BivalTyp

Slovak

Contributed by Martin Gális & Kirill Kozhanov (Academia.edu profile)

M.G.'s photo K.K.'s photo

The dataset was put together in 2023 by Martin Gális (native speaker of Slovak) and Kirill Kozhanov. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Gális, Martin & Kirill Kozhanov. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Slovak. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 26, 2023; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Basic clause structure

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument in the accusative. In neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns the accusative form coincides with the nominative, however, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Examples (1) and (2) thereby represent canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of dům ‘house’ in (1) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.

(1)  Peter          vidí               dom
     PN(M)[NOM.SG]  see(IPFV).PRS.3SG  house(M)[ACC.SG]
     ‘Peter sees the house.’

(2)  Peter          streto-l             Mark-a
     PN(M)[NOM.SG]  meet(PFV)-PST[M.SG]  PN(M)-ACC.SG
     ‘Peter encountered Marek.’

The predicate always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person/gender (the choice of agreement features is conditioned by tense). Non-subjects are never indexed on the predicate.

Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. A number of prepositions can combine with several different cases; valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOM_naACC (where the preposition na combines with a noun phrase in the accusative case, cf. example 6 below) and NOM_naLOC (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the locative case, cf. example 34 below) are considered two different valency patterns, etc.

Case system

There are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — nominative; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain bolet

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-a bolí hlav-a
pn ( m )- acc . sg ache( ipfv ). prs .3 sg head( f )- nom . sg
‘Peter has a headache.’

2. have (illness) mať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter chrípk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter has the flu.’

3. be afraid báť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter sa bojí ps-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg dog( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hodiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter hodi-l kameň
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] stone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter threw a stone.’

5. have enough mať dosť

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Teraz Peter dosť peňazí
now have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] enough money( m )[ gen . pl ]
‘Now Peter has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble podobať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa podobá na Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc resemble( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter resembles Marek.’

7. believe veriť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter verí Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter believes Marek.’

8. take zobrať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter zobra-l knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter took a book.’

9. see vidieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter vidí dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] see( ipfv ). prs .3 sg house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sees a house.’

10. influence ovplyvňovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Vek ovplyvňuje pamäť
age( m )[ nom . sg ] influence( ipfv ). prs .3 sg memory( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter stretnúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter streto-l Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter encountered Marek.’

12. enter vojsť

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Peter vošie-l do dom-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] enter( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] in house( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter entered the house.’

13. win vyhrať

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Peter vyhra-l nad Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] above pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter beat Marek.’

14. go out vyjsť

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter vyšie-l z dom-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] go_out( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from house( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter went out of the house.’

15. drive hnať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter ženie krav-u na pastvin-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg cow( f )- acc . sg on pasture( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is chasing the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend ohnúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter oho-l konár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] branch( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter bent the branch.’

17. tell povedať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter poveda-l Mark-ovi: "…"
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- dat . sg "…"
‘Peter told Marek: "…".’

18. hold držať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter drží knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’

19. catch up dostihnúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter dostiho-l Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] catch_up( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter caught up with Marek.’

20. milk podojiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter podoji-l krav-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter milked the cow.’

21. reach dostať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa dosta-l na breh
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc reach( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] on bank( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter reached the bank.’

22. touch dotknúť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter sa dotko-l sten-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’

23. fight biť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter sa bije s Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc fight( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is fighting with Marek.’

24. be friends kamarátiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter sa kamaráti s Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_friends( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is friends with Marek.’

25. think rozmýšľať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter rozmýšľa o Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’

26. eat zjesť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter zjedo-l jablk-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] eat( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] apple( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter ate an apple.’

27. fry usmažiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter usmaži-l ryb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] fry( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fish( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter fried the fish.’

28. wait čakať

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter čaká na Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] wait( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter is waiting for Marek.’

29. forget zabudnúť

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter zabudo-l na druh-ú cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] forget( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] on other- f . acc . sg road( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter forgot about that other road.’

30. depend závisieť

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Pamäť zavísí od vek-u
memory( f )[ nom . sg ] depend( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from age( m )- gen . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call zavolať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter zavola-l Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] call( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter called Marek.’

32. get to know spoznať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter spozna-l Mark-a pred rok-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] get_to_know( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg before year( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter got to know Marek a year ago.’

33. know poznať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter pozná Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter knows Marek.’

34. play (instrument) hrať

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC
X: NOM
Y: naLOC
Locus: Y
Peter hrá na gitar-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid vyhýbať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter sa vyhýba Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter avoids Marek.’

36. make urobiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter urobi-l pasť na myš-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] trap( f )[ acc . sg ] on mouse( f )- acc . pl
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun robiť si žarty

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter si z Mark-a teraz robí žart-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat from pn ( m )- gen . sg now make( ipfv ). prs .3 sg joke( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is now making fun of Marek.’

38. have mať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter aut-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg car( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter has a car.’

39. look for hľadať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter hľadá svoj-e kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] look_for( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one's- acc . pl key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is looking for his keys.’

40. paint natrieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter natre-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter painted the fence.’

41. bite uhryznúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pes uhryzo-l Petr-a
dog( m )[ nom . sg ] bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Peter.’

