BivalTyp

Kandyk Tabasaran

Contributed by Natalia Bogomolova

Dagmara Seferova-Juzbekova provided the translations in 2023. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Bogomolova, Natalia. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kandyk Tabasaran. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 7, 2024; last revised on March 7, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-n k’ul ic:-ura
pn - gen head( abs ) be.sick- prs
‘Fatima has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS
X: CONT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-k grip k-iv-na
pn - cont flu( abs ) cont -put- res
‘Fatima has a flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: APUD.ELAT
Locus: XY
fatima.ji-z χuj-ir.i-x-a guc’-uru
pn - dat dog- pl - apud - elat be.afraid- hab
‘Fatima is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmed-ǯi ʁan gat’a<b>x-nu
pn - erg stone( abs ) < n . sg >throw- pst
‘Mahamad threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z pul hu<b>k’-ra
pn - dat money( abs ) < n . sg >be.enough- prs
‘Fatima has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
fatima ča-n mama.ji-q-na ʁ-uš-ur=u
pn ( abs ) 3. sg . refl - gen mother- post - lat pf -( h . sg )go- part = cop ( prs )
‘Fatima resembles her mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

7. believe

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
fatima maˁhaˁmed.a-q q-uˁʁ-uru
pn ( abs ) pn - post post -( h . sg )believe- hab
‘Fatima believes Mahamad.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmed-ǯi polka.ji-l-a pul ʁada<b>ʁ-nu
pn - erg shelf- super - elat money( abs ) < n . sg >take- pst
‘Mahamad took money from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z maˁhaˁmаd raˁqːuˁ-ra
pn - dat pn ( abs ) ( h . sg )see- prs
‘Fatima sees Mahamad.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jaš špaq fikir ʁu<b>z-u-dar
age( abs ) with thought( abs ) < n . sg >remain- prs - neg
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
fatima maˁhaˁmed.a-q-ǯi alaq-nu
pn ( abs ) pn - post - dir ( h . sg )encounter- pst
‘Fatima encountered Mahamad.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
ma’ha’mad χla-ʔ uc̊’-nu
pn ( abs ) house- in ( h . sg )enter- pst
‘Mahamad entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji maˁhaˁmad qtip-nu
pn - erg pn ( abs ) ( n . sg )overtake- pst
‘Fatima beat Mahamad.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: ABS_IN.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: IN.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad χl.a-an uduc̊’-nu
pn ( abs ) house-( in ) elat ( h . sg )go.out- pst
‘Mahamad went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi χni χtl.i-z ut’u<b>kː-nu
pn - erg cow( abs ) field- dat ( n . sg )drive- pst
‘Mahamad drove the cow out to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji t’ul q’uǯal ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg branch( abs ) twofold pf -do- pst
‘Fatima bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
fatima-ji maˁhaˁmad.a-z fu vuš ʁa-p-nu
pn - erg pn - dat something pf -say- pst
‘Fatima told Mahamad something.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ktab χl.i di-b-is-na
pn - erg book( abs ) hand( in ) res - n . sg -catch- res
‘Mahamad is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad fatima.ji-q qu<r>q’u-nu
pn ( abs ) pn - post < h . sg >get.up.to- pst
‘Mahamad caught up with Fatima.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji χni kːudu<b>z-nu
pn - erg cow( abs ) < n . sg >milk- pst
‘Fatima milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad lodka.ji-ǯi ʁiraʁi.ǯi-q-na qu<r>q’-nu
pn ( abs ) boat-( in ) dir bank- post - lat < h . sg >reach- pst
‘Mahamad reached the bank of the river.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad cal.i-k ku<r>k’-u kac’-nu
pn ( abs ) wall- cont < h . sg >touch- pf conv ( h . sg )get.dirty- pst
‘Mahamad touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
fatima maˁhaˁmad.a-q-ǯi kič’i<r>χ-na
pn ( abs ) pn - post - dir < h . sg >fight- res
‘Fatima got into a fight with Mahamad.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
mahamad.a-n dust vu fatima
pn - gen friend( abs ) cop ( prs ) pn ( abs )
‘Fatima is a friend of Mahamad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi fatima.ji-k-an fikr-ar ap’-ura
pn - erg pn - cont - elat thought- pl ( abs ) do- prs
‘Mahamad is thinking about Fatima.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ʁ-ip’-nu
pn - erg porridge( abs ) pf -eat- pst
‘Mahamad ate porridge.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji jikː žarit’ ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg meat( abs ) roast pf -do- pst
‘Fatima fried meat.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
fatima maˁhaˁmad.a-z kːilig-ura
pn ( abs ) pn - dat wait.for- prs
‘Fatima is waiting for Mahamad.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z vstreča k’aʔ-l-an ʁ-u<b>š-nu
pn - dat meeting( abs ) heart- super - elat pf -< n . sg >go- pst
‘Fatima forgot about the meeting.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
šadval pul-il-an asilu vu
happiness( abs ) money- super - elat dependent cop ( prs )
‘Happiness depends on money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
fatima-ji maˁhaˁmad.a-z ǯaχ ʁ-ap’nu
pn - erg pn - dat voice pf -do- pst
‘Fatima called Mahamad.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
mahamad fatima.ji-q-ǯi taniš ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) pn - post - dir acquaintance pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad got to know Fatima.’

