Serbian
Contributed by Anastasia Escher (Academia.edu profile ). The data were gathered in 2013.
How to cite
Escher, Anastasia. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Serbian.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS.
(Data first published on February 06, 2023;
last revised on February 06, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 44.32, 21.92 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.
Glossing abbreviations
3 — 3rd person; ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NOM — nominative; PART — participle; PERF — perfect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
ACC_NOM
DAT_GEN
DAT_NOM
INS_NOM
NOM_bezGEN
NOM_DAT
NOM_doGEN
NOM_GEN
NOM_INS
NOM_izGEN
NOM_naACC
NOM_NOM
NOM_odGEN
NOM_oLOC
NOM_sGEN
NOM_sINS
NOM_uACC
NOM_uLOC
NOM_zaACC
NOM_zaINS
NOM_zbogGEN
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-a
boli
glav-a
pn
-
acc
.
sg
ache.
prs
.3
sg
head-
nom
.
sg
‘Petar has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
ima
grip
pn
.
nom
.
sg
have.
prs
.3
sg
flu.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar
se
plaši
ps-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
frighten.
prs
.3
sg
dog-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
baci-o
kamen
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
throw-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
stone.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petar
ima
dovoljno
novc-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
have.
prs
.3
sg
enough
money-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + NP-internal component).
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar
liči
na
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
resemble.
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar resembles Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
veruje
Marij-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
believe.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar believes Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
uze-o
knjig-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
take-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
book-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
vidi
kuć-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
see.
prs
.3
sg
house-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
uzrast
utiče
na
pamćenj-e
age.
nom
.
sg
influence.
prs
.3
sg
on
memory-
acc
.
sg
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
sre-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
meet.
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar encountered Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar
je
uša-o
u
kuć-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
enter-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
in
house-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
pobedi-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
win-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar beat Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_izGEN
X: NOM
Y: izGEN
Locus: Y
Petar
je
izaša-o
iz
kuć-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
go.out-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
from
house-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
tera
krav-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
drive.
prs
.3
sg
cow-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is driving the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
savi-o
gran-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
bend-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
branch-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
je
reka-o
Marij-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
tell-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar told Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
drži
knjig-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
hold.
prs
.3
sg
book-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
stiga-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
catch.up-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar caught up with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
pomuza-o
krav-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
milk-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
cow-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Petar
je
stiga-o
do
obal-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
reach-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
up.to
bank-
gen
.
sg
.
f
‘Petar reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
dodirnu-o
zid
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
touch-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
wall.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar
se
tuče
sa
Mark-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
hit.
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar is fighting with Mark.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar
se
druži
sa
Marij-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
be.friends.
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar is friends with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar
misli
na
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
think.
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is thinking about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
poje-o
jabuk-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
eat-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
apple-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
isprži-o
rib-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
fry-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
fish-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
čeka
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
wait.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is waiting for Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar
je
zaboravi-o
na
drug-i
put
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
forget-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
on
other-
acc
.
sg
.
m
road.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Pamćenj-e
zavisi
od
uzrast-a
memory-
nom
.
sg
depend.
prs
.3
sg
from.near
age-
gen
.
sg
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
pozva-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
call-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar called Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
upozna-o
Marij-u
pre
godin-u
dan-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
get.to.know-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
in.front
year-
acc
.
sg
day-
gen
.
pl
‘Petar got to know Maria a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
poznaje
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
know.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar knows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
svira
gitar-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
play.
prs
.3
sg
guitar-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
izbegava
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
avoid.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar avoids Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
napravi-o
bomb-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
make-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
bomb-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
maltretira
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
make.fun.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is making fun of Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
ima
kol-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
have.
prs
.3
sg
car-
acc
.
pl
‘Petar has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
traži
ključ-eve
pn
.
nom
.
sg
look.for.
prs
.3
sg
key-
acc
.
pl
‘Petar is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
ofarba-o
ograd-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
paint-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
fence-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pas
je
uje-o
Petr-a
dog.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
bite-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_bezGEN
X: NOM
Y: bezGEN
Locus: Y
Petar
je
osta-o
bez
kuć-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
remain-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
without
house-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
juri
mačk-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
try.to.catch.
prs
.3
sg
cat-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
polomi-o
štap
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
break-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
stick.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
laska
Marij-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
flatter.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar is flattering Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
voli
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
love.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar loves Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar
maše
maram-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
wave.
prs
.3
sg
handkerchief-
ins
.
sg
.
f
‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Petar
mašta
o
nov-im
kol-ima
pn
.
nom
.
sg
dream.
prs
.3
sg
about
new.
loc
.
pl
.
n
car-
loc
.
