BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Swedish

Contributed by Ksenia Shagal (Academia.edu profile), Emil Ingelsten, and David Avellan-Hultman

K.S.'s photo E.I.'s photo D.A.'s photo

Emil Ingelsten and David Avellan-Hultman provided the data in 2020 in the capacity of native speakers of Swedish. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Shagal, Ksenia, Emil Ingelsten, and David Avellan-Hultman. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Swedish. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on March 27, 2021; last revised on July 29, 2021.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Swedish has V2 order in main clauses, and though most ways of ordering any other constituents are grammatical, the subject is usually placed in the initial slot before the verb, and always before the object in pragmatically unmarked situations. Full noun phrases always take the default unmarked case (as opposed to the genitive) when they are an argument of a verb or object of a preposition. First and second person pronouns additionally distinguish subject and oblique/non-subject cases. Basic transitive constructions involve two noun phrases which are unaccompanied by prepositions and only marked for case if they are pronouns.

There are many predicates in the data which do involve prepositions, which may be categorized into four essentially distinct groups, exemplified by (1-4).

(1) Björn  höll      med   Maja
    PN     hold.PST  with  PN
    ‘Björn agreed with Maja.’

Prepositions like med in (1) are characterized by carrying phrasal stress and being comparatively syntactically bound to the verb. The object Maja can be freely fronted, but only on its own, as Maja höll Björn med.

The verb + preposition combination should be thought of as a lexical unit as it often means something different than the composition of the words’ usual meanings, and the choice of preposition is governed more by the verb than by the usual semantics of the preposition.

(2)  ett        sådan-t         här   verktyg  kalla-s        för  en         kompass
     INDF.N.SG  such-INDF.N.SG  here  tool     call-PRS.PASS  for  INDF.C.SG  compass
     ‘This instrument is called a compass.’

Prepositions like för in (2) are unstressed, but immobile like prepositions of type (1) and still governed lexically by the verb.

(3)  Björn  ropa-de   på  Maja
     PN     call-PST  on  PN
     ‘Björn called Maja.’

Prepositions like på in (3) are unstressed, but more mobile than those of type (1) and (2). For the sentence (3) both the fronted Maja ropade Björn på and på Maja ropade Björn are grammatical. The preposition should still be considered to form a lexical unit with the verb for the same reasons as in (1) and (2).

(4)  stock-en      sjönk     i   vattn-et
     log-DEF.C.SG  sink.PST  in  water-DEF.N.SG
     ‘The log sank in the water.’

Prepositions like i in (4) are “normal prepositions” in that they are unstressed and mobile like those of type (3), but are also semantically predictable and in contrast to the other categories likely do not form a lexical unit together with the verb.

In this work, prepositions of the types (1) and (2) are considered part of phrasal verbs and are noted as such in the data, and types (3) and (4) are considered part of prepositional phrases together with their object noun. It should be noted that the division between the types (2) and (3) is not always clear, and some judgements differ between speakers.

Verb lemmas

Lemmas are shown in the full infinitive form (that is, including the infinitive particle att, and passive marking for passive constructions), along with any other words with predicative function, such as accompanying prepositions for phrasal verbs.

Glossing abbreviations

C — common; DEF — definite; IMP — imperative; INDF — indefinite; INF — infinitive; N — neuter; PASS — passive; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SUP — supine; WEAK — weak.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain att ha ont

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Björn ha-r ont i huvud-et
pn have- prs painful. indf . n . sg in head- def . n . sg
‘Björn has a headache.’

2. have (illness) att ha

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn ha-r influensa
pn have- prs flu
‘Björn has the flu.’

3. be afraid att vara rädd

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Björn är rädd för hund-en
pn be. prs afraid for dog- def . c . sg
‘Björn is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw att kasta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn kasta-de en sten först
pn throw- pst indf . c . sg stone first
‘Björn threw a stone first.’

5. have enough att ha tillräckligt

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nu ha-r Björn tillräckligt med pengar
now have- prs pn enough with money
‘Now Björn has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble att likna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn likna-r Mikael
pn resemble- prs pn
‘Björn resembles Mikael.’

7. believe att tro

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tro-r Maja
pn believe- prs pn
‘Björn believes Maja.’

8. take att ta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tog en bok från hylla-n
pn take. pst indf . c . sg book from shelf- def . c . sg
‘Björn took a book from the shelf.’

