BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Serbian

Contributed by Anastasia Escher (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2013.

A.E.'s photo

How to cite

Escher, Anastasia. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Serbian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 6, 2023; last revised on February 06, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Serbian generally exhibits the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument is in the accusative. In non-transitive bivalent constructions, at least one argument is flagged by an oblique case marker or by a preposition (in combination with a case marker). The relative order of nominal arguments and the verb is relatively free. For the majority of bivalent predicates, the SVO order is the unmarked choice if both arguments are nominal. However, alternative word order patterns are possible and have communicative and pragmatic functions.

Pronouns differentiate between stressed and unstressed (clitic) forms. All clitics are placed in the clause-second (Wackernagel's) position and their relative order is generally fixed. Zero subjects (the so-called pro-drop) are common.

The predicate always agrees with the canonical nominative subject in number and person. In some analytical forms, including the basic past tense form, the predicate also displays gender agreement with the subject. Non-subjects are never indexed on the predicate.

Case system

There are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental and vocative. Locative forms are always used with a preposition. The contrast between the locative and the dative case is on the verge of extinction and manifests itself exclusively by pitch accent differences.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

3 — 3rd person; ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NOM — nominative; PART — participle; PERF — perfect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boleti

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-a boli glav-a
pn - acc . sg ache. prs .3 sg head- nom . sg
‘Petar has a headache.’

2. have (illness) imati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ima grip
pn . nom . sg have. prs .3 sg flu. acc . sg
‘Petar has the flu.’

3. be afraid plašiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar se plaši ps-a
pn . nom . sg refl frighten. prs .3 sg dog- gen . sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw baciti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je baci-o kamen
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg throw- part . perf . m . sg stone. acc . sg
‘Petar threw a stone.’

5. have enough imati dovoljno

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petar ima dovoljno novc-a
pn . nom . sg have. prs .3 sg enough money- gen . sg
‘Petar has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + NP-internal component).

6. resemble ličiti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar liči na Marij-u
pn . nom . sg resemble. prs .3 sg on pn - acc . sg
‘Petar resembles Maria.’

7. believe verovati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar veruje Marij-i
pn . nom . sg believe. prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar believes Maria.’

8. take uzeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je uze-o knjig-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg take- part . perf . m . sg book- acc . sg
‘Petar took a book.’

9. see videti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar vidi kuć-u
pn . nom . sg see. prs .3 sg house- acc . sg
‘Petar sees a house.’

10. influence uticati

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
uzrast utiče na pamćenj-e
age. nom . sg influence. prs .3 sg on memory- acc . sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter sresti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je sre-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg meet. part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar encountered Maria.’

12. enter ući

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar je uša-o u kuć-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg enter- part . perf . m . sg in house- acc . sg
‘Petar entered the house.’

13. win pobediti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pobedi-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg win- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar beat Maria.’

14. go out izaći

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN
X: NOM
Y: izGEN
Locus: Y
Petar je izaša-o iz kuć-e
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg go.out- part . perf . m . sg from house- gen . sg
‘Petar went out of the house.’

15. drive terati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar tera krav-u
pn . nom . sg drive. prs .3 sg cow- acc . sg
‘Petar is driving the cow.’

16. bend saviti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je savi-o gran-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg bend- part . perf . m . sg branch- acc . sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’

17. tell reći

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar je reka-o Marij-i
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg tell- part . perf . m . sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar told Maria.’

18. hold držati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar drži knjig-u
pn . nom . sg hold. prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Petar is holding a book.’

19. catch up stići

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je stiga-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg catch.up- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar caught up with Maria.’

20. milk pomusti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pomuza-o krav-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg milk- part . perf . m . sg cow- acc . sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’

21. reach stići

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Petar je stiga-o do obal-e
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg reach- part . perf . m . sg up.to bank- gen . sg . f
‘Petar reached the bank.’

22. touch dodirnuti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je dodirnu-o zid
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg touch- part . perf . m . sg wall. acc . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

23. fight tucati se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar se tuče sa Mark-om
pn . nom . sg refl hit. prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Petar is fighting with Mark.’

24. be friends družiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar se druži sa Marij-om
pn . nom . sg refl be.friends. prs .3 sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Petar is friends with Maria.’

25. think misliti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar misli na Marij-u
pn . nom . sg think. prs .3 sg on pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’

26. eat pojesti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je poje-o jabuk-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg eat- part . perf . m . sg apple- acc . sg
‘Petar ate an apple.’

27. fry ispržiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je isprži-o rib-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg fry- part . perf . m . sg fish- acc . sg
‘Petar fried the fish.’

28. wait čekati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar čeka Marij-u
pn . nom . sg wait. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is waiting for Maria.’

