Shughni

Contributed by Daria Chistiakova (Academia.edu profile) and Daria Ryzhova (Academia.edu profile)

D.Ch.'s photo D.R.'s photo

How to cite

Chistiakova, Daria & Daria Ryzhova. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Shughni. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 1, 2023; last revised on February 4, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 37.5, 71.79.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Iranian.
Macro-area: North and Central Asia.

Glossing abbreviations

ADD – additive; ADV – adverbializer; AUX – auxiliary verb; D – demonstrative; DIM – diminutive; EL – elative; EM – emphasizer; EQ – equative; F – feminine; IMPER – imperative; INF – infinitive; INS – instrumental; LAT – lative; LOC – locative; M – masculine; NEG – negative; OBL – oblique; P.LOC – possessive locative; PF – perfect; PL – pluralis; PN – personal name; PREP.DOWN - preposition of downward direction; PREP.UP - preposition of upward direction; PST – past; REFL – reflexive; SG – singular; SUB – sublative; SUBST – substantivizer; SUP – superessive.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain dārδ čīdow

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-and	wi	kāl	dārδ	kix̌-t
pn - loc	d 3. m . sg . obl	head	pain	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed has a headache.’

2. have (illness) vidow

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Lola-yand	rāk	kasali
pn - loc	cancer	illness
‘Lola has cancer.’
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

3. be afraid x̌oǰ δêrtow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	as	kūd	x̌oǰ	δêr-t
pn	el	dog	fear	aux -3 sg
‘Ahmed is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw šič δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmat=i	yakum	žīr	šič	δod
pn =3 sg	first	stone	throw	give. pst
‘Ahmat threw a stone first.’

5. have enough firīptow

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-and	wi	pūl	wi-rd	firop-t
pn - loc	d 3. m . sg . obl	money	d 3. m . sg . obl - lat	reach-3 sg
‘Ahmed has enough money.’

6. resemble mūnand vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Ahmat	tar	xu	bob	mūnand
pn	eq	refl	grandfather	similar
‘Ahmat resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

7. believe bowar δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Ahmat	Azim-ard	bowari	δī-d
pn	pn - lat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed believes Azim.’

8. take zêx̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	kitob	as	tažerka-ti	zox̌-t
pn =3 sg	book	el	shelf- sup	take- pst
‘Azim took a book from the shelf.’

9. see wīntow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	čīd	wīn-t
pn	house	see-3 sg
‘Azim sees a house.’

10. influence tāsīr čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

sol	wux̌-ti	tāsīr	kix̌-t
years	memory- sup	influence	do-3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter wīntow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmat=i	Azim	půnd-ti	wīn-t
pn =3 sg	pn	road- sup	see- pst
‘Ahmat encountered Azim on the road.’

12. enter dedow

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Ahmed	tar	čīd	ded
pn	eq	house	enter. pst
‘Ahmed entered the house.’

13. win yêdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed=i	as	Karamšo	yod
pn =3 sg	el	pn	bring. pst
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’

14. go out nax̌tīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Azim	as	čīd	nax̌tūy-d
pn	el	house	go.out- pst
‘Azim went out of the house.’

15. drive ay čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	wam	žow	ay	čūd	wox̌	xīd
pn =3 sg	d 3. f . sg . obl	cow	expulsion	do. pst	grass	eat. inf
‘Azim is driving the cow to graze.’

16. bend xām δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	wi	xêx̌čak	xām	δod
pn =3 sg	d 3. m . sg . obl	branch	bend	give. pst
‘Ahmed bent the branch.’

17. tell lůvdow

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Azim=i	Lola-yard	lůd:	te	tar	čīd-aθ
pn =3 sg	pn - lat	say. pst	go. imper	eq	house- adv
‘Azim told Lola: go home.’

18. hold anǰīvdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	mu	kitob	anǰūv-d
pn =3 sg	1 sg . obl	book	hold- pst
‘Ahmed was holding my book.’

19. catch up daryov čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	Karamšo	daryov	čūd
pn =3 sg	pn	capture	do. pst
‘Ahmed caught up with Karamsho.’