pl
‘Petar is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
opra-o
šolj-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
wash-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
cup-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
obuka-o
pantalon-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
put.on-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
trousers-
acc
.
pl
‘Petar put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM
X: NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: Y
taj
predmet
se
zove
kompas
this.
nom
.
sg
.
m
object.
nom
.
sg
refl
call.
prs
.3
sg
compass.
nom
.
sg
‘This object is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
kazni-o
sv-og
sin-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
punish-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
one’s-
acc
.
sg
son-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
medved
je
napa-o
pecaroš-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
attack-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
fisherman-
acc
.
sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
kof-a
se
napuni-la
vod-om
bucket.
nom
.
sg
.
f
refl
fill-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
water-
ins
.
sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
naša-o
ključ-eve
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
find-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
key-
acc
.
pl
‘Petar found his keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
fali
jedan
dolar
pn
-
dat
.
sg
lack.
prs
.3
sg
one.
nom
.
sg
dollar.
nom
.
sg
‘Petar is one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
mrzi
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
hate.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar hates Maria.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
se
sviđa
ta
košulj-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
refl
like.
prs
.3
sg
this.
nom
.
sg
.
f
shirt-
nom
.
sg
‘Petar likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
je
potreban
novac
pn
-
dat
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
necessary.
nom
.
sg
money.
nom
.
sg
‘Petar needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
INS_NOM
X: INS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
grad
je
opasan
zidin-ama
city.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
surround.
part
.
pass
.
nom
.
sg
.
m
city_wall-
ins
.
pl
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
je
osta-lo
deset
dolar-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
remain-
part
.
perf
.
n
.
sg
ten
dollar-
gen
.
pl
‘Petar has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
je
odgovori-o
učitelj-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
answer-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
teacher-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
otvori-o
tegl-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
open-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
jar-
acc
‘Petar opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a
košulj-a
se
razlikuje
od
tvoj-e
my-
nom
.
sg
.
f
shirt-
nom
.
sg
refl
differ.
prs
.3
sg
from.near
your-
gen
.
sg
.
f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Petar
je
zaosta-o
za
Marij-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
fall.behind-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
behind
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar fell behind Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
ore
njiv-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
plough.
prs
.3
sg
field-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
moj-e
ruk-e
miriš-u
na
benzin
my-
nom
.
pl
.
f
hand-
nom
.
pl
smell-
prs
.3
pl
on
gasoline.
acc
.
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
preša-o
ulic-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
cross-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
street-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
otpeva-o
lep-u
pesm-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
sing-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
beautiful-
acc
.
sg
.
f
song-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
napisa-o
pism-o
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
write-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
letter-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
popi-o
mlek-o
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
drink-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
milk-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
rastopi-o
komad
olov-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
melt-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
piece-
acc
.
sg
lead-
gen
.
sg
.
n
‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
taj
kaiš
odgovara
moj-oj
haljin-i
this
belt.
nom
.
sg
answer.
prs
.3
sg
my-
dat
.
sg
.
f
dress-
dat
.
sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
napusti-o
rodn-i
grad
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
leave-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
native-
acc
.
sg
.
m
city.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
tepih
pokriva
ceo
pod
carpet.
nom
.
sg
cover.
prs
.3
sg
all.
acc
.
sg
.
m
floor.
acc
.
sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar
se
dobro
seća
kuć-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
well
remember.
prs
.3
sg
house-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
je
pomoga-o
Marij-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
help-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar helped Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
razume
francusk-i
jezik
pn
.
nom
.
sg
understand.
prs
.3
sg
f
rench-
acc
.
sg
.
m
language.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar understands French.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
munja
je
pogodi-la
u
kuću
lightning.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
hit-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
in
house-
acc
.
sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar
se
poseka-o
brijač-em
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
cut-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
razor-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaACC
X: NOM
Y: zaACC
Locus: Y
čaš-a
se
zalepi-la
za
sto
glass-
nom
.
sg
refl
stick-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
behind
table-
acc
.
sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
Petar
je
izgubi-o
od
Marij-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
lose-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
from.near
pn
-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar lost to Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
se
obradova-o
pism-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
gladden-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
letter-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar
priča
sa
Marij-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
speak.
