Slovak
Contributed by Martin Gális & Kirill Kozhanov
(Academia.edu profile )
The dataset was put together in 2023 by Martin Gális (native speaker of Slovak) and Kirill Kozhanov. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Gális, Martin & Kirill Kozhanov. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Slovak.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on June 26, 2023;
last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 48.55, 18.78 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.
Basic clause structure
Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument in the accusative. In neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns the accusative form coincides with the nominative, however, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Examples (1) and (2) thereby represent canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of dům ‘house’ in (1) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.
(1) Peter vidí dom
PN(M)[NOM.SG] see(IPFV).PRS.3SG house(M)[ACC.SG]
‘Peter sees the house.’
(2) Peter streto-l Mark-a
PN(M)[NOM.SG] meet(PFV)-PST[M.SG] PN(M)-ACC.SG
‘Peter encountered Marek.’
The predicate always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person/gender (the choice of agreement features is conditioned by tense). Non-subjects are never indexed on the predicate.
Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. A number of prepositions can combine with several different cases; valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOM_naACC (where the preposition na combines with a noun phrase in the accusative case, cf. example 6 below) and NOM_naLOC (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the locative case, cf. example 34 below) are considered two different valency patterns, etc.
Case system
There are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative.
Verb lemmas
Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).
Glossing abbreviations
ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — nominative; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
ACC_NOM
DAT_NOM
NOM_akoNOM
NOM_cezACC
NOM_DAT
NOM_doGEN
NOM_GEN
NOM_INS
NOM_kDAT
NOM_naACC
NOM_nadINS
NOM_naLOC
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
NOM_oACC
NOM_odGEN
NOM_oLOC
NOM_poLOC
NOM_sINS
NOM_vociDAT
NOM_zaACC
NOM_zaINS
NOM_zGEN
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-a
bolí
hlav-a
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
ache(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
head(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Peter has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
má
chrípk-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
flu(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
bojí
ps-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
be_afraid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
dog(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
hodi-l
kameň
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
throw(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
stone(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Teraz
má
Peter
dosť
peňazí
now
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
enough
money(
m
)[
gen
.
pl
]
‘Now Peter has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
podobá
na
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
resemble(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter resembles Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
verí
Mark-ovi
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
believe(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter believes Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
zobra-l
knih-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
vidí
dom
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
see(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Vek
ovplyvňuje
pamäť
age(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
influence(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
memory(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
streto-l
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
meet(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter encountered Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
vošie-l
do
dom-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
enter(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
in
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Peter
vyhra-l
nad
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
win(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
above
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter beat Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
vyšie-l
z
dom-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
go_out(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
ženie
krav-u
na
pastvin-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
drive(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
cow(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
on
pasture(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is chasing the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
oho-l
konár
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
bend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
branch(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
poveda-l
Mark-ovi:
"…"
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
tell(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
"…"
‘Peter told Marek: "…".’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
drží
knih-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
hold(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
dostiho-l
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
catch_up(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter caught up with Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
podoji-l
krav-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
milk(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
cow(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
dosta-l
na
breh
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
reach(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
on
bank(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
dotko-l
sten-y
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
touch(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
wall(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
bije
s
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter is fighting with Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
kamaráti
s
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
be_friends(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter is friends with Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter
rozmýšľa
o
Mark-ovi
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
about
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
zjedo-l
jablk-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
eat(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
apple(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
usmaži-l
ryb-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
fry(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
fish(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
čaká
na
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
wait(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is waiting for Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
zabudo-l
na
druh-ú
cest-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
forget(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
on
other-
f
.
acc
.
sg
road(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter forgot about that other road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Pamäť
zavísí
od
vek-u
memory(
f
)[
nom
.
sg
]
depend(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
age(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
zavola-l
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
call(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter called Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
spozna-l
Mark-a
pred
rok-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
get_to_know(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
before
year(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter got to know Marek a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
pozná
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
know(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter knows Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Peter
hrá
na
gitar-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
play(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
guitar(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
vyhýba
Mark-ovi
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
avoid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter avoids Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
urobi-l
pasť
na
myš-i
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
make(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
trap(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
on
mouse(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
si
z
Mark-a
teraz
robí
žart-y
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
dat
from
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
now
make(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
joke(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter is now making fun of Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
má
aut-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
car(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
hľadá
svoj-e
kľúč-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
look_for(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
one's-
acc
.