9. see att se

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn se-r ett hus
pn see- prs indf . n . sg house
‘Björn sees a house.’

10. influence att påverka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ålder-n påverka-r minne-t
age- def . c . sg influence- prs memory- def . n . sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter att träffa på

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn träffa-de på Maja
pn meet- pst on pn
‘Björn encountered Maja.’
Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device).

12. enter att gå in

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Björn gick in i hus-et
pn go. pst inside in house- def . n . sg
‘Björn entered the house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (in is not a flagging device).

13. win att slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn slog Maja
pn beat. pst pn
‘Björn beat Maja.’

14. go out att gå ut

Valency pattern: SBJ_ur
X: SBJ
Y: ur
Locus: Y
Björn gick ut ur hus-et
pn go. pst out out_of house- def . n . sg
‘Björn went out of the house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (ut is not a flagging device).

15. drive att driva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn driv-er ko-n
pn drive- prs cow- def . c . sg
‘Björn is driving the cow.’

16. bend att böja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn böj-de gren-en
pn bend- pst branch- def . c . sg
‘Björn bent the branch.’

17. tell att säga

Valency pattern: SBJ_till
X: SBJ
Y: till
Locus: Y
“Kom på besök”, sade Björn till Maja
come. imp on visit say. pst pn to pn
‘Björn told Maja: “Come and visit”.’

18. hold att hålla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn håll-er en bok i händ-erna
pn hold- prs indf . c . sg book in hand- def . pl
‘Björn is holding a book.’

19. catch up att hinna i kapp

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hann ikapp Maja
pn be_in_time. pst caught_up_with pn
‘Björn caught up with Maja.’

20. milk att mjölka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn mjölka-de ko-n
pn milk- pst cow- def . c . sg
‘Björn milked the cow.’

21. reach att komma fram

Valency pattern: SBJ_till
X: SBJ
Y: till
Locus: Y
Björn kom fram till strand-en
pn come. pst forward to bank- def . c . sg
‘Björn reached the bank.’
Note: Phrasal verb (fram is not a flagging device).

22. touch att röra

Valency pattern: SBJ_vid
X: SBJ
Y: vid
Locus: Y
Björn rör-de vid vägg-en och blev kladdig
pn move- pst at wall- def . c . sg and become. pst smeared
‘Björn touched the wall and got dirty.’
Note: For some speakers, röra vid is rather a (transitive) phrasal verb.

23. fight att slåss

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn slåss med Maja
pn fight. prs with pn
‘Björn is fighting with Maja.’

24. be friends att vara vän

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn är vän med Maja
pn be. prs friend with pn
‘Björn is friends with Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think att tänka

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn tänk-er på Maja
pn think- prs on pn
‘Björn is thinking about Maja.’

26. eat att äta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn åt ett äpple
pn eat. pst indf . n . sg apple
‘Björn ate an apple.’

27. fry att steka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn stek-te fisk-en
pn fry- pst fish- def . c . sg
‘Björn fried the fish.’

28. wait att vänta

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn vänta-r på Maja
pn wait- prs on pn
‘Björn is waiting for Maja.’

29. forget att glömma bort

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn ha-de glöm-t bort den andr-a väg-en
pn have. pst forget- sup away def . c . sg other- weak way- def . c . sg
‘Björn had forgotten about the other road.’
Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device).

30. depend att bero

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
minn-et bero-r på ålder-n
memory- def . n . sg depend- prs on age- def . c . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call att ropa

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn ropa-de på Maja
pn call- pst on pn
‘Björn called Maja.’

32. get to know att lära känna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn lär-de känn-a Maja för ett år sedan
pn learn- pst know- inf pn for one year since
‘Björn got to know Maja a year ago.’

33. know att känna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn känn-er Maja
pn know- prs pn
‘Björn knows Maja.’

34. play (instrument) att spela

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn spela-r gitarr
pn play- prs guitar
‘Björn is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid att undvika

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn undvik-er Maja
pn avoid- prs pn
‘Björn avoids Maja.’

36. make att göra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gjor-de en musfälla
pn make- pst indf . c . sg mousetrap
‘Björn made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun att göra narr

Valency pattern: SBJ_av
X: SBJ
Y: av
Locus: Y
Björn gör narr av Maja
now make. prs fool of pn
‘Björn is making fun of Maja.’

38. have att ha

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn ha-r en bil
pn have- prs indf . c . sg car
‘Björn has a car.’

