BivalTyp

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Svan

Contributed by Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel (Academia.edu profile)

A.P.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023. The language of elicitation was Georgian.

How to cite

Rostovtsev-Popiel, Alexander. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Svan. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on October 13, 2023; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s txwim-Ø x-e-zg-i
pn - dat head- nom io 3- ver : r -ache- prs
‘Maizer has a headache.’

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s grip'-Ø x-aː-r
pn - dat flu- nom io 3- ver : sup -have
‘Maizer has the flu.’
Note: This root is used to mark alienable possession.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN
X: DAT
Y: BEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s žeγ-išd x-a-q'luːn-i
pn - dat dog- ben io 3- ver : sup -be_afraid- prs
‘Mainzer is afraid of the dog.’
Note: žeγ-iš [dog-GEN] is also possible.

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d bäč-Ø ad-Ø-k'wär
pn - erg stone- nom prv : dist - do 3-throw
‘Maizer trew a stone away.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s k-a-x-aː-r warčxil-Ø
pn - dat money- nom prv : outward - prv : dist - io 3- ver : sup -have
‘Maizer has/will have enough money.’
Note: 1. This root is used to mark alienable possession. 2. The presense of the preverb ka- makes both present and future readings possible.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s x-a-ǯeš
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -resemble
‘Maizer resembles Gegi.’

7. believe

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s gegiː-š x-a-ǯraːw-a
pn - dat pn - gen io 3- ver : sup -believe- prs
‘Maizer believes Gegi.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d taro-xen lǝir-Ø än-Ø-k'id
pn - erg shelf- abl book- nom prv : prox - do 3-take
‘Maizer took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø kor-s x-o-sgd-i
pn - nom house- dat io 3- ver : o -see- prs
‘Maizer sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
al bepwšw-s liprebäːl-Ø xola-Ø x-aː-r
dem . prox child- dat excessive_affection- nom bad- nom io 3- ver : sup -have
‘Excessive affection spoils the child.’
Note: This root is used to mark alienable possession.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s la-xː-wiːdː-a
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -resemble
‘Maizer encountered Lile.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL.INESS
X: NOM
Y: ALL.INESS
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø kor-te-isga aː-Ø-čäd
pn - nom house- all - iness
‘Maizer went into the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s ž-a-x-c'ind-a
pn - nom pn - dat prv : upward - prv : dist - io 3-beat- pst
‘Maizer beat Gegi.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL.EL
X: NOM
Y: ABL.EL
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø kor-xän-ka k-aː-Ø-čäd
pn - nom house- abl - el prv : outward - prv : dist - s 3-go
‘Maizer went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-Ø k'umäš-s laxw-te a-Ø-rk'-äl-i
pn - nom cattle- dat slope_meadow- all prv : dist - do 3-drive- vpl - prs
‘Maizer is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d ašxäl-Ø- anː-Ø-i-k'w-e
pn - erg branch- nom prv : prox - do 3- ver : s -bend- pst
‘Maizer bent a branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d lile-s x-äː-kw-e
pn - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -tell- pst
‘Maizer told Lile.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s ši-isga lǝir-Ø x-o-qdaːn-a
pn - dat hand- iness book- nom io 3- ver : o -hold- prs
‘Maizer is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s la-h-xiːdː-a
pn - nom pn - dat prv : slightly - io 3-catch_up- pst
‘Maizer caught up with Gegi.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d pir-Ø an-iː-šg-e
pn - erg cow- nom prv : prox - do 3- ver : s -milk- pst
‘Maizer milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL.EL
X: ERG
Y: ALL.EL
Locus: Y
maizer-d nap'ir-te-ka ad-Ø-h-e
pn - erg bank- all . el prv : dist - s 3-reach- pst
‘Maizer reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø k'edel-s lo-x-gudr-e
pn - nom wall- dat prv : slightly . ver : o - io 3-touch- pst
‘Maizer touched the wall.’
Note: მოკიდა

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-caxän Ø-i-q'aːr-iel
pn - nom pn - soc s 3- ver : s -fight- vpl
‘Maizer is fighting with Gegi.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NOM_SOC
X: NOM
Y: SOC
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-caxän Ø-i-mpxng-äːl
pn - nom pn - soc s 3- ver : s -be_comrades- vpl
‘Maizer is friends with Gegi.’

25. think

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPERESS
X: ERG
Y: SUPERESS
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-ži a-Ø-sk'oːr-e
pn - nom pn - superess pn - nom pn - superess prv : dist - do 3-think- prs
‘Maizer is thinking about Lile.’