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z maˁhaˁmad aˁʁ-aˁ
pn - dat pn ( abs ) know- prs
‘Fatima knows Mahamad.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
rasul-i zurna jiv-ura
pn - erg zurna( abs ) hit- prs
‘Rasul is playing zurna.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: APUD.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad fatima.ji-x-an žin šul-a
pn ( abs ) pn - apud - elat hide become- prs
‘Mahamad is avoiding Fatima.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi q’uˁl-ar.i-n ruqar ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg mouse- pl - gen trap( abs ) pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
fatima maˁhaˁmad.ʔ-in aˁlq-uˁra
pn ( abs ) pn - super ( h . sg )laugh- prs
‘Fatima is making fun of Mahamad.’

38. have

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhamad.a-z mašin a
pn - dat car( abs ) ( in )be( prs )
‘Mahamad has a car.’

39. look for

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
mahamad ǯülher.i-q lic-ura
pn ( abs ) key- post ( h . sg )look.for- prs
‘Mahamad is looking for his key.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi arčil.i-z šir jiv-ura
pn - erg fence- dat color( abs ) hit- prs
‘Mahamad is painting the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χu-ji maˁhaˁmad.a-z q’ac’ ʁ-ap’-nu
dog- erg pn - dat bite pf -do- pst
‘A dog bit Mahamad.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: APUD.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad χl.a-x-an ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) house- apud - elat pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad lost (his) house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
mahamad-ǯi gatu b-is-ura
pn - erg cat( abs ) n . sg -catch- prs
‘Mahamad is catching the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
mahamad-ǯi marʁ ʁ-uˁ<b>ʁ-uˁ-nu
pn - erg stick( abs ) pf -< n . sg >break- pst
‘Mahamad broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mahamad-ǯi fatima.ji-z uc̊ːur-dar gaf-ar ap’-ura
pn - erg pn - dat nice- pl word- pl do- prs
‘Mahamad is flattering Fatima.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmed.a-z fatima kːun-ǯa
pn - dat pn ( abs ) love- prs
‘Mahamad loves Fatima.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji jaʁluq t’u<b>c̊ː-ura
pn - erg scarf( abs ) < n . sg >wave- prs
‘Fatima is waving a scarf.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
mahamad-ǯi c’iji mašin.ǯi-k-an fikr-ar ap’-ura
pn - erg new car- cont - elat thought- pl do- prs
‘Mahamad is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji ʁab ʁi-ǯi<b>k’-nu
pn - erg plate( abs ) < n . sg >wash- pst
‘Fatima washed the plate.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi kːurt ala<b>x-nu
pn - erg shirt( abs ) < n . sg >put.on- pst
‘Mahamad put on the shirt.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: ABS
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ha-mu mutmu kompas k’ur-u-b vu
emph -3. p thing( abs ) compass say- part - n . sg cop
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ča-n baž nakazat’ ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg refl - gen boy( abs ) punish pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
š̊eʔ maˁhaˁmed.ʔ-in ala<b>q-nu