39. look for att leta

Valency pattern: SBJ_efter
X: SBJ
Y: efter
Locus: Y
Björn leta-r efter sina nyckl-ar
pn seek- prs after poss . refl . pl key- pl
‘Björn is looking for his keys.’

40. paint att måla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn måla-de staket-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Björn painted the fence.’

41. bite att bita

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en hund bet Björn
indf . c . sg dog bite. pst pn
‘A dog bit Björn.’

42. forfeit att förlora

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn förlora-de sitt hus
pn lose- pst poss . refl . n . sg house
‘Björn lost his house.’

43. try to catch att försöka fånga

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn försök-er fånga katt-en
pn try- prs catch. inf cat- def . c . sg
‘Björn is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break att knäcka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn knäck-te en pinne
pn break- pst indf . c . sg stick
‘Björn broke a stick.’

45. flatter att smickra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn smickra-r Maja
pn flatter- prs pn
‘Björn is flattering Maja.’

46. love (person) att älska

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn älska-r Maja
pn love- prs pn
‘Björn loves Maja.’

47. wave att vinka

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn vinka-r med en näsduk
pn wave- prs with indf . c . sg handkerchief
‘Björn is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream att drömma

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Björn drömm-er om en ny bil
pn dream- prs about indf . c . sg new car
‘Björn is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash att diska

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn diska-de kopp-en
pn wash- pst cup- def . c . sg
‘Björn washed the cup.’

50. put on att ta på sig

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tog på sig sina byx-or
pn take. pst on refl poss . refl . pl trousers- pl
‘Björn put on his trousers.’

51. be called att kallas för

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ett sådan-t här verktyg kalla-s för en kompass
indf . n . sg such- indf . n . sg here tool call- prs . pass for indf . c . sg compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Phrasal verb (för is not a flagging device).

52. punish att straffa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn straffa-de sin son
pn punish- pst poss . refl . c . sg son
‘Björn punished his son.’

53. attack att anfalla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en björn anföll en fiskare
indf . c . sg bear attack. pst indf . c . sg fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) att fyllas

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
hink-en fyll-de-s med vatten
bucket- def . c . sg fill- pst - pass with water
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find att hitta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hitta-de sina nyckl-ar
pn find- pst poss . refl . pl key- pl
‘Björn found his keys.’

56. be short att ha för lite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn ha-r en euro för lite
pn have- prs one. c euro too little
‘Björn is one euro short.’

57. hate att hata

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hata-r Maja
pn hate- prs pn
‘Björn hates Maja.’

58. like att gilla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gilla-r den här tröja-n
pn like- prs def . c . sg this. c . sg here shirt- def . c . sg
‘Björn likes this shirt.’

59. need att behöva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn behöv-er pengar
pn need- prs money. pl
‘Björn needs money.’

60. surround att omge

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mur-arna omge-r stad-en
wall- def . pl surround- prs city- def . c . sg
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain att ha kvar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn ha-r 10 euro kvar
pn have- prs 10 euro left
‘Björn has ten euro left.’

62. answer att svara

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn svara-de lärare-n
pn answer- pst teacher- def . c . sg
‘Björn answered the teacher.’

63. open att öppna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn öppna-de en burk
pn open- pst indf . c . sg can
‘Björn opened a can.’

64. be different NEG + att vara likadan

Valency pattern: SBJ_som
X: SBJ
Y: som
Locus: Y
nej, min tröja är inte likadan som din
no my. c . sg shirt be. prs not similar. indf . c . sg as your. c . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind att hamna efter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hamna-de efter Maja
pn end_up- pst after pn
‘Björn fell behind Maja.’

66. plough att plöja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn plöj-er åker-n
pn plough- prs field- def . c . sg
‘Björn is ploughing the field.’

67. smell att lukta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mina händ-er lukta-r bensin
my. pl hand- pl smell- prs gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross att gå över

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gick över gata-n
pn go. pst over street- def . c . sg
‘Björn crossed the road.’
Note: Phrasal verb (över is not a flagging device).

69. sing att sjunga

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn sjöng en vacker sång
pn sing. pst indf . c . sg beautiful. indf . c . sg song
‘Björn sang a beautiful song.’

70. write att skriva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn skrev ett brev
pn write. pst indf . n . sg letter
‘Björn wrote a letter.’

