pst
‘Fatima washed the plate.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	kːurt	ala<b>x-nu
pn - erg	shirt( abs )	< n . sg >put.on- pst
‘Mahamad put on the shirt.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)

X: ABS

Y: ABS(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ha-mu	mutmu	kompas	k’ur-u-b	vu
emph -3. p	thing( abs )	compass	say- part - n . sg	cop
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ča-n	baž	nakazat’	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	refl - gen	boy( abs )	punish	pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

š̊eʔ	maˁhaˁmed.ʔ-in	ala<b>q-nu
bear( abs )	pn - super	< n . sg >attack- pst
‘The bear attacked Mahamad.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG

X: ABS

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

bedra	marxal.i-n	št-u	a<b>c’-nu
bucket( abs )	rain- gen	water- erg	< n . sg >fill- pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmed.a-z	žulg-er	ʁi-d-iq-nu
pn - dat	key- pl ( abs )	pf - pl -find- pst
‘Mahamad found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	sa-b	million	hu<b>k’-ra-dar	χal	ʁada<b>ʁu-z
pn - dat	one- n . sg	million( abs )	< n . sg >suffice- prs - neg	house( abs )	< n . sg >buy- inf
‘Mahamad lacks one million to buy a house.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	maˁhaˁmad	da-kːun-ǯi=vu
pn - dat	pn ( abs )	neg -love- conv = cop ( prs )
‘Fatima hates Mahamad.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	ha-mu	kːurt	q’abul	du-b-x-na
pn - dat	emph -3. p	dress( abs )	like	res - n . sg -become- res
‘Fatima likes this dress.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	pul	gerek=ǯa
pn - dat	money( abs )	need= cop ( prs )
‘Fatima needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

cal-ar-i	ʁul	qaˁl.aˁ-ʔ	t’ap’-ra
wall- pl - erg	village( abs )	middle- in	( n . sg )drive- prs
‘Walls surround the village.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: APUD_ABS

X: APUD

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-x	varž	manat-č’a	x-am-dar
pn - apud	hundred	money( abs )-than	apud -remain- neg ( prs )
‘Fatima does not have more than hundred rubles / money.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	učl.i-z	düzi	zavab	tuv-nu
pn - erg	teacher- dat	right	answer	give- pst
‘Mahamad gave the teacher the right answer.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	bank	t’ap’-nu
pn - erg	can	( n . sg )open- pst
‘Fatima opened a/the can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: ABS_COMP

X: ABS

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmed.a-n	mašin	rasul.i-n=u-b=si=b	dar
pn - gen	car( abs )	pn - gen = cop - n - sg = comp - n . sg	neg ː cop
‘Mahamed’s car is not the same as Rasul’s.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul	maˁhaˁmad.a-n	qaˁl.aˁ-q	qaq-nu
pn ( abs )	pn - gen	back- post	( h . sg )fall.on- pst
‘Rasul fell behind Mahamad’.
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	χt’il	qaap’-ra
pn - erg	field( abs )	plough- prs
‘Mahamad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: POST_GEN

X: X

Y: Y

Locus: XY

χl-ar.i-q	benzin.ǯi-n	niʔ	q-a
hand- pl - post	bezine- gen	smell( abs )	post -be( prs )
‘(My) hands smell of benzine.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	ʁaq’-l-an	ulduc̊’-nu
pn ( abs )	road- super - elat	( h . sg )cross- pst
‘Mahamad crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ma’ha’mad-ǯi	uc̊ːu-b	maˁʔli	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	nice- n . sg	song( abs )	pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	maˁhaˁmad.a-z	kaʁaz	ʁi-b-ik’-nu
pn - erg	pn - dat	letter( abs )	pf - n . sg -write- pst
‘Fatima wrote Mahamad a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

rasul-i	nikː	ʁ-uχ-nu
pn - erg	milk( abs )	pf -drink- pst
‘Rasul drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ruq’	here<b>c’-nu
pn - erg	iron( abs )	< n . sg >melt- pst
‘Mahamad melted a piece of iron.’