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d lisgw-Ø la-l-eːm
pn - erg apple- nom prv : slightly - s 3-eat
‘Maizer ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d k'almax-Ø an-Ø-t'q'ab-e
pn - erg trout- nom prv : dist - do 3-fry- pst
‘Maizer fried a fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-o-γl-i
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : o -wait- prs
‘Maizer is waiting for Lile.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s išgen šuk'w-Ø sga-la-x-äː-šdǝn
pn - dat other road- nom prv : inward - prv : slightly - io 3- ver : sup -forget
‘Maizer forgot the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPERESS
Locus: Y
ala-Ø eče-ži l-i
dem . prox - nom dem . dist - superess s 3-be
‘This (thing) depends (lit. ‘is’) on that (thing).’
Note: The lexical part ‘depend’ is not mentioned.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d gegi-s la-x-t'wiːl
pn - nom pn - dat prv : slightly - io 3-call
‘Maizer called Gegi.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d gegi-Ø ešxu zäj-ä sgwebin a-Ø-tir
pn - erg pn - nom one year- gen ahead prv : dist - do 3-know
‘Maizer got to know Gegi a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s x-o-tr-a
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : o -know
‘Maizer knows Gegi.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPERESS
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø git'ara-ži a-Ø-šwm-i
pn - nom guitar- superess prv : dist -play- prs
‘Maizer is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s x-o-käb-i
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : o -avoid- prs
‘Maizer avoids Gegi.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d säw-Ø än-Ø-sq'-i
pn - erg firewood_sledge- nom prv : prox . ver : s -make- pst
‘Maizer made a firewood sledge.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s x-e-lgac-äːl
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -joke- vpl
‘Maizer is making fun of Gegi.’

38. have

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s x-a-q'-a mankana-Ø
pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -want- prs car- nom
‘Maizer has a car.’
Note: This root is associated with animate possessees (vehicles often tend to be included in this domain).

39. look for

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø k'ǝl-ar-s x-e-txeːl-i
pn - nom key- pl - dat io 3- ver : r -look_for- prs
‘Maizer is looking for (his) keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d qwila-Ø ad-Ø-γäp'
pn - erg stone_fence- nom prv : dist - do 3-paint
‘Maizer painted the stone fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
žeγ-d maizer-s a-x-qäp
dog- erg pn - dat prv : dist - io 3-bite
‘A dog bit Maizer.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d larda-lazga ad-Ø-karw-e
pn - erg room-house- nom prv : dist - do 3-lose- pst
‘Maizer lost (his) house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-Ø cicw-s Ø-i-rm-i
pn - nom cat- dat do 3- ver : s -catch- prs
‘Maizer is trying to catch a cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d pawa-Ø a-Ø-q'wič
pn - erg stick- nom prv : dist - do 3-break
‘Maizer broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-e-lmes-ieːl
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -praise- vpl
‘Maizer flatters Lile.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-Ø x-a-lät'
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -love
‘Maizer loves Lile.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-Ø laqwc'äːn-s Ø-a-käːwin-e
pn - nom handkerchief- dat do 3- fact -wave- prs
‘Maizer is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø axne mankana-s Ø-i-wd-i
pn - nom new car- dat do 3- ver : s -dream- prs
‘Maizer dreams of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d č'ika-Ø a-Ø-šq'wed
pn - erg cup- nom prv : dist - do 3-wash
‘Maizer washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d šarwal-Ø sga-lä-Ø-i-kw-e
pn - erg trousers- nom prv : inward - prv : slightly - do 3- ver : s -put_on- pst
‘Maizer put on (his) trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ala-s k'omp'as-Ø x-a-žx-a
dem . prox - dat compass- nom io 3- ver : sup -be_called- prs
‘This (thing) is called “a compass”.’