71. drink att dricka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn drack mjölk-en
pn drink. pst milk- def . c . sg
‘Björn drank the milk.’

72. melt att smälta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn smält-e en bit bly
pn melt- pst indf . c . sg piece lead
‘Björn melted a piece of lead.’

73. match att passa

Valency pattern: SBJ_till
X: SBJ
Y: till
Locus: Y
det här skärp-et passa-r till min klänning
def . n . sg here belt- def . n . sg fit- prs to my. c . sg dress
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave att lämna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn lämna-de sin hemstad
pn leave- pst poss . refl . c . sg home_town
‘Björn left his hometown.’

75. cover att täcka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
matta-n täck-er hela golv-et
carpet- def . c . sg cover- prs whole floor- def . n . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember att komma ihåg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn komm-er ihåg sitt barndomshem väl
pn come- prs to_mind poss . refl . n . sg childhood_home well
‘Björn remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help att hjälpa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hjälp-te Maja
pn help- pst pn
‘Björn helped Maja.’

78. understand (language) att förstå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn förstå-r franska
pn understand- prs f rench
‘Björn understands French.’

79. hit (target) att slå ner

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
blixt-en slog ner i hus-et
lightning- def . n . sg hit. pst down in house- def . n . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (ner is not a flagging device). An alternative is Blixten träffade huset (this transitive pattern is the default choice in most other situations where something hits the target).

80. cut oneself att skära sig

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn skar sig med en rakkniv
pn cut. pst refl with indf . c . sg razor
‘Björn cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck att fastna

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
glas-et fastna-de i bord-et
glass- def . n . sg get_stuck- pst in table- def . n . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) att förlora

Valency pattern: SBJ_mot
X: SBJ
Y: mot
Locus: Y
Björn förlora-de mot Maja
pn lose- pst against pn
‘Björn lost to Maja.’

83. be glad att bli glad

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Björn blev glad över brev-et
pn become. pst glad over letter- def . n . sg
‘Björn was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak att prata

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn prata-r med Maja
pn speak- prs with pn
‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’

85. give birth att föda

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Maja föd-de en son
pn give_birth- pst indf . c . sg son
‘Maja gave birth to a son.’

86. drop att tappa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tappa-de glas-et
pn lose- pst glass- def . n . sg
‘Björn dropped the glass.’

87. govern att styra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn styr vår stad
pn lead. prs our town
‘Björn runs our town.’

88. miss att sakna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn sakna-r Maja
pn miss- prs pn
‘Björn misses Maja.’

89. follow att följa efter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn följ-er efter Maja
pn follow- prs after pn
‘Björn follows Maja.’
Note: Phrasal verb (efter is not a flagging device).

90. dismount att kliva av

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn klev av häst-en
pn climb. pst of horse- def . c . sg
‘Björn got down from the horse.’
Note: Phrasal verb (av is not a flagging device).

91. listen att lyssna

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn lyssna-r på radio
pn listen- prs on radio
‘Björn is listening to the radio.’

92. obey att lyda

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn lyd-er alltid sin mamma
pn obey- prs always poss . refl . c . sg mother
‘Björn always listens to his mother.’

93. hear att höra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn hör musik-en
pn hear. prs music- def . c . sg
‘Björn hears the music.’

94. mix att blandas

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
honung-en blanda-de-s med mjölk
honey- def . c . sg mix- pst - pass with milk
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look att titta

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn titta-r på moln-en
pn see- prs on cloud- def . n . pl
‘Björn is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off att ta av sig

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tog av sig sin tröja
pn take. pst of refl poss . refl . c . sg shirt
‘Björn took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) att drömma

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Maja drömm-er om Björn
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Maja dreams about Björn.’

98. agree att hålla med

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn höll med Maja
pn hold. pst with pn
‘Björn agreed with Maja.’
Note: Phrasal verb (med is not a flagging device).

99. have a quarrel att bråka

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn bråka-de med Maja
pn quarrel- pst with pn
‘Björn had a quarrel with Maja.’

100. cost att kosta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
den här kopp-en kosta-r 1 euro
def . c . sg here cup- def . c . sg cost- prs one euro
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

101. shoot at att skjuta

Valency pattern: SBJ_mot
X: SBJ
Y: mot
Locus: Y
Björn sköt mot fågel-n
pn shoot. pst against bird- def . c . sg
‘Björn shot at the bird.’