73. match

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

ha-mu	jaʁluq	jiz	kːurt.ǯi-q-ǯi	balg-ura
emph -3. sg	scarf( abs )	my	dress- post - dir	suit- prs
‘The scarf goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: ABS_IN.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: IN.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	ʁul-ʔ-an	ʁ-uš-nu
pn ( abs )	village- in - elat	pf -go.out- pst
‘Mahamad left the village.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

hal-vi	polkːe<b>k-na
carpet- erg	floor( abs ) < n . sg >cover- res
‘The carpet covered the floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	baʁri	χal	uc̊ːuji	k’a-in=ǯa
pn - dat	native	house( abs )	well	heart- super =( in )be( prs )
‘Mahamad remembers well his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

fatima-ji	dada.ji-z	kmek	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	mother- dat	help	pf -do- pst
‘Fatima helped (her) mother.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN

X: ABS

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	aˁrab	č’al.na-n	ʁav.ri	aq-ra
pn ( abs )	a rab	language- gen	consciousness( in )	( h . sg )fall- prs
‘Mahamad understands the Arab language.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT

X: ABS

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

q’uˁrq’.li-n	c’a	χl.a-k	ku<b>k’-nu
lightning- gen	fire( abs )	house- cont	< n . sg >struck- pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.DIR

X: ABS

Y: APUD.DIR

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	britva.ji-x-ǯi	hadat’-nu
pn ( abs )	razor- apud - dir	( h . sg )cut- pst
‘Mahamad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT

X: ABS

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

stakan	stol.i-k	ka<b>s-na
glass( abs )	table- cont	< n . sg >stick- res
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul	maˁhˁame.da-z	proigrat	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	pn - dat	lose	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Rasul lost Mahamad.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	kaʁaz.i-z	šad	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	letter- dat	glad	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: ERG_POST.DIR

X: ERG

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

dadi-ji	fatima.jj-q-ǯi	gaf-ar	ap’-ura
mother- erg	pn - post - dir	word- pl	do- prs
‘The mother is speaking with Fatima’.

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	baž	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	boy( abs )	pf -do- pst
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS

X: APUD.ELAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmed-x-an	stakan	tada<b>x-nu
pn - apud - elat	glass( abs )	< n . sg >drop- pst
‘Mahamad dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmed-ǯi	ʁul.a-n	aˁχuval	ap’-ura
pn - erg	village- gen	superiority	do- prs
‘Mahamed runs our village.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss

Valency pattern: GEN_APUD

X: GEN

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

maˁhaˁmed.a-n	juk̊’	fatima.ji-x	du-b-x-na
pn - gen	heart( abs )	pn - apud	res - n . sg -become- res
‘Mahamad misses Fatima.
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

89. follow

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

Mahamad	Rasul.i-q-ǯi	aˁ-ra
pn ( abs )	pn - post - dir	go- prs
‘Mahamad is following Rasul.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	haˁjvn.i-l-an	eldeʔ-nu
pn ( abs )	horse- super - elat	( h . sg )get.down- pst
‘Mahamad got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ABS_DIR

X: ABS

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

rasul	radio.ji-q	qebeq-na
r asul( abs )	radio- post	listen- res
‘He listens to the radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

baž	dada.ji-q	qpeq-ru-r=u
boy( abs )	mother- post	obey- part - h . sg = cop ( prs )
‘The boy obeys his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	ses	ʁ-e<b>x-nu
pn - dat	voice( abs )	pf -< n . sg >hear- pst
‘She heard a noise.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.DIR

X: ABS

Y: APUD.DIR

Locus: Y

šid	q’ar.a-x-ǯi	kibiq’-na
water( abs )	mud- apud - dir	mix- res
‘Water mixed with mud.’

95. look

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	zavar.i-z	lig-ura
pn ( abs )	sky- dat	look- prs
‘He is looking at the sky.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	kurtka	qti<b>t-nu
pn - erg	jacket( abs )	< n . sg >take.off- pst
‘Mahamad took off (his) jacket’.

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-z	ʁul	nimk’.u-k-ǯi	raˁ>b>q-uˁra
pn - dat	village( abs )	dream- cont - dir	< n . sg >see- prs
‘Fatima dreams about the village’.

98. agree

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

rasul	dada.ji-q-ǯi	razi	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	mother- post - dir	satisfied	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Rasul agreed with (his) mother’.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR

X: ABS

Y: POST.DIR

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmad.a-q-ǯi	eleg-nu
pn ( abs )	pn - post - dir	dispute- pst \|
‘Fatima had a quarrel with Mahamad’

100. cost

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)

X: ABS

Y: ABS(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

hamu	mašin	q’ub	milion	vu
emph -3. p	car( abs )	two	million	cop ( prs )
‘This car costs two million (rubles)’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	žaq’.li-z	ʁ-iv-nu
pn - erg	bird- dat	pf -hit- pst
‘Mahamad shot at the bird. (He missed.)