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
metxwiär-s däšdw-Ø la-x-kaːl-äːn
hunter- dat bear- nom prv : slightly - io 3-fly- vpl
‘A bear attacked (lit. ‘flew/rushed upon’) a hunter.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
γwedra-Ø nahäːndwiːr-wš an-Ø-gweš-läːn
bucket- nom rain_water- ins prv : prox - s 3-fill- vpl
‘The bucket got filled with rain water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d k'ǝl-är-Ø ž-än-Ø-tx-e
pn - erg key- pl - nom prv : upward - prv : prox - do 3-find- pst
‘Maizer found (his) keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s ešxu lar-Ø x-a-k'l-i
pn - dat one l ari- nom io 3- ver : sup -be_short- prs
‘Maizer is short of one Lari.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s gegi-Ø x-ä-sisg
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -hate
‘Maizer hates Gegi.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s al pupäik'a-Ø xoča-Ø x-a-bž-a
pn - dat jersey- nom good- nom io 3- ver : sup -deem- prs
‘Maizer likes this jersey (lit. ‘This jersey seems good to Miazer’).’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s warčxil-Ø x-a-c'ǝx
pn - dat money- nom io 3- ver : sup -need
‘Maizer needs money.’

60. surround

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
xäzw-s gǝrkäːnd qwila-Ø x-aː-r
yard- dat around stone_fence- nom io 3- ver : sup -have
‘The stone wall surrounds the yard (lit. ‘The yard has a stone wall around’).’
Note: This root is used to mark alienable possession.

61. remain

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s ješwd lar-Ø ot-Ø-säd
pn - dat ten l ari- nom prv : dist . ver : o - io 3-remain
‘Maizer has ten Laris left.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d wičit'el-s la-x-t'ix
pn - erg teacher- dat prv : slightly - io 3-return
‘Maizer answered (lit. ‘returned to’) the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d bank'a-Ø a-Ø-pišg
pn - erg jar- nom prv : dist - do 3-open
‘Maizer opened a jar.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL.EL
X: NOM
Y: ABL.EL
Locus: Y
al č'ik-Ø eǯ č'ik-xän-ka naxumsäːr-Ø l-i
dem . prox cup- nom dem . dist cup- abl - el particular- nom s 3-be
‘This cup is different from that cup.’
Note: The translation, albeit grammatically correct, sounds somewhat artificial.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s č-o-x-säːd
pn - nom pn - dat prv : downward - ver : o - io 3-remain
‘Maizer fell behind Gegi.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-Ø dab-s Ø-a-qn-i
pn - nom field- dat do 3- fact -plough- prs
‘Maizer is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
mišgu ši-är-s benzin-i kwin-Ø x-o-qan
poss 1 hand- pl - dat gasoline- gen smell- nom io 3- ver : o -hit
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø šuk'w-ka a-Ø-čäd
pn - nom road- el prv : dist - s 3-go
‘Maizer crossed the road (lit. ‘Maizer went over the road’).’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d xoča liγral-Ø lä-Ø-γir-aːl-e
pn - erg good song- nom prv : slightly . ver : s - do 3-sing- pst
‘Maizer sang a good song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d c'eril-Ø ad-Ø-iːr-e
pn - erg letter- nom prv : slightly - do 3-write- pst
‘Maizer wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d lǝǯe-Ø la-Ø-iː-š
pn - erg milk- nom prv : slightly - do 3- ver : s -drink
‘Maizer drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d cxwia nakic-Ø ad-Ø-hin-e
pn - erg lead piece- nom prv : dist - do 3-melt- pst
‘Maizer melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
al lärdq'-Ø mišgu k'aba-s x-e-sg-u
dem . prox belt- nom poss 1 dress- dat io 3- ver : r -match- prs
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d lent'ex-Ø ka-la-x-cwir
pn - erg l ent'exi- nom prv : outward - prv : slightly - io 3-leave
‘Maizer left Lent'exi for good.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
č'äm-Ø p'ol-s a-l-päːr-i
hay- nom floor- dat prv : dist - s 3-cover- prs
‘The hay covers the floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s kor-Ø xoča-Ø a-Ø-mt'q'ašq'id
pn - dat house- nom good- nom prv : dist - io 3-remember
‘Maizer remembers the house well.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d gegi-s lo-x-murǯ-e
pn - erg pn - dat prv : slightly . ver : o - io 3-help- pst
‘Maizer helped Gegi.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lǝznu nin-Ø x-e-sm-i
pn - dat m egrelian language- nom io 3- ver : r -hear- prs
‘Maizer does not understand Megrelian.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kor-s xel-Ø x-e-jäx
house- dat lightning- nom io 3- ver : sup -fall_upon
‘Lightning struck (lit. ‘fell upon’) the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ERG_INS
X: ERG
Y: INS
Locus: Y
maizer-d lac'bural-wš ničw-Ø äd-Ø-kwic
pn - erg razor- ins face- nom prv : dist . ver : s - do 3-cut
‘Maizer cut himself (lit. ‘cut his face’) with a razor.’
Note: The mentioning of the word ‘face’ here is obligatory.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
č'ik-Ø st'ol-s la-x-p'ont'q'-äːn
cup- nom table- dat prv : slightly - io 3-stick- pst
‘The cup got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s deš a-x-c'ind-a
pn - nom pn - dat neg . pot prv : dist - io 3-win- pst
‘Maizer failed to win against Gegi.’
Note: There is no dedicated lexical item meaning ‘lose (a game).’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s c'eril-Ø ad-x-iːd-ǝn
pn - dat letter- nom prv : dist - io 3-be_glad- pst
‘Maizer was glad about the letter.’