pl
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
natre-l
plot
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
paint(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
fence(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pes
uhryzo-l
Petr-a
dog(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
bite(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘A dog bit Peter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oACC
X: NOM
Y: oACC
Locus: Y
Peter
prišie-l
o
svoj
dom
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
come(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
about
one's[
m
.
acc
.
sg
]
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
sa
snaží
chyti-ť
mačk-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
try(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
catch(
pfv
)-
inf
cat(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
zlomi-l
paličk-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
break(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
stick(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
lichotí
Mári-i
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
flatter(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter is flattering Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
miluje
Mári-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter loves Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter
máva
kapesník-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
wave(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
scarf(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter is waving a scarf.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter
sníva
o
nov-om
aut-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
about
new-
n
.
loc
.
sg
car(
n
)-
loc
.
sg
‘Peter is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
umy-l
pohár
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
mug(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter washed the mug.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
si
oblieko-l
nohavic-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
dat
put_on(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
trousers-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Tento
prístroj
sa
volá
kompas
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
gadget(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
call(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
compass(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
‘This gadget is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
potresta-l
svoj-ho
syn-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
punish(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
one's-
m
.
acc
.
sg
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Medveď
napado-l
rybár-a
bear(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
attack(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
fisherman(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Vedr-o
bo-l-o
naplnen-é
vod-ou
bucket(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
be(
ipfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
filled-
n
.
nom
.
sg
water(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
našie-l
jeho
kľúč-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
find(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
his
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi
chýba
jedn-o
eur-o
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
one-
n
.
nom
.
sg
euro(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Peter is one euro short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
nenávidí
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
hate(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter hates Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
má
rád
toto
tričk-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
glad
this.
n
.
acc
.
sg
shirt(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
potrebuje
peniaz-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
need(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
money(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Múr-y
obkolesujú
mest-o
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
surround(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi
ostáva
desať
eur
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
remain(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
ten[
nom
]
euro(
n
)[
gen
.
pl
]
‘Peter has ten euros left.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
odpoveda-l
učiteľ-ovi
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
answer(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
teacher(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
otvori-l
konzerv-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
open(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
can(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_akoNOM
X: NOM
Y: akoNOM
Locus: Y
Moj-a
košeľ-a
je
in-á
ako
tvoj-a
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
shirt(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
other-
f
.
nom
.
sg
than
your-
f
.
nom
.
sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Peter
zaosta-l
za
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
fall_behind(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
behind
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter fell behind Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
orie
pol-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
plough(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
field(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_poLOC
X: NOM
Y: poLOC
Locus: Y
Moj-e
ruk-y
smrdia
po
benzín-e
my-
nom
.
pl
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
smell(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
after
gasoline(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_cezACC
X: NOM
Y: cezACC
Locus: Y
Peter
prešie-l
cez
cest-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
cross(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
over
street(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter crossed the street.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
spieva-l
krásn-u
pieseň
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
sing(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
song(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
písa-l
list
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
write(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
letter(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
vypi-l
mliek-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
drink(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
milk(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
roztavi-l
kus
olov-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
melt(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
piece(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
lead(
n
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_kDAT
X: NOM
Y: kDAT
Locus: Y
Tento
opasok
sa
hodí
k
moj-im
šat-ám
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
belt(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
fit(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
to
my-
dat
.
pl
dress(
m
)-
dat
.
pl
‘This belt matches my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
opusti-l
svoj-e
rodn-é
měst-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
leave(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
one’s-
acc
.
sg
.
n
native-
n
.
acc
.
sg
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter left his home town.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Koberec
pokrýva
cel-ú
podlah-u
carpet(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
cover(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
whole-
f
.
acc
.
sg
floor(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
si
dobre
pamätá
tento
dom
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
dat
well
remember(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
this.
m
.
acc
.
sg
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter remembers this house well.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
pomoho-l
Mári-i
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
help(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter helped Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
rozumie
francúzštin-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
understand(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
f
rench(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter understands French.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Blesk
udre-l
do
dom-u
lightning(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
in
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
poreza-l
britv-ou
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
cut(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
razor(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Pohár
sa
prilepi-l
na
stôl
glass(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
stick(
pfv
)-
pst
(
m
.
sg
)
on
table(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
prehra-l
s
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter lost to Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
ma-l
z
dopis-u
radosť
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from
letter(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
joy(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter rejoiced over the letter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
hovorí
s
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mári-a
porodi-l-a
syn-a
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
give_birth(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
pusti-l
pohár
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
drop(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
glass(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
vládne
náš-mu
mest-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
govern(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
our-
n
.