bear( abs ) pn - super < n . sg >attack- pst
‘The bear attacked Mahamad.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
bedra marxal.i-n št-u a<b>c’-nu
bucket( abs ) rain- gen water- erg < n . sg >fill- pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmed.a-z žulg-er ʁi-d-iq-nu
pn - dat key- pl ( abs ) pf - pl -find- pst
‘Mahamad found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmad.a-z sa-b million hu<b>k’-ra-dar χal ʁada<b>ʁu-z
pn - dat one- n . sg million( abs ) < n . sg >suffice- prs - neg house( abs ) < n . sg >buy- inf
‘Mahamad lacks one million to buy a house.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z maˁhaˁmad da-kːun-ǯi=vu
pn - dat pn ( abs ) neg -love- conv = cop ( prs )
‘Fatima hates Mahamad.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z ha-mu kːurt q’abul du-b-x-na
pn - dat emph -3. p dress( abs ) like res - n . sg -become- res
‘Fatima likes this dress.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z pul gerek=ǯa
pn - dat money( abs ) need= cop ( prs )
‘Fatima needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
cal-ar-i ʁul qaˁl.aˁ-ʔ t’ap’-ra
wall- pl - erg village( abs ) middle- in ( n . sg )drive- prs
‘Walls surround the village.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: APUD_ABS
X: APUD
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-x varž manat-č’a x-am-dar
pn - apud hundred money( abs )-than apud -remain- neg ( prs )
‘Fatima does not have more than hundred rubles / money.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi učl.i-z düzi zavab tuv-nu
pn - erg teacher- dat right answer give- pst
‘Mahamad gave the teacher the right answer.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji bank t’ap’-nu
pn - erg can ( n . sg )open- pst
‘Fatima opened a/the can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: ABS_COMP
X: ABS
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmed.a-n mašin rasul.i-n=u-b=si=b dar
pn - gen car( abs ) pn - gen = cop - n - sg = comp - n . sg neg ː cop
‘Mahamed’s car is not the same as Rasul’s.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul maˁhaˁmad.a-n qaˁl.aˁ-q qaq-nu
pn ( abs ) pn - gen back- post ( h . sg )fall.on- pst
‘Rasul fell behind Mahamad’.
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi χt’il qaap’-ra
pn - erg field( abs ) plough- prs
‘Mahamad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: POST_GEN
X: X
Y: Y
Locus: XY
χl-ar.i-q benzin.ǯi-n niʔ q-a
hand- pl - post bezine- gen smell( abs ) post -be( prs )
‘(My) hands smell of benzine.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad ʁaq’-l-an ulduc̊’-nu
pn ( abs ) road- super - elat ( h . sg )cross- pst
‘Mahamad crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ma’ha’mad-ǯi uc̊ːu-b maˁʔli ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg nice- n . sg song( abs ) pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji maˁhaˁmad.a-z kaʁaz ʁi-b-ik’-nu
pn - erg pn - dat letter( abs ) pf - n . sg -write- pst
‘Fatima wrote Mahamad a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
rasul-i nikː ʁ-uχ-nu
pn - erg milk( abs ) pf -drink- pst
‘Rasul drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ruq’ here<b>c’-nu
pn - erg iron( abs ) < n . sg >melt- pst
‘Mahamad melted a piece of iron.’