20. milk δīwdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Saida=yi	žow	δūy-d
pn =3 sg	cow	milk- pst
‘Saida milked the cow.’

21. reach firīptow

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Azim=i	lodka=qati	tar	qoq-i	firīp-t
pn =3 sg	boat= ins	eq	dry- subst	reach- pst
‘Azim reached the bank in a boat.’

22. touch xu δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_PREP.UP-LOC

X: NOM

Y: PREP.UP-LOC

Locus: Y

Azim=i	pi	burǰ-and	xu	δod	xu	ɣažd	sut
pn =3 sg	prep . up	wall- loc	refl	give. pst	add	dirty	go. m . pst
‘Azim touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight δêd čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Naǰiba	Safina=qati	δêd	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	quarrel	do-3 sg
‘Najiba is fighting with Safina.’

24. be friends *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Ahmat=at	Azim=en	ox̌no-yen
pn = add	pn =3 pl	friend- pl
‘Ahmed is friends with Azim.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

25. think fikri čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	Lola	fikri	kix̌-t
pn	pn	thought	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is thinking about Lola.’

26. eat xīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	mūn	xūd
pn =3 sg	apple	eat. pst
‘Ahmed ate an apple.’

27. fry pêxtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	gūx̌t	pêx-t
pn =3 sg	meat	cook- pst
‘Azim fried the meat.’

28. wait nīstow

Valency pattern: NOM_PREP.UP

X: NOM

Y: PREP.UP

Locus: Y

Azim	pi	Lola	nūs-č
pn	prep . up	pn	sit. m - pf
‘Azim is waiting for Lola.’

29. forget rinīx̌tow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Azim=i	as	wi	yiga	půnd	rinūx̌-t
pn =3 sg	el	d 3. m . sg . obl	another	road	forget- pst
‘Azim forgot about the other road.’

30. depend wobastā vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Pamyat	as	vozrast	wobastā
memory	el	age	dependent
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

31. call qīwdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	xu	nān	qīw-d
pn =3 sg	refl	mother	call- pst
‘Azim called his mother.’

32. get to know balad sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Saida=qati	yi	sol	tar	piro	balad	sut
pn	pn = ins	one	year	eq	ahead	familiar	go. m . pst
‘Ahmed got to know Saida a year ago.’

33. know fāmtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed	Saida	fām-t
pn	pn	know-3 sg
‘Ahmed knows Saida.’

34. play (instrument) niwêzdow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Ahmed	gitar-ti	niwoz-d
pn	guitar- sup	play-3 sg
‘Ahmed is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid zibidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	as	Saida	zibīn-t
pn	el	pn	jump-3 sg
‘Ahmed avoids Saida.’

36. make čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	pūrg-anǰavīǰ=ak	xůbaθ	čūd
pn =3 sg	mousetrap= dim	himself	do. pst
‘Azim made a mousetrap himself.’

37. make fun qīn čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	as	Saida	qīn	kix̌-t
pn	el	pn	difficult	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is making fun of Saida.’

38. have vidow

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-and	mošin
pn - loc	car
‘Ahmed has a car.’
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

39. look for x̌ikīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	xu	wix̌īӡ-en	x̌ikīr-t
pn	refl	key- pl	look.for-3 sg
‘Azim is looking for his keys.’

40. paint rang čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	xu	divi	rang	čūd
pn =3 sg	refl	door	color	do. pst
‘Azim painted the door.’

41. bite pirentow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

yu	kūd=i	wam	vorǰ	piren-t
d 3. m . sg	dog=3 sg	d 3. f . sg . obl	horse	bite- pst
‘The dog bit the horse.’

42. forfeit redow

Valency pattern: NOM_beOBL

X: NOM

Y: beOBL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	be-malā	red
pn	without-dwelling	remain. pst
‘Ahmed lost hist house.’

43. try to catch anǰīvdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed	pīš	anǰīv-d
pn	cat	catch-3 sg
‘Ahmed is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break virix̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	wi	sêx	virux̌-t
pn =3 sg	d 3. m . sg . obl	stick	break- pst
‘Azim broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) žīwǰdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	Saida	žīwǰ
pn =3 sg	pn	love
‘Ahmed loves Saida.’