42. forfeit prísť

Valency pattern: NOM_oACC
X: NOM
Y: oACC
Locus: Y
Peter prišie-l o svoj dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] come( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] about one's[ m . acc . sg ] house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter lost his house.’

43. try to catch snažiť sa chytiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter sa snaží chyti-ť mačk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc try( ipfv ). prs .3 sg catch( pfv )- inf cat( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break zlomiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter zlomi-l paličk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] stick( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter broke a stick.’

45. flatter lichotiť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter lichotí Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] flatter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) milovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter miluje Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter loves Maria.’

47. wave mávať

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter máva kapesník-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] wave( ipfv ). prs .3 sg scarf( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is waving a scarf.’

48. dream snívať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter sníva o nov-om aut-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about new- n . loc . sg car( n )- loc . sg
‘Peter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash umýť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter umy-l pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] mug( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter washed the mug.’

50. put on obliecť si

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter si oblieko-l nohavic-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat put_on( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] trousers- acc . pl
‘Peter put on his trousers.’

51. be called volať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Tento prístroj sa volá kompas
this. m . nom . sg gadget( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc call( ipfv ). prs .3 sg compass( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘This gadget is called a compass.’

52. punish potrestať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter potresta-l svoj-ho syn-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] punish( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one's- m . acc . sg son( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter punished his son.’

53. attack napadnúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Medveď napado-l rybár-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ] attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) naplnený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Vedr-o bo-l-o naplnen-é vod-ou
bucket( n )- nom . sg be( ipfv )- pst - n . sg filled- n . nom . sg water( f )- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find nájsť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter našie-l jeho kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] find( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] his key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter found his keys.’

56. be short chýbať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi chýba jedn-o eur-o
pn ( m )- dat . sg lack( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one- n . nom . sg euro( n )- nom . sg
‘Peter is one euro short.’

57. hate nenávidieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter nenávidí Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter hates Marek.’

58. like mať rád

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter rád toto tričk-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg glad this. n . acc . sg shirt( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter likes this shirt.’

59. need potrebovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter potrebuje peniaz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg money( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter needs money.’

60. surround obkolesovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Múr-y obkolesujú mest-o
wall( f )- nom . pl surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl city( n )- acc . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi ostáva desať eur
pn ( m )- dat . sg remain( ipfv ). prs .3 sg ten[ nom ] euro( n )[ gen . pl ]
‘Peter has ten euros left.’

62. answer odpovedať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter odpoveda-l učiteľ-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] answer( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] teacher( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter answered the teacher.’

63. open otvoriť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter otvori-l konzerv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] can( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter opened a can.’

64. be different iný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_akoNOM
X: NOM
Y: akoNOM
Locus: Y
Moj-a košeľ-a je in-á ako tvoj-a
my- f . nom . sg shirt( f )- nom . sg be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg other- f . nom . sg than your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind zaostať

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Peter zaosta-l za Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] behind pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter fell behind Marek.’

66. plough orať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter orie pol-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg field( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell smrdieť

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC
X: NOM
Y: poLOC
Locus: Y
Moj-e ruk-y smrdia po benzín-e
my- nom . pl hand( f )- nom . pl smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl after gasoline( m )- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross prejsť

Valency pattern: NOM_cezACC
X: NOM
Y: cezACC
Locus: Y
Peter prešie-l cez cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] over street( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter crossed the street.’

69. sing spievať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter spieva-l krásn-u pieseň
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] sing( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] beautiful- f . acc . sg song( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write písať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter písa-l list
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] write( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] letter( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter wrote a letter.’

71. drink vypiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter vypi-l mliek-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drink( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] milk( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter drank the milk.’

72. melt roztaviť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter roztavi-l kus olov-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] piece( m )[ acc . sg ] lead( n )- gen . sg
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match hodiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_kDAT
X: NOM
Y: kDAT
Locus: Y
Tento opasok sa hodí k moj-im šat-ám
this. m . nom . sg belt( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc fit( ipfv ). prs .3 sg to my- dat . pl dress( m )- dat . pl
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave opustiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter opusti-l svoj-e rodn-é měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one’s- acc . sg . n native- n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter left his home town.’

75. cover pokrývať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Koberec pokrýva cel-ú podlah-u
carpet( m )[ nom . sg ] cover( ipfv ). prs .3 sg whole- f . acc . sg floor( f )- acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pamätať si

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter si dobre pamätá tento dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat well remember( ipfv ). prs .3 sg this. m . acc . sg house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter remembers this house well.’

77. help pomôcť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter pomoho-l Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] help( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter helped Maria.’

78. understand (language) rozumieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter rozumie francúzštin-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg f rench( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter understands French.’

79. hit (target) udrieť

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Blesk udre-l do dom-u
lightning( m )[ nom . sg ] hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] in house( m )- gen . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself porezať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter sa poreza-l britv-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc cut( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] razor( f )- ins . sg
‘Peter cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck prilepiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Pohár sa prilepi-l na stôl
glass( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc stick( pfv )- pst ( m . sg ) on table( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) prehrať

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter prehra-l s Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter lost to Marek.’