73. match

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
ha-mu jaʁluq jiz kːurt.ǯi-q-ǯi balg-ura
emph -3. sg scarf( abs ) my dress- post - dir suit- prs
‘The scarf goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: ABS_IN.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: IN.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad ʁul-ʔ-an ʁ-uš-nu
pn ( abs ) village- in - elat pf -go.out- pst
‘Mahamad left the village.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
hal-vi polkːe<b>k-na
carpet- erg floor( abs ) < n . sg >cover- res
‘The carpet covered the floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmad.a-z baʁri χal uc̊ːuji k’a-in=ǯa
pn - dat native house( abs ) well heart- super =( in )be( prs )
‘Mahamad remembers well his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
fatima-ji dada.ji-z kmek ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg mother- dat help pf -do- pst
‘Fatima helped (her) mother.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad aˁrab č’al.na-n ʁav.ri aq-ra
pn ( abs ) a rab language- gen consciousness( in ) ( h . sg )fall- prs
‘Mahamad understands the Arab language.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
q’uˁrq’.li-n c’a χl.a-k ku<b>k’-nu
lightning- gen fire( abs ) house- cont < n . sg >struck- pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.DIR
X: ABS
Y: APUD.DIR
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad britva.ji-x-ǯi hadat’-nu
pn ( abs ) razor- apud - dir ( h . sg )cut- pst
‘Mahamad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
stakan stol.i-k ka<b>s-na
glass( abs ) table- cont < n . sg >stick- res
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul maˁhˁame.da-z proigrat ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) pn - dat lose pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Rasul lost Mahamad.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad kaʁaz.i-z šad ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) letter- dat glad pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: ERG_POST.DIR
X: ERG
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
dadi-ji fatima.jj-q-ǯi gaf-ar ap’-ura
mother- erg pn - post - dir word- pl do- prs
‘The mother is speaking with Fatima’.

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji baž ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg boy( abs ) pf -do- pst
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmed-x-an stakan tada<b>x-nu
pn - apud - elat glass( abs ) < n . sg >drop- pst
‘Mahamad dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmed-ǯi ʁul.a-n aˁχuval ap’-ura
pn - erg village- gen superiority do- prs
‘Mahamed runs our village.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss

Valency pattern: GEN_APUD
X: GEN
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
maˁhaˁmed.a-n juk̊’ fatima.ji-x du-b-x-na
pn - gen heart( abs ) pn - apud res - n . sg -become- res
‘Mahamad misses Fatima.
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

89. follow

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
Mahamad Rasul.i-q-ǯi aˁ-ra
pn ( abs ) pn - post - dir go- prs
‘Mahamad is following Rasul.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad haˁjvn.i-l-an eldeʔ-nu
pn ( abs ) horse- super - elat ( h . sg )get.down- pst
‘Mahamad got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ABS_DIR
X: ABS
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
rasul radio.ji-q qebeq-na
r asul( abs ) radio- post listen- res
‘He listens to the radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
baž dada.ji-q qpeq-ru-r=u
boy( abs ) mother- post obey- part - h . sg = cop ( prs )
‘The boy obeys his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z ses ʁ-e<b>x-nu
pn - dat voice( abs ) pf -< n . sg >hear- pst
‘She heard a noise.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.DIR
X: ABS
Y: APUD.DIR
Locus: Y
šid q’ar.a-x-ǯi kibiq’-na
water( abs ) mud- apud - dir mix- res
‘Water mixed with mud.’

95. look

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad zavar.i-z lig-ura
pn ( abs ) sky- dat look- prs
‘He is looking at the sky.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi kurtka qti<b>t-nu
pn - erg jacket( abs ) < n . sg >take.off- pst
‘Mahamad took off (his) jacket’.

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z ʁul nimk’.u-k-ǯi raˁ>b>q-uˁra
pn - dat village( abs ) dream- cont - dir < n . sg >see- prs
‘Fatima dreams about the village’.

98. agree

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
rasul dada.ji-q-ǯi razi ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) mother- post - dir satisfied pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Rasul agreed with (his) mother’.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.DIR
X: ABS
Y: POST.DIR
Locus: Y
fatima maˁhaˁmad.a-q-ǯi eleg-nu
pn ( abs ) pn - post - dir dispute- pst |
‘Fatima had a quarrel with Mahamad’

100. cost

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: ABS
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
hamu mašin q’ub milion vu
emph -3. p car( abs ) two million cop ( prs )
‘This car costs two million (rubles)’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi žaq’.li-z ʁ-iv-nu
pn - erg bird- dat pf -hit- pst
‘Mahamad shot at the bird. (He missed.)