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
-
ins
‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Marij-a
je
rodi-la
sin-a
pn
-
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
give.birth-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
son-
acc
.
sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
je
ispa-la
čaš-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
fall.down-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
glass-
nom
.
sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar
upravlja
naš-im
sel-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
govern.
prs
.3
sg
our-
ins
.
sg
.
m
village-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar runs our town.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u
nedostaje
Marij-a
pn
-
dat
.
sg
miss.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
nom
.
sg
‘Petar misses Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
sledi
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
follow.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar follows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sGEN
X: NOM
Y: sGEN
Locus: Y
Petar
je
siša-o
s
konj-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
go.down-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
from.up
horse-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
sluša
radio
pn
.
nom
.
sg
listen.
prs
.3
sg
radio.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
sluša
mam-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
listen.
prs
.3
sg
mother-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar obeys his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
čuje
muzik-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
hear.
prs
.3
sg
music-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
med
se
sjedini-o
s
mlek-om
honey.
nom
.
sg
refl
mix-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
with
milk-
ins
.
sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar
gleda
u
oblak-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
look.
prs
.3
sg
in
cloud-
acc
.
pl
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
skinu-o
košulj-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
put.off-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
shirt-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
sanja
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
see_in_dream.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar
se
složi-o
s
Marij-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
unite-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar agreed with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
X: NOM
Y: sINS
Locus: Y
Petar
se
posvađa-o
s
Marij-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
quarrel-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
with
pn
-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar had a quarrel with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta
šolj-a
košta
jedan
dolar
this.
nom
.
sg
.
f
cup-
nom
.
sg
cost.
prs
.3
sg
one.
acc
.
sg
.
m
dollar.
acc
.
sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar
je
puka-o
u
ptic-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
shoot-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
in
bird-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
stavi-o
šećer
u
šolj-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
put-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
sugar.
acc
.
sg
in
cup-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar poured the sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
izgubi-o
ključ-eve
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
lose-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
key-
acc
.
pl
‘Petar lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
cepanic-a
je
potonu-l-a
u
vod-u
log-
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
sink-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
in
water-
acc
.
sg
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
ubi-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
kill-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar killed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
udari-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
hit-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar hit Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
poljubi-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
kiss-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar kissed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
pročita-o
interesantn-u
knjig-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
read-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
interesting-
acc
.
sg
.
f
book-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar
je
mrdnu-o
prst-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
move-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
finger-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
poštuje
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
respect.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar respects Maria.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: Y
Petr-u
se
gadi
prljav-o
posuđ-e
pn
-
dat
.
sg
refl
disgust.
prs
.3
sg
dirty-
nom
.
sg
.
n
dishes-
nom
.
sg
‘Petar is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar
je
zadovoljan
svoj-im
sin-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
content.
nom
.
sg
.
m
one’s-
ins
.
sg
.
m
son-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar
se
zaljubi-o
u
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
fall.in.love-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
in
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar fell in love with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar
ima
poverenj-e
u
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
have.
prs
.3
sg
trust-
acc
.
sg
in
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar trusts Maria.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
Petr-u
je
žao
svoj-e
majk-e
pn
-
dat
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
pity
one’s-
gen
.
sg
.
f
mother-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
zavidi
Marij-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
envy.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar envies Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar
se
ljuti
na
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
anger.
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is angry with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
se
iznenadi-o
t-om
poklon-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
surprise-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
this-
dat
.
sg
.
m
gift-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
voli
čaj
pn
.
nom
.
sg
like.
prs
.3
sg
tea.
acc
.
sg
‘Petar loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_uLOC
X: NOM
Y: uLOC
Locus: Y
Petar
uživa
u
vruć-em
čaj-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
enjoy.
prs
.3
sg
in
hot-
loc
.
sg
.
m
tea-
loc
.
sg
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
želi
nov-i
mobiln-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
want.
prs
.3
sg
new-
acc
.
sg
.
m
mobile-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar
se
ljuti
na
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
anger.
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petar
se
uvredi-o
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
offend-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
‘Petar got offended.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
je
mnogo
rastuži-o
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
very
upset-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar greatly upset Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petar
je
bi-o
oduševljen
t-im
grad-om
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
be-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
amaze.
part
.
pass
.
nom
.
sg
this-
ins
.
sg
.
m
city-
ins
.
sg
‘Petar was amazed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar
prezira
Marij-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
despise.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar despises Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_zbogGEN
X: NOM
Y: zbogGEN
Locus: Y
Petar
se
rastuži-o
zbog
sv-og
sin-a
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
upset-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
because.of
one’s-
gen
.
sg
.
m
son-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar got upset because of his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
Petar
je
besan
na
svoj-u
kćerk-u
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
angry.
nom
.
sg
on
one’s-
acc
.
sg
.
f
daughter-
acc
.
sg
‘Petar is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar
simpatiše
Marij-i
pn
.
nom
.
sg
be.fond.
prs
.3
sg
pn
-
dat
.
sg
‘Petar is fond of Maria.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar
se
stidi
svoj-e
visin-e
pn
.
nom
.
sg
refl
shame.
prs
.3
sg
one’s-
gen
.
sg
.
f
height-
gen
.
sg
‘Petar is embarrased about his height.’