29. forget zaboraviti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar je zaboravi-o na drug-i put
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg forget- part . perf . m . sg on other- acc . sg . m road. acc . sg
‘Petar forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisiti

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Pamćenj-e zavisi od uzrast-a
memory- nom . sg depend. prs .3 sg from.near age- gen . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call pozvati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pozva-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg call- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar called Maria.’

32. get to know upoznati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je upozna-o Marij-u pre godin-u dan-a
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg get.to.know- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg in.front year- acc . sg day- gen . pl
‘Petar got to know Maria a year ago.’

33. know poznavati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar poznaje Marij-u
pn . nom . sg know. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar knows Maria.’

34. play (instrument) svirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar svira gitar-u
pn . nom . sg play. prs .3 sg guitar- acc . sg
‘Petar is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid izbegavati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar izbegava Marij-u
pn . nom . sg avoid. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar avoids Maria.’

36. make napraviti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je napravi-o bomb-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg make- part . perf . m . sg bomb- acc . sg
‘Petar made a bomb.’

37. make fun maltretirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar maltretira Marij-u
pn . nom . sg make.fun. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is making fun of Maria.’

38. have imati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ima kol-a
pn . nom . sg have. prs .3 sg car- acc . pl
‘Petar has a car.’

39. look for tražiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar traži ključ-eve
pn . nom . sg look.for. prs .3 sg key- acc . pl
‘Petar is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ofarbati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je ofarba-o ograd-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg paint- part . perf . m . sg fence- acc . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

41. bite ujesti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pas je uje-o Petr-a
dog. nom . sg be. prs .3 sg bite- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’

42. forfeit ostati

Valency pattern: NOM_bezGEN
X: NOM
Y: bezGEN
Locus: Y
Petar je osta-o bez kuć-e
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg remain- part . perf . m . sg without house- gen . sg
‘Petar lost his house.’

43. try to catch juriti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar juri mačk-u
pn . nom . sg try.to.catch. prs .3 sg cat- acc . sg
‘Petar is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break polomiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je polomi-o štap
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg break- part . perf . m . sg stick. acc . sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’

45. flatter laskati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar laska Marij-i
pn . nom . sg flatter. prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) voleti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar voli Marij-u
pn . nom . sg love. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar loves Maria.’

47. wave mahati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar maše maram-om
pn . nom . sg wave. prs .3 sg handkerchief- ins . sg . f
‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream maštati

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Petar mašta o nov-im kol-ima
pn . nom . sg dream. prs .3 sg about new. loc . pl . n car- loc . pl
‘Petar is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash oprati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je opra-o šolj-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg wash- part . perf . m . sg cup- acc . sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’

50. put on obući

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je obuka-o pantalon-e
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg put.on- part . perf . m . sg trousers- acc . pl
‘Petar put on his trousers.’

51. be called zvati se

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM
X: NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: Y
taj predmet se zove kompas
this. nom . sg . m object. nom . sg refl call. prs .3 sg compass. nom . sg
‘This object is called a compass.’

52. punish kazniti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je kazni-o sv-og sin-a
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg punish- part . perf . m . sg one’s- acc . sg son- acc . sg
‘Petar punished his son.’

53. attack napasti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
medved je napa-o pecaroš-a
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg attack- part . perf . m . sg fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) napuniti se

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
kof-a se napuni-la vod-om
bucket. nom . sg . f refl fill- part . perf . f . sg water- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find naći

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je naša-o ključ-eve
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg find- part . perf . m . sg key- acc . pl
‘Petar found his keys.’

56. be short faliti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u fali jedan dolar
pn - dat . sg lack. prs .3 sg one. nom . sg dollar. nom . sg
‘Petar is one dollar short.’

57. hate mrzeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar mrzi Marij-u
pn . nom . sg hate. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar hates Maria.’

58. like sviđati se

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u se sviđa ta košulj-a
pn - dat . sg refl like. prs .3 sg this. nom . sg . f shirt- nom . sg
‘Petar likes this shirt.’

59. need biti potreban

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je potreban novac
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg necessary. nom . sg money. nom . sg
‘Petar needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround biti opasan

Valency pattern: INS_NOM
X: INS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
grad je opasan zidin-ama
city. nom . sg be. prs .3 sg surround. part . pass . nom . sg . m city_wall- ins . pl
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

61. remain ostati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je osta-lo deset dolar-a
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg remain- part . perf . n . sg ten dollar- gen . pl
‘Petar has ten dollars left.’

62. answer odgovoriti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar je odgovori-o učitelj-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg answer- part . perf . m . sg teacher- dat . sg
‘Petar answered the teacher.’

63. open otvoriti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je otvori-o tegl-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg open- part . perf . m . sg jar- acc
‘Petar opened a can.’

64. be different razlikovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a košulj-a se razlikuje od tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f shirt- nom . sg refl differ. prs .3 sg from.near your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind zaostati

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Petar je zaosta-o za Marij-om
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg fall.behind- part . perf . m . sg behind pn - ins . sg
‘Petar fell behind Maria.’