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-a-gǝrg-äl-i
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -talk- vpl - prs
‘Maizer is talking to Lile.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
lile-d č'q'int'-Ø an-Ø-taw-e
pn - erg boy- nom prv : prox - do 3-beget- pst
‘Lile begot a boy.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s č'ik-Ø č-ot-Ø-šq'äd
pn - dat cup- nom prv : downward - prv : dist . ver : o - io 3-drop
‘Maizer dropped the cup.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gušgwej sopel-s Ø-a-mǝrtäːw-i
pn - nom poss 1 pl . incl village- dat do 3- fact -govern- prs
‘Maizer governs our village.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN
X: DAT
Y: BEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s lile-šd x-a-c'wdun-i
pn - dat pn - ben io 3- ver : sup -miss- prs
‘Maizer misses Lile.’
Note: Nominative lile-Ø is also possible.

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s es-Ø-qer-i
pn - nom pn - dat prv : dist - io 3-follow- prs
‘Maizer follows Lile.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL.SUBL
X: ERG
Y: ABL.SUBL
Locus: Y
maizer-d č'äž-xän-ču an-Ø-skin-e
pn - erg horse- abl - subl prv : prox - s 3-hop- pst
‘Maizer hopped down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø radio-s x-o-hwnär-i
pn - nom radio- dat io 3- ver : o -listen- prs
‘Maizer is listening to the radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø dede-s čiγad x-o-ǯräw-i
pn - nom mother- dat always io 3- ver : o -obey- prs
‘Maizer obeys (his) mother.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s musik'a-Ø x-e-sm-i
pn - dat music- nom io 3- ver : r -hear- prs
‘Maizer hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
twil-Ø lǝǯe-s lä-x-načt-äːn
honey- nom milk- dat prv : slightly - io 3-mix- pst
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø dec-s x-o-sgd-i
pn - nom sky- dat io 3- ver : o -look_at- prs
‘Maizer is looking at the skies.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d pupäik'a-Ø k-aː-Ø-t'k'id
pn - erg jersey- nom prv : outward - prv : dist - do 3-undress
‘Maizer took off (his) jersey.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-Ø x-eː-cnäw
pn - dat pn - nom
‘Maizer dreams about Lile.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d lile-s aduː-Ø x-äː-kw-e
pn - erg pn - dat yes- nom io 3- ver : sup -tell- pst
‘Maizer agreed with Lile (lit. ‘Maizer told Lile “yes”’).’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s ä-x-cudː-a
pn - nom pn - dat prv : dist - io 3-quarrel- pst
‘Maizer had a quarrel with Lile.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
al č'ik-Ø ešxu lar-Ø x-a-ǯeš
dem . prox cup- nom one l ari- nom io 3- ver : sup -resemble
‘This cup costs one Lari.’