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji šakar čaška.ji-ʔ a<b>x-nu
pn - erg sugar( abs ) cup- in < n . sg >pour- pst
‘Fatima poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ǯülg-er ʁu-du<r>g-nu
pn - erg key- pl ( abs ) pf -< pl >lose- pst
‘Mahamad lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB
X: ABS
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
k’ak’ul štu-kː kː-a<b>q-nu
wood( abs ) water- sub sub -< n . sg >sink- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ǯanavar ʁa-b-k’-nu
pn - erg wolf( abs ) pf - n . sg -kill- pst
‘Mahamad killed the wolf.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi rasul.i-z ʁ-iv-nu
pn - erg pn - dat pf -hit- pst
‘Mahamad hit Rasul’.

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-i dada.ji-z mak ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg mother- dat kiss pf -do- pst
‘Rasul kissed (his) mother’.

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji mu ktab ʁ-u<r>χ-nu
pn - erg 3. p book( abs ) pf -read- pst
‘Fatima read this book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi tub-ar ʁ-iris̊-nu
pn - erg finger- pl ( abs ) ( h . sg )move- pst
‘Mahamad moved (his) fingers.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
rasul.i-n maˁhaˁmad.a-z uvaženije a
pn - gen pn - dat respect ( in ) cop ( prs )
‘Pasul respects Mahamad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmed.a-z ǯarandin ʁab-ar kːun-dar
pn - dat unfamiliar plate- pl ( abs ) love- neg ( prs )
‘Mahamad does not like unfamiliar dishes.’

112. be content

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad balʔ-in razi vu
pn ( abs ) boy- super satisfied cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad is satisfied with (his) son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmad.a-z fatima kːun ʁa-x-nu
pn - dat pn ( abs ) love pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad fell in love with Fatima.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
rasul.i-n maˁhaˁmad.ǯi-in quʁval al
pn - gen pn - super trust( abs ) (super)be
‘Rasul trusts Mahamad’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPER
X: DAT
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
rasul.i-z dad.ij-in jazuq-ǯi vu
pn - dat mother- super pity- adv cop ( prs )
‘Rasul sympathises with (his) mother.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmed rasul.i-in ʁanix-ǯi vu
pn ( abs ) pn - super eager- adv cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad envies Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
maˁhaˁmed.a-z Rasul.i-k-an qaˁl k-a
pn - dat pn - cont - elat anger cont -be( prs )
‘Mahamad is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
fatima podarok.ǯi-in rusvah ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) gift- super surprise pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Fatima was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmad.a-z meʔli čaj kːun-i-b vu
pn - dat sweet tea( abs ) love- part - n . sg cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad loves sweet tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle).

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ebcru čaj uχ-ura
pn - erg hot tea( abs ) drink- prs
‘Mahamad is drinking hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
rasul.i-z c’iji telefon kːun-ǯa
pn - dat new phone( abs ) love- prs
‘Rasul wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
dada.ji-z bal-k-an qaˁl k-a
mother- dat boy- cont - elat anger cont -be( prs )
‘The mother has a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
fatima-ji rasul.i-k-an qaˁl d-ap’-na
pn - erg pn - cont - elat anger res -do- res
‘Fatima took offence at Rasul’.

124. upset

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Fatima-ji dada.ji-z derd tuv-nu
pn - erg mother- dat sadness give- pst
‘Fatima upset her mother.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad ha-mu χabr.i-in aˁlamat du-x-na
pn ( abs ) emph-3. p news- super marvel res -( h . sg )become- res
‘Mahamad marvelled at this news.’

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
maˁhaˁmad.a-z kːun-dar kuč’-lar ap’-ru adm-ir
pn - dat love- neg ( prs ) lie- pl do- part person- pl
‘Mahamad does not like people who lie.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

127. get upset

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
daši.ji-z ča-n bal-k-an derd ʁa-b-x-nu
mother- dat refl ( sg )- gen boy- cont - elat sadness pf - n . sg -become- pst
‘The mother got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
fatima.ji-z ča-n šur-k-an qaˁl ʁ-ura
pn - dat refl ( sg )- gen girl- cont - elat angry go- prs
‘Fatima is getting irritated with her daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: DAT_CONT.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: CONT.ELAT
Locus: XY
maˁhaˁmad.a-z ča-n bic’i post.na-k-an nač k-a
pn - dat refl - gen small height- cont - elat shy cont -be( prs )
‘Mahamad is shy about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.