102. pour att hälla i

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn häll-de i socker i kopp-en
pn pour- pst in sugar in cup- def . c . sg
‘Björn poured sugar into the cup.’
Note: Phrasal verb (the first i is not a flagging device).

103. lose att tappa bort

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tappa-de bort sina nyckl-ar
pn lose- pst away poss . refl . pl key- pl
‘Björn lost his keys.’
Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device).

104. sink att sjunka

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
stock-en sjönk i vattn-et
log- def . c . sg sink. pst in water- def . n . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill att döda

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn döda-de Maja
pn kill- pst pn
‘Björn killed Maja.’

106. hit att slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn slog Maja
pn hit. pst pn
‘Björn hit Maja.’

107. kiss att kyssa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn kyss-te Maja
pn kiss- pst pn
‘Björn kissed Maja.’

108. read att läsa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn läs-te en intressant bok
pn read- pst indf . c . sg interesting. indf . sg book
‘Björn read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) att röra

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn rör-de på fingr-et
pn move- pst on finger- def . n . sg
‘Björn moved his finger.’

110. respect att respektera

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn respektera-r Maja
pn respect- prs pn
‘Björn respects Maja.’

111. be squeamish att äcklas

Valency pattern: SBJ_av
X: SBJ
Y: av
Locus: Y
Björn äckla-s av smutsdisk
pn nauseate- prs . pass of dirty_dishes
‘Björn is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

112. be content att vara nöjd

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Björn är nöjd med sin son
pn be. prs satisfied. indf . n . sg with poss . refl . c . sg son
‘Björn is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love att förälska sig

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Björn förälska-de sig i Maja
pn fall_in_love- pst refl in pn
‘Björn fell in love with Maja.’

114. trust att lita

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn lita-r på Maja
pn trust- prs on pn
‘Björn trusts Maja.’
Note: For some speakers, lita på is rather a (transitive) phrasal verb.

115. sympathise att känna med

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn känn-er med sin mamma
pn feel- prs with poss . refl . c . sg mother
‘Björn sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Phrasal verb (med is not a flagging device).

116. envy att vara avundsjuk

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn är avundsjuk på Maja
pn be. prs envious. indf . n . sg on pn
‘Björn envies Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry att vara arg

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn är arg på Maja
pn be. prs angry. indf . c . sg on pn
‘Björn is angry with Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised att bli överraskad

Valency pattern: SBJ_av
X: SBJ
Y: av
Locus: Y
Björn blev överraska-d av present-en
pn become. pst surprise- ptcp . c . sg of gift- def . c . sg
‘Björn was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

119. love (tea) att älska

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn älska-r te
pn love- prs tea
‘Björn loves tea.’

120. enjoy att gilla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gilla-r varm-t te
pn enjoy- prs warm- indf . n . sg tea
‘Björn enjoys hot tea.’

121. want att vilja ha

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Björn vill ha en ny mobil
pn want have. inf indf . c . sg new. indf . c . sg mobile_phone
‘Björn wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

122. have a grudge att vara sur

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn är sur på Maja
pn be. prs sour. indf . c . sg on pn
‘Björn holds a grudge against Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence att bli sur

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn blev sur på Maja
pn become. pst sour. indf . c . sg on pn
‘Björn took offence at Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset att göra upprörd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gjor-de Maja väldigt upprör-d
pn make- pst pn very upset- ptcp . c . sg
‘Björn greatly upset Maja.’

125. marvel att förundras

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Björn förundra-de-s över stad-en
pn marvel- pst - pass over town- def . c . sg
‘Björn was impressed by this town.’

126. despise att avsky

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn avsky-r Maja.
pn despise- prs pn
‘Björn despises Maja.’

127. get upset att bli upprörd

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn blev upprör-d på sin son
pn become. pst upset- ptcp . c . sg on poss . refl . c . sg son
‘Björn got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

128. get irritated att bli irriterad

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn håll-er på att bli irritera-d på sin dotter
pn hold- prs on to become. inf irritate- ptcp . c . sg on poss . refl . c . sg daughter
‘Björn is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

129. be fond att tycka om

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tyck-er om Maja
pn think- prs about pn
‘Björn is fond of Maja.’
Note: Phrasal verb (om is not a flagging device).

130. be shy att vara generad

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Björn är generad över sin längd
pn be. prs embarrassed over poss . refl . c . sg length
‘Björn is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.