dat
.
sg
city(
n
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi
chýba
Mári-a
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
miss(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
‘Peter misses Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
následuje
Mári-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
follow(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter follows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
zosado-l
z
koň-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
jump_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from
horse(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter jumped off the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
počúva
rádi-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
radio(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
vždy
poslúcha
svoj-u
matk-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
always
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
one’s-
f
.
acc
.
sg
mother(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter always listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
počuje
hudb-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
hear(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
music(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Med
sa
zmieša-l
s
mliek-om
honey(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
melt(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
with
milk(
n
)-
ins
.
sg
‘The honey melted in the milk.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
pozerá
na
mrak-y
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
look(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
cloud(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
si
vyzlieko-l
košeľ-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
dat
put_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
shirt(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter
sníva
o
Mári-i
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
about
pn
(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
súhlasi-l
s
Mári-ou
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
agree(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
with
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter agrees with her.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
háda-l
s
Mári-ou
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
have_a_quarrel(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
with
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter had a quarrel with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Hrnček
stojí
jedn-o
eur-o
cup(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
cost(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
one-
n
.
acc
.
sg
euro(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘This glass costs one euro.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
streli-l
na
vták-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
shoot(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
on
bird(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
nasypa-l
cukor
do
pohár-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
put(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
sugar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
in
glass(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter poured the sugar in the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
strati-l
svoj-e
kľúč-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
one's-
acc
.
pl
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Polen-o
sa
potopi-l-o
do
vod-y
log(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
refl
.
acc
sink(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
in
water(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
zabi-l
Mári-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
kill(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter killed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
udre-l
Mári-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter hit Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
pobozka-l
Mári-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
kiss(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter kissed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
prečíta-l
zaujímav-ú
knih-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
read(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
interesting-
f
.
acc
.
sg
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter
poho-l
svoj-ím
prst-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
move(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
one's-
m
.
ins
.
sg
finger(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter
si
váži
Mári-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
dat
respect(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter respects Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
je
hákliv-ý
na
špinav-ý
riad
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
squeamish
on
dirty-
m
.
acc
.
sg
dishes(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
je
so
svoj-ím
syn-om
spokojn-ý
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
one's-
m
.
ins
.
sg
son(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
satisfied-
m
.
nom
.
sg
‘Peter is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
zamilova-l
do
Mári-e
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
fall_in_love(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
in
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
‘Peter fell in love with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
dôveruje
Mári-i
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
trust(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter trusts Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter
súcití
so
svoj-ou
matk-ou
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
sympathise(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
one’s-
f
.
ins
.
sg
mother(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter
závidí
Mark-ovi
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
envy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
hnevá
na
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
make_angry(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is angry with Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter
bo-l
z
darček-a
prekvapen-ý
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
be(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
from
gift(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
surprised-
m
.
nom
.
sg
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
má
rád
čaj
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
glad
tea(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
si
užíva
tepl-ý
čaj
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
dat
enjoy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
hot-
m
.
acc
.
sg
tea(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
chce
nov-ý
mobiln-ý
telefón
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
want(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
new-
m
.
acc
.
sg
mobile-
m
.
acc
.
sg
phone(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
‘Peter wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_vociDAT
X: NOM
Y: vociDAT
Locus: Y
Peter
má
voči
Mark-ovi
zášť
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
against
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
grudge
‘Peter holds a grudge against Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
na
Mark-a
urazi-l
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
on
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
offend(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
‘Peter took offense at Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
veľmi
rozruši-l
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
very
make_sad(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter upset Marek.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
obdivova-l
toto
mest-o
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
admire(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
this.
n
.
acc
.
sg
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter was marvelled at this city.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter
opovrhuje
Mark-om
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
despise(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
‘Peter despises Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
rozčúli-l
na
svoj-ho
syn-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
sadden(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
on
one's-
m
.
acc
.
sg
son(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter
začína
by-ť
na
svoj-u
dcér-u
podrážden-ý
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
start(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
be-
inf
on
one's-
f
.
acc
.
sg
daughter(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
irritated-
m
.
nom
.
sg
‘Peter gets irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter
má
rád
Mark-a
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
glad
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is fond of Marek.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaACC
X: NOM
Y: zaACC
Locus: Y
Peter
sa
hanbí
za
svoj-u
výšk-u
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
refl
.
acc
be_shy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
for
one’s-
f
.
acc
.
sg
height(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
‘Peter is embarrassed about his small height.’