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d näp'ol-s a-x-pišwd
pn - erg bird- dat prv : dist - io 3-shoot
‘Maizer shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL.INESS
X: ERG
Y: ALL.INESS
Locus: Y
maizer-d č'ik-te-isga šakär-Ø äd-Ø-šid
pn - erg cup- all - iness sugar- nom prv : dist . ver : s - do 3-scatter
‘Maizer poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d k'ǝl-ar-Ø ad-Ø-karw-e
pn - erg key- pl - nom prv : dist - do 3-lose- pst
‘Maizer lost (his) keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_INESS
X: NOM
Y: INESS
Locus: Y
cicw-Ø lic-isga č-äd-Ø-q'im-äːn
cat- nom water- iness prv : downward - prv : dist - s 3-drown- pst
‘The cat drowned in the water.’
Note: This verb usually requires an animate subject and can also read as ‘choke.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d gegi-Ø ad-Ø-gäːr
pn - erg pn - nom prv : dist - do 3-kill. pst
‘Maizer killed Gegi.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d gegi-s ši-Ø x-a-qid
pn - erg pn - dat hand- nom io 3- ver : sup -hit
‘Maizer hit Gegi with (his) hand.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s xaq'ba-ži lä-x-qax-äːn
pn - nom pn - dat cheek- superess prv : slightly - io 3-kiss- pst
‘Maizer kissed Lile on (her) cheek.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d saint'ereso lǝir-Ø ad-Ø-č'odaːn-e
pn - erg interesting book- nom prv : dist - do 3-read- pst
‘Maizer read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d pxule-Ø ad-Ø-k'utwn-e
pn - erg finger- nom prv : dist - do 3-move- pst
‘Maizer moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-Ø lile-s a-l-gwen-i
pn - nom pn - dat prv : dist - s 3-value- prs
‘Maizer respects Lile (lit. ‘Maizer values Lile’).’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s c'idär šedmak'wd-är-Ø x-ä-sisg
pn - dat dirty plates&dishes- pl - nom io 3- ver : sup -hate
‘Maizer is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s miča gezal-Ø x-a-žax
pn - dat poss 3 child- nom io 3- ver : sup -name
‘Maizer is proud of his child.’
Note: The term ‘name’ in the Georgian culture is connected with the concept of pride.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-Ø la-x-lat'-ǝn
pn - dat pn - nom prv : slightly - io 3-love- pst
‘Maizer fell in love with Lile.’

114. trust

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-e-munden-i
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : r -trust- prs
‘Maizer trusts Lile.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s di-Ø x-o-žr-i
pn - dat mother- nom io 3- ver : o -pity- prs
‘Maizer sympathizes with (his) mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN
X: DAT
Y: BEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s lile-šd x-a-txäm
pn - dat pn - ben io 3- ver : sup -envy
‘Maizer envies Lile.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-e-xrin-äːl
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -become_angry- vpl
‘Maizer is angry with Lile.’

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-š-xän-ka sačukar-Ø at-[x]-sak'wrel-ǝn
pn - dat pn - abl - el gift- nom prv : dist -[ io 3]-be_surprised- pst
‘Maizer was surprised at the gift from Lile.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s čai-Ø x-a-lät'
pn - dat tea- nom io 3- ver : sup -love
‘Maizer loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s ätu čai-Ø x-a-siäm
pn - dat hot tea- nom io 3- ver : sup -please
‘Maizer is pleased by hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s maxe mobilur-Ø x-a-k'-u
pn - dat new cell_phone- nom io 3- ver : sup -want- prs
‘Maizer wants a new cell phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPERESS
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-ži Ø-i-xrin-äːl
pn - dat pn - superess s 3- ver : s -grudge- vpl
‘Maizer has a grudge against Lile.’

123. take offence

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL.EL
X: DAT
Y: ABL.EL
Locus: XY
maizer-s lile-š-xän-ka at-Ø-sasdk'-ǝn
pn - nom pn - abl - el prv : dist . io 3-offend- pst
‘Maizer took offence at Lile.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d lile-s gwi-Ø a-[x]-γzigwn-e
pn - erg pn - dat heart- nom prv : dist -[ io 3]-hurt
‘Maizer greatly upset Lile (lit. ‘Maizer disturbed Lile's heart’).’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s al kaläk-Ø gun xoča-Ø la-x-baž-ǝn
pn - dat dem . prox town very good- nom prv : slightly - io 3-deem- pst
‘Maizer was impressed by this town a lot (lit. ‘Maizer felt like evaluating this town very well’).’

126. despise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s gegi-Ø x-ä-sisg
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -hate
‘Maizer despises of Gegi.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s miča č'q'int'-i guγa gwi-Ø lä-x-kwäš
pn - dat poss 3 boy- gen because heart- nom prv : slightly - io 3-hurt
‘Maizer got upset with his son (lit. ‘Maizer got (his) heart hurt because of (his) boy’).’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPERESS
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø miča gezal-ži Ø-i-xrin-äːl
pn - nom poss 3 child- superess s 3- ver : s -grudge- vpl
‘Maizer is getting angry with his child.’

129. be fond

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s gegi-Ø xoča-Ø x-a-bž-a
pn - dat pn - nom good- nom io 3- ver : sup -deem- prs
‘Maizer finds Gegi good.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s miča nak'latx-iš x-o-šgur
pn - dat poss 3 height- gen io 3- ver : o -be_shy
‘Maizer is shy of his height.’