66. plough orati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ore njiv-u
pn . nom . sg plough. prs .3 sg field- acc . sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mirisati

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
moj-e ruk-e miriš-u na benzin
my- nom . pl . f hand- nom . pl smell- prs .3 pl on gasoline. acc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross preći

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je preša-o ulic-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg cross- part . perf . m . sg street- acc . sg
‘Petar crossed the road.’

69. sing otpevati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je otpeva-o lep-u pesm-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg sing- part . perf . m . sg beautiful- acc . sg . f song- acc . sg
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napisati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je napisa-o pism-o
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg write- part . perf . m . sg letter- acc . sg
‘Petar wrote a letter.’

71. drink popiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je popi-o mlek-o
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg drink- part . perf . m . sg milk- acc . sg
‘Petar drank the milk.’

72. melt rastopiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je rastopi-o komad olov-a
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg melt- part . perf . m . sg piece- acc . sg lead- gen . sg . n
‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’

73. match odgovarati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
taj kaiš odgovara moj-oj haljin-i
this belt. nom . sg answer. prs .3 sg my- dat . sg . f dress- dat . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave napustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je napusti-o rodn-i grad
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg leave- part . perf . m . sg native- acc . sg . m city. acc . sg
‘Petar left his native city.’

75. cover pokrivati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
tepih pokriva ceo pod
carpet. nom . sg cover. prs .3 sg all. acc . sg . m floor. acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember sećati se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar se dobro seća kuć-e
pn . nom . sg refl well remember. prs .3 sg house- gen . sg
‘Petar remembers the house well.’

77. help pomoći

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar je pomoga-o Marij-i
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg help- part . perf . m . sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar helped Maria.’

78. understand (language) razumeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar razume francusk-i jezik
pn . nom . sg understand. prs .3 sg f rench- acc . sg . m language. acc . sg
‘Petar understands French.’

79. hit (target) pogoditi

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
munja je pogodi-la u kuću
lightning. nom . sg be. prs .3 sg hit- part . perf . f . sg in house- acc . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself poseći se

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar se poseka-o brijač-em
pn . nom . sg refl cut- part . perf . m . sg razor- ins . sg
‘Petar cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck zalepiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC
X: NOM
Y: zaACC
Locus: Y
čaš-a se zalepi-la za sto
glass- nom . sg refl stick- part . perf . f . sg behind table- acc . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) izgubiti

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Petar je izgubi-o od Marij-e
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg lose- part . perf . m . sg from.near pn - gen . sg
‘Petar lost to Maria.’

83. be glad obradovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar se obradova-o pism-u
pn . nom . sg refl gladden- part . perf . m . sg letter- dat . sg
‘Petar was glad about the letter.’

84. speak pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar priča sa Marij-om
pn . nom . sg speak. prs .3 sg with pn - ins
‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’

85. give birth roditi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Marij-a je rodi-la sin-a
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg give.birth- part . perf . f . sg son- acc . sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ispasti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je ispa-la čaš-a
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg fall.down- part . perf . f . sg glass- nom . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

87. govern upravljati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar upravlja naš-im sel-om
pn . nom . sg govern. prs .3 sg our- ins . sg . m village- ins . sg
‘Petar runs our town.’

88. miss nedostajati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u nedostaje Marij-a
pn - dat . sg miss. prs .3 sg pn - nom . sg
‘Petar misses Maria.’

89. follow slediti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sledi Marij-u
pn . nom . sg follow. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar follows Maria.’

90. dismount sići

Valency pattern: NOM_sGEN
X: NOM
Y: sGEN
Locus: Y
Petar je siša-o s konj-a
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg go.down- part . perf . m . sg from.up horse- gen . sg
‘Petar got down from the horse.’

91. listen slušati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sluša radio
pn . nom . sg listen. prs .3 sg radio. acc . sg
‘Petar is listening to radio.’

92. obey slušati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sluša mam-u
pn . nom . sg listen. prs .3 sg mother- acc . sg
‘Petar obeys his mother.’

93. hear čuti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar čuje muzik-u
pn . nom . sg hear. prs .3 sg music- acc . sg
‘Petar hears the music.’

94. mix sjediniti se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
med se sjedini-o s mlek-om
honey. nom . sg refl mix- part . perf . m . sg with milk- ins . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gledati

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar gleda u oblak-e
pn . nom . sg look. prs .3 sg in cloud- acc . pl
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off skinuti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je skinu-o košulj-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg put.off- part . perf . m . sg shirt- acc . sg
‘Petar took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sanjati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sanja Marij-u
pn . nom . sg see_in_dream. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’

98. agree složiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar se složi-o s Marij-om
pn . nom . sg refl unite- part . perf . m . sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Petar agreed with Maria.’