47. wave δust weδdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Azim	lemol-ak=qati	δust	weδ-d
pn	headscarf- dim = ins	hand	put- pst
‘Azim is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

49. wash zinêdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	xu	čīni	zino-d
pn =3 sg	refl	cup	wash- pst
‘Ahmed washed the cup.’

50. put on pinīwdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil=i	xu	laq-en	pinūy-d
pn =3 sg	refl	pants- pl	put.on- pst
‘Shamil put on his trousers.’

51. be called nům vidow

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ik-di	kočor	nům	kumpas
em - d 2. m . sg . obl	thing	name	compass
‘This object is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

52. punish kud δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	xu	puc	kud	δod
pn =3 sg	refl	son	dog	give. pst
‘Azim punished his son.’

53. attack firīptow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

xirs=i	wi	ribak-ti	firīp-t
bear=3 sg	d 3. m . sg . obl	fisherman- sup	reach- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) pur sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čalak	x̌ac=qati	pur	sat
pail	water= ins	much	go. f . pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find virêdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	čilā	virū-d	půnd=ti
pn =3 sg	ring	find- pst	road= sup
‘Azim found a ring on the road.’

56. be short na-firīptow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Šamil-ard	aray	somoni=ga	na-firop-t
pn - lat	3	somoni=more	neg -reach-3 sg
‘Shamil is three somoni short.’

57. hate bad vidow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Šamil-ard	Azim	dis=ga	bad
pn - lat	pn	such=more	bad
‘Shamil hates Azim.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

58. like xuš vidow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Azim-ard	ik-am	kurtā	xuš
pn - lat	em - d 1. sg	shirt	pleasant
‘Azim likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

59. need darkor vidow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Azim-ard	pūl	darkor
pn - lat	money	needed
‘Azim needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

60. surround vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgarginuxa

X: NOM

Y: OBLgarginuxa

Locus: Y

burǰ-en	x̌ār	garginūx̌ā
wall- pl	city	around
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

61. remain redow

Valency pattern: P.LOC_NOM

X: P.LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Azim-ǰā	δis	som=ga	red
pn - p . loc	10	somoni=more	remain. pst
‘Azim has ten somoni left.’

62. answer ǰawob δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Azim=i	molim-ard	ǰawob	δod
pn =3 sg	teacher- lat	answer	give. pst
‘Azim answered the teacher.’

63. open yet čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	banka	yet	čūd
pn =3 sg	jar	open	do. pst
‘Azim opened a can.’

64. be different farq vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

mu	kurtā	as	tu	kurtā	farq
1 sg . obl	shirt	el	2 sg	shirt	difference
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

65. fall behind zibo δêdow2

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Azim	as	Lola	zibo	δod
pn	el	pn	behind	fall. pst
‘Azim fell behind Lola.’

66. plough čīntow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	agorod	čůn-t
pn	garden	dig-3 sg
‘Azim is digging the garden.’

67. smell bůy δêdow2

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

wi	δust-en	benzin	bůy	δiy-en
d 3. m . sg . obl	hand- pl	oil	smell	fall-3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross naɣ̌ǰīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Azim	as	půnd	naɣ̌ǰī-d
pn	el	road	pass- pst
‘Azim crossed the road.’

69. sing lůdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola=yi	xušrūy	soz	lůd
pn =3 sg	beautiful	song	sing. pst
‘Lola sang a beautiful song.’

70. write nivištow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola=yi	xāt	niviš-t
pn =3 sg	letter	write- pst
‘Lola wrote a letter.’

71. drink birêx̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola=yi	x̌ūvd	birox̌-t
pn =3 sg	milk	drink- pst
‘Lola drank the milk.’

72. melt ob čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	tillo	kande	ob	čūd
pn =3 sg	gold	piece	water	do. pst
‘Azim melted a piece of gold.’

73. match ǰūr yatow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Ik-am	tasma	mu	kurtā=qati	ǰūr	yoδ-d
em - d 1. sg	belt	1 sg . obl	dress= ins	pair	come-3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave tark čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	xu	x̌ār	tark	čūd
pn =3 sg	refl	city	leave	do. pst
‘Azim left his native city.’