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	šakar	čaška.ji-ʔ	a<b>x-nu
pn - erg	sugar( abs )	cup- in	< n . sg >pour- pst
‘Fatima poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ǯülg-er	ʁu-du<r>g-nu
pn - erg	key- pl ( abs )	pf -< pl >lose- pst
‘Mahamad lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB

X: ABS

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

k’ak’ul	štu-kː	kː-a<b>q-nu
wood( abs )	water- sub	sub -< n . sg >sink- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ǯanavar	ʁa-b-k’-nu
pn - erg	wolf( abs )	pf - n . sg -kill- pst
‘Mahamad killed the wolf.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	rasul.i-z	ʁ-iv-nu
pn - erg	pn - dat	pf -hit- pst
‘Mahamad hit Rasul’.

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

rasul-i	dada.ji-z	mak	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	mother- dat	kiss	pf -do- pst
‘Rasul kissed (his) mother’.

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	mu	ktab	ʁ-u<r>χ-nu
pn - erg	3. p	book( abs )	pf -read- pst
‘Fatima read this book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	tub-ar	ʁ-iris̊-nu
pn - erg	finger- pl ( abs )	( h . sg )move- pst
‘Mahamad moved (his) fingers.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

rasul.i-n	maˁhaˁmad.a-z	uvaženije	a
pn - gen	pn - dat	respect	( in ) cop ( prs )
‘Pasul respects Mahamad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmed.a-z	ǯarandin	ʁab-ar	kːun-dar
pn - dat	unfamiliar	plate- pl ( abs )	love- neg ( prs )
‘Mahamad does not like unfamiliar dishes.’

112. be content

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	balʔ-in	razi	vu
pn ( abs )	boy- super	satisfied	cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad is satisfied with (his) son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	fatima	kːun	ʁa-x-nu
pn - dat	pn ( abs )	love	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad fell in love with Fatima.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS

X: GEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

rasul.i-n	maˁhaˁmad.ǯi-in	quʁval	al
pn - gen	pn - super	trust( abs )	(super)be
‘Rasul trusts Mahamad’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER

X: DAT

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

rasul.i-z	dad.ij-in	jazuq-ǯi	vu
pn - dat	mother- super	pity- adv	cop ( prs )
‘Rasul sympathises with (his) mother.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmed	rasul.i-in	ʁanix-ǯi	vu
pn ( abs )	pn - super	eager- adv	cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad envies Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

maˁhaˁmed.a-z	Rasul.i-k-an	qaˁl	k-a
pn - dat	pn - cont - elat	anger	cont -be( prs )
‘Mahamad is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

fatima	podarok.ǯi-in	rusvah	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	gift- super	surprise	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Fatima was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	meʔli	čaj	kːun-i-b	vu
pn - dat	sweet	tea( abs )	love- part - n . sg	cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad loves sweet tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ebcru	čaj	uχ-ura
pn - erg	hot	tea( abs )	drink- prs
‘Mahamad is drinking hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

rasul.i-z	c’iji	telefon	kːun-ǯa
pn - dat	new	phone( abs )	love- prs
‘Rasul wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

dada.ji-z	bal-k-an	qaˁl	k-a
mother- dat	boy- cont - elat	anger	cont -be( prs )
‘The mother has a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT

X: ERG

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

fatima-ji	rasul.i-k-an	qaˁl	d-ap’-na
pn - erg	pn - cont - elat	anger	res -do- res
‘Fatima took offence at Rasul’.

124. upset

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Fatima-ji	dada.ji-z	derd	tuv-nu
pn - erg	mother- dat	sadness	give- pst
‘Fatima upset her mother.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	ha-mu	χabr.i-in	aˁlamat	du-x-na
pn ( abs )	emph-3. p	news- super	marvel	res -( h . sg )become- res
‘Mahamad marvelled at this news.’

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	kːun-dar	kuč’-lar	ap’-ru	adm-ir
pn - dat	love- neg ( prs )	lie- pl	do- part	person- pl
‘Mahamad does not like people who lie.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

127. get upset

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

daši.ji-z	ča-n	bal-k-an	derd	ʁa-b-x-nu
mother- dat	refl ( sg )- gen	boy- cont - elat	sadness	pf - n . sg -become- pst
‘The mother got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

fatima.ji-z	ča-n	šur-k-an	qaˁl	ʁ-ura
pn - dat	refl ( sg )- gen	girl- cont - elat	angry	go- prs
‘Fatima is getting irritated with her daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT

X: DAT

Y: CONT.ELAT

Locus: XY

maˁhaˁmad.a-z	ča-n	bic’i	post.na-k-an	nač	k-a
pn - dat	refl - gen	small	height- cont - elat	shy	cont -be( prs )
‘Mahamad is shy about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.