99. have a quarrel posvađati se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar se posvađa-o s Marij-om
pn . nom . sg refl quarrel- part . perf . m . sg with pn - ins . sg
‘Petar had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost koštati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta šolj-a košta jedan dolar
this. nom . sg . f cup- nom . sg cost. prs .3 sg one. acc . sg . m dollar. acc . sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at pući

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar je puka-o u ptic-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg shoot- part . perf . m . sg in bird- acc . sg
‘Petar shot at the bird.’

102. pour staviti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je stavi-o šećer u šolj-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg put- part . perf . m . sg sugar. acc . sg in cup- acc . sg
‘Petar poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je izgubi-o ključ-eve
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg lose- part . perf . m . sg key- acc . pl
‘Petar lost his keys.’

104. sink potonuti

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
cepanic-a je potonu-l-a u vod-u
log- nom . sg be. prs .3 sg sink- part . perf . m . sg in water- acc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je ubi-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg kill- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar killed Maria.’

106. hit udariti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je udari-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg hit- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar hit Maria.’

107. kiss poljubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je poljubi-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg kiss- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar kissed Maria.’

108. read pročitati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pročita-o interesantn-u knjig-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg read- part . perf . m . sg interesting- acc . sg . f book- acc . sg
‘Petar read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) mrdnuti

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar je mrdnu-o prst-om
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg move- part . perf . m . sg finger- ins . sg
‘Petar moved his finger.’

110. respect poštovati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar poštuje Marij-u
pn . nom . sg respect. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish gaditi se

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: Y
Petr-u se gadi prljav-o posuđ-e
pn - dat . sg refl disgust. prs .3 sg dirty- nom . sg . n dishes- nom . sg
‘Petar is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content biti zadovoljan

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar je zadovoljan svoj-im sin-om
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg content. nom . sg . m one’s- ins . sg . m son- ins . sg
‘Petar is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love zaljubiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar se zaljubi-o u Marij-u
pn . nom . sg refl fall.in.love- part . perf . m . sg in pn - acc . sg
‘Petar fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust imati poverenje

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar ima poverenj-e u Marij-u
pn . nom . sg have. prs .3 sg trust- acc . sg in pn - acc . sg
‘Petar trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise biti žao

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
Petr-u je žao svoj-e majk-e
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg pity one’s- gen . sg . f mother- gen . sg
‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy zavideti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar zavidi Marij-i
pn . nom . sg envy. prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar envies Maria.’

117. be angry ljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar se ljuti na Marij-u
pn . nom . sg refl anger. prs .3 sg on pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is angry with Maria.’

118. be surprised iznenaditi se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar se iznenadi-o t-om poklon-u
pn . nom . sg refl surprise- part . perf . m . sg this- dat . sg . m gift- dat . sg
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) voleti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar voli čaj
pn . nom . sg like. prs .3 sg tea. acc . sg
‘Petar loves tea.’

120. enjoy uživati

Valency pattern: NOM_uLOC
X: NOM
Y: uLOC
Locus: Y
Petar uživa u vruć-em čaj-u
pn . nom . sg enjoy. prs .3 sg in hot- loc . sg . m tea- loc . sg
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’

121. want želeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar želi nov-i mobiln-i
pn . nom . sg want. prs .3 sg new- acc . sg . m mobile- acc . sg
‘Petar wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar se ljuti na Marij-u
pn . nom . sg refl anger. prs .3 sg on pn - acc . sg
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’

123. take offence uvredeti se

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petar se uvredi-o
pn . nom . sg refl offend- part . perf . m . sg
‘Petar got offended.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

124. upset rastužiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je mnogo rastuži-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg very upset- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar greatly upset Maria.’

125. marvel biti oduševljen

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar je bi-o oduševljen t-im grad-om
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg be- part . perf . m . sg amaze. part . pass . nom . sg this- ins . sg . m city- ins . sg
‘Petar was amazed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

126. despise prezirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar prezira Marij-u
pn . nom . sg despise. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar despises Maria.’

127. get upset rastužiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_zbogGEN
X: NOM
Y: zbogGEN
Locus: Y
Petar se rastuži-o zbog sv-og sin-a
pn . nom . sg refl upset- part . perf . m . sg because.of one’s- gen . sg . m son- gen . sg
‘Petar got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated biti besan

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar je besan na svoj-u kćerk-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg angry. nom . sg on one’s- acc . sg . f daughter- acc . sg
‘Petar is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond simpatisati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar simpatiše Marij-i
pn . nom . sg be.fond. prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar is fond of Maria.’

130. be shy stiditi se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar se stidi svoj-e visin-e
pn . nom . sg refl shame. prs .3 sg one’s- gen . sg . f height- gen . sg
‘Petar is embarrased about his height.’