83. be glad mať radosť

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter ma-l z dopis-u radosť
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from letter( m )- gen . sg joy( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter rejoiced over the letter.’

84. speak hovoriť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter hovorí s Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’

85. give birth porodiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mári-a porodi-l-a syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg son( m )- acc . sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop pustiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter pusti-l pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

87. govern vládnuť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter vládne náš-mu mest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg our- n . dat . sg city( n )- dat . sg
‘Peter runs our village.’

88. miss chýbať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi chýba Mári-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- nom . sg
‘Peter misses Maria.’

89. follow následovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter následuje Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] follow( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter follows Maria.’

90. dismount zosadnúť

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter zosado-l z koň-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] jump_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from horse( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter jumped off the horse.’

91. listen počúvať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter počúva rádi-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg radio( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter is listening to radio.’

92. obey poslúchať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter vždy poslúcha svoj-u matk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] always listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one’s- f . acc . sg mother( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter always listens to his mother.’

93. hear počuť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter počuje hudb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hear( ipfv ). prs .3 sg music( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter hears the music.’

94. mix zmiešať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Med sa zmieša-l s mliek-om
honey( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] with milk( n )- ins . sg
‘The honey melted in the milk.’

95. look pozerať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa pozerá na mrak-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on cloud( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off vyzliecť si

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter si vyzlieko-l košeľ-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat put_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] shirt( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) snívať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter sníva o Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’

98. agree súhlasiť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter súhlasi-l s Mári-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] agree( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] with pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Peter agrees with her.’

99. have a quarrel hádať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter sa háda-l s Mári-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc have_a_quarrel( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] with pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost stáť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Hrnček stojí jedn-o eur-o
cup( m )[ nom . sg ] cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one- n . acc . sg euro( n )- acc . sg
‘This glass costs one euro.’

101. shoot at strieliť

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter streli-l na vták-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] shoot( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] on bird( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter shot at the bird.’

102. pour nasypať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter nasypa-l cukor do pohár-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] put( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] sugar( m )[ acc . sg ] in glass( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter poured the sugar in the glass.’

103. lose stratiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter strati-l svoj-e kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one's- acc . pl key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

104. sink potopiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Polen-o sa potopi-l-o do vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg refl . acc sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill zabiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter zabi-l Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter killed Maria.’

106. hit udrieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter udre-l Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter hit Maria.’

107. kiss pobozkať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter pobozka-l Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter kissed Maria.’

108. read prečítať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter prečíta-l zaujímav-ú knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] interesting- f . acc . sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) pohnúť

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter poho-l svoj-ím prst-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] move( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one's- m . ins . sg finger( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter moved his finger.’

110. respect vážiť si

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter si váži Mári-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat respect( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish háklivý + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter je hákliv-ý na špinav-ý riad
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg squeamish on dirty- m . acc . sg dishes( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content spokojný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter je so svoj-ím syn-om spokojn-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with one's- m . ins . sg son( m )- ins . sg satisfied- m . nom . sg
‘Peter is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love zamilovať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Peter sa zamilova-l do Mári-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] in pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust dôverovať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter dôveruje Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise súcitiť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Peter súcití so svoj-ou matk-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] sympathise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg with one’s- f . ins . sg mother( f )- ins . sg
‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy závidieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter závidí Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’

117. be angry hnevať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa hnevá na Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter is angry with Marek.’

118. be surprised prekvapený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter bo-l z darček-a prekvapen-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] be( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from gift( m )- gen . sg surprised- m . nom . sg
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) mať rád

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter rád čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg glad tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter loves tea.’

120. enjoy užívať si

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter si užíva tepl-ý čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg hot- m . acc . sg tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want chcieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter chce nov-ý mobiln-ý telefón
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] want( ipfv ). prs .3 sg new- m . acc . sg mobile- m . acc . sg phone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge mať zášť

Valency pattern: NOM_vociDAT
X: NOM
Y: vociDAT
Locus: Y
Peter voči Mark-ovi zášť
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg against pn ( m )- dat . sg grudge
‘Peter holds a grudge against Marek.’

123. take offence uraziť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa na Mark-a urazi-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc on pn ( m )- acc . sg offend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Peter took offense at Marek.’

124. upset rozrušiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter veľmi rozruši-l Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] very make_sad( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter upset Marek.’

125. marvel obdivovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter obdivova-l toto mest-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] admire( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] this. n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter was marvelled at this city.’

126. despise opovrhovať

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter opovrhuje Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter despises Marek.’

127. get upset rozčúliť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa rozčúli-l na svoj-ho syn-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc sadden( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] on one's- m . acc . sg son( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated podráždený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Peter začína by-ť na svoj-u dcér-u podrážden-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] start( ipfv ). prs .3 sg be- inf on one's- f . acc . sg daughter( f )- acc . sg irritated- m . nom . sg
‘Peter gets irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond mať rád

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter rád Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg glad pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter is fond of Marek.’

130. be shy hanbiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC
X: NOM
Y: zaACC
Locus: Y
Peter sa hanbí za svoj-u výšk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_shy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg for one’s- f . acc . sg height( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is embarrassed about his small height.’