75. cover čust čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

pilês	fuk	pol	čust	kix̌-t
carpet	all	floor	closed	do-3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember fāmtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Saida	di	čīd	xipaδ	fam-t
pn	d 2. m . sg . obl	house	well	know-3 sg
‘Saida remembers the house well.’

77. help yordam čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Šamil=i	Lola-yard	yordam	čūd
pn =3 sg	pn - lat	help	do. pst
‘Shamil helped Lola.’

78. understand (language) fāmtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Saida	xuɣ̌nůni	fam-t
pn	s hughni	know-3 sg
‘Saida understands Shughni.’

79. hit (target) δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

otex̌ak=ta	čīd	δod
lightning= em	house	give. pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself xu zaxmi čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Azim=i	xu	têɣ-ak=qati	zaxmi	čūd
pn =3 sg	refl	razor- dim = ins	injured	do. pst
‘Azim cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck xax̌ sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

stakan	stol-ti	xax̌	sut
glass	table- sup	hard	go. m . pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) na-yêdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Šamil=i	as	Azima	na-yo-d
pn =3 sg	el	pn	neg -win- pst
‘Shamil lost to Azim.’

83. be glad xuš sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Azim	tar	wi	xāt	xuš	sut
pn	eq	d 3. m . sg . obl	letter	happy	go. m . pst
‘Azim was glad about the letter.’

84. speak naqli čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Azim	Lola=qati	naqli	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	conversation	do-3 sg
‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’

85. give birth vīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola=yi	puc	vūd
pn =3 sg	son	bring. pst
‘Lola gave birth to a son.’

86. drop pitêwdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	čaška	pitêw-d
pn =3 sg	cup	drop- pst
‘Azim dropped the glass.’

87. govern čīx̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	māš	x̌ār	čos-t
pn	1 pl	city	look-3 sg
‘Azim runs our town.’

88. miss dargil sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Azim	Lola-ti	dargīl	suδǰ
pn	pn - sup	sad	go. m . pf
‘Azim misses Lola.’

89. follow tīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLdamti

X: NOM

Y: OBLdamti

Locus: Y

Azim	Lola	dām-ti	tīz-d
pn	pn	back- sup	go-3 sg
‘Azim follows Lola.’

90. dismount xāvdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL-SUP

X: NOM

Y: EL-SUP

Locus: Y

Azim	as	vorǰ-ti	xāv-d
pn	el	horse- sup	descend- pst
‘Azim got down from the horse.’

91. listen niɣix̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola	radio	niɣůɣ̌-d
pn	radio	listen-3 sg
‘Lola is listening to radio.’

92. obey niɣix̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola	xu	nān	niɣůɣ̌-d
pn	refl	mother	listen-3 sg
‘Lola obeys his mother.’

93. hear x̌īdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	soz	x̌īn-t
pn	song	hear-3 sg
‘Azim hears the music.’

94. mix alalaš sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Asal	x̌uvd=qati	alalaš	sut
honey	milk= ins	mix	go. m . pst
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look čīx̌tow

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Azim	tar	abri-yen	čos-t
pn	eq	cloud- pl	look-3 sg
‘Azim is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off weδdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	xu	kurtā	weδ-d
pn	refl	shirt	take_off- pst
‘Azim took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) xūδm-and wīntow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim	Lola	xu	xūδm-and	wīn-t
pn	pn	refl	dream- loc	see-3 sg
‘Azim dreams about Lola.’

98. agree rozi sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Saida=qati	rozi	sut
pn	pn = ins	contented	go. m . pst
‘Ahmed agreed with Saida.’

99. have a quarrel δêd sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Naǰiba	Safina=qati	δêd	sat
pn	pn = ins	quarrel	go. f . pst
‘Najiba had a quarrel with Saida.’

100. cost vidow

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

yid	garδā	3	som
d 2. sg	bread	3	somoni
‘This cup costs three somoni.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at poθ weδdow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Šamil=i	wam	wiδič-ti	poθ	weδd	at	yā	wam-ti	na-angix-t
pn =3 sg	d 3. f . sg . obl	bird- sup	shooting	put. pst	add	d 3. f . sg	d 3. f . sg . obl - sup	neg -hit- pst
‘Shamil shot (let a bullet go) at the bird, but it (the bullet) did not hit it.’

102. pour čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil=i	qand	ar	xu	čīni	čūd
pn =3 sg	sugar	prep . down	refl	cup	do. pst
‘Shamil poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose binêstow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

yu=yi	xu	wix̌īӡ-en	binês-t
d 3. m . sg =3 sg	refl	key- pl	lose- pst
‘He lost his keys.’

104. sink ɣůt nīstow

Valency pattern: NOM_PREP.DOWN

X: NOM

Y: PREP.DOWN

Locus: Y

yu	δorg	ar	x̌ac	ɣůt	nūs-t
d 3. m . sg	stick	prep . down	water	diving	sit- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill zīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil=i	Azim	zīd
pn =3 sg	pn	kill. pst
‘Shamil killed Azim.’

106. hit δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil=i	Azim	δod
pn =3 sg	pn	give. pst
‘Shamil hit Azim.’

107. kiss bā čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Ahmed=i	Saida	bā	ču
pn =3 sg	pn	kiss	do. pst
‘Ahmed kissed Saida.’

108. read x̌êydow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Karamšo=yi	aǰoyīb	kitob	x̌êyd
pn =3 sg	interesting	book	read. pst
‘Karamsha read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ǰumbentow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil=i	xu	angix̌t	ǰumben-t
pn =3 sg	refl	finger	move- pst
‘Shamil moved his finger.’

110. respect urmat čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Šamil	Azim	urmat	kix̌-t
pn	pn	respect	do-3 sg
‘Shamil respects Azim.’

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content rozi vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	as	xu	puc	rozi
pn	el	refl	son	contented
‘Ahmed is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

113. fall in love ošiq sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Saida-ti	ošiq	suδǰ
pn	pn - sup	loving	go. m . pf
‘Ahmed fell in love with Saida.’

114. trust bowar δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Saida-ra	bowari	δī-d
pn	pn - lat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed trusts Saida.’

115. sympathise rām čīdow

Valency pattern: LAT_EL

X: LAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

Azim-ard	as	wi	nān	rām	kix̌-t
pn - lat	el	d 3. m . sg . obl	mother	pity	do-3 sg
‘Azim sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy qayti čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Naǰiba	Safina=qati	qayti	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	envy	do-3 sg
‘Najiba envies Safina.’

117. be angry qār sifentow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Karamšo	qār	Dovlatšo=qati	sifīδ-ǰ
pn	anger	pn = ins	rise- pf
‘Karamsha is angry with Dovlatsho.’

118. be surprised ayrůn rêdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Azim	wi	padarka=qati	ayrůn	red
pn	d 3. m . sg . obl	gift= ins	surprised	remain. pst
‘Azim was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea) žīwǰdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	čoy	žīwǰ
pn =3 sg	tea	love
‘Azim loves tea.’

120. enjoy ayš čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

mu	tāt=i	kaš	čoy-ti	ayš	čūd
1 sg . obl	father=3 sg	hot	tea- sup	pleasure	do. pst
‘My father enjoys hot tea.’

121. want fortow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Ahmed-ard	naw	telefun	for-t
pn - lat	new	phone	want-3 sg
‘Ahmed wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge dar-qār δêdow2

Valency pattern: NOM_EQ

X: NOM

Y: EQ

Locus: Y

Šamil	tar	Lola	dar-qār	δod
pn	eq	pn	angry	fall. pst
‘Shamil holds a grudge against Lola.’

123. take offence malol vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Nizora	Safina=qati	malol
pn	pn = ins	offended
‘Nizora took offence at Safina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

124. upset xafā čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Towus=i	xu	amsoya	xafā	čūd
pn =3 sg	refl	neighbour	upset	do. pst
‘Towus upset her neighbour.’

125. marvel *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset xafā čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Šamil	xu	puc=qati	xafā	čūd
pn	refl	son= ins	upset	do. pst
‘Shamil got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy x̌armindā sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Dovlatšo	as	xu	qad	x̌armindā	sů-d
pn	el	refl	height	embarrassed	go-3 sg
‘Dovlatsho is embarrased about his height.’