Southern Rutul

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. Aydin Pashayev, pictured above together with Gilles Authier, translated the questionnaire sentences in his capacity of a native speaker.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Southern Rutul. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on October 13, 2023; last revised on December 1, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.37, 47.11.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

The data come from the Southern dialect of Rutul, sometimes referred to as the dialect of Shina-Borch.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain yetin

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-dı	kelle	vete-r
pn - attr	head( a )	a .hurt. ipf - prs
‘Murad has a headache.’
Note: The X argument in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level constituent.

2. have (illness) zeʔixhva yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	grip-a-xhvan	zeʔixhv-a	yişi-r	i
pn	flu- obl - com	sick- predic	m .be. pf - seq	( m ) cop
‘Murad has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kiç’e yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	q'at'ay-aala	kiç'e-r
pn - obl - dat	dog- superel	fear. ipf - prs
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw yihin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	dahar	yihi-r
pn - erg	stone	n .throw. pf - aor
‘Murad threw a stone.’

5. have enough ğeyq'ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	tanga-bı	ğeyirq'a-r
pn - obl - dat	money- pl . nom	n . ipf .be_enough- prs
‘Now Murad has enough money.’

6. resemble kiykın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	rahman-ı-k	kiyirka-r
pn	pn - obl - cont	m .resemble. ipf - prs
‘Murad resembles Rahman.’

7. believe inaamış yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	natig-aa	inaamış	i
pn	pn - super	believe	( m ) cop
‘Murad believes Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take laˤşuˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kitab	laˤşuˤ-r
pn - erg	book	( n )take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

9. see ğagun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	xal	ğagva-r
pn - obl - dat	house	n .see. ipf - prs
‘Murad sees a house.’

10. influence teʔsir hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yaş-a-ra	yaddaş-a-s	teʔsir	haʔa-r
age- obl - erg	memory- obl - dat	influence	( n )do. ipf - prs
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter tüş yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	natig-aa	tüş	yişi-r
pn	pn - super	meet	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad encountered Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter aˤç'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

murad	xal-a	aˤç'uˤ-r
pn	house- in	( m )enter. pf - aor
‘Murad entered the house.’

13. win uˤʔuˤ yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad	natig-ı-s	uˤʔuˤ	yişi-r
pn	pn - obl - dat	brave	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out aˤğaˤç'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

murad	xal-ıgı	aˤğaˤç'uˤ-r
pn	house- abl	( n )go_out. pf - aor
‘Murad went out of the house.’

15. drive keğedixin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	zer	keğebixi-r
pn - erg	cow	a .lead_across. pf - aor
‘Murad is driving the cow.’

16. bend suˤç'uˤkaˤ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gariy	suˤç'uˤkaˤ	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	branch	bend	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad bent the branch.’

17. tell huxhun

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

murad-a	natig-ı-da	huxhu-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - ad	n .say. pf - aor
‘Murad told Natig.’

18. hold faqhın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kitab	faqha-r
pn - erg	book	( n ).catch. ipf - prs
‘Murad is holding a book.’

19. catch up kiyq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	ayten-ıxda	kiyq'ı-r
pn	pn - apud	m .hit. pf - aor
‘Murad caught up with Ayten.’

20. milk yezin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	zer	vezi-r
pn - erg	cow	a .milk. pf - aor
‘Murad milked the cow.’

21. reach leyq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	xhid-di	ziy-aa	leyq'ı-r
pn	water. obl - attr	border- super	m .arrive. pf - aor
‘Murad reached the bank.’

22. touch kiyq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	masla-k	kiyq'ı-r
pn	wall. obl - cont	m .hit. pf - aor
‘Murad touched the wall.’

23. fight kiç’itxhın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	natig-a-xhvan	kiç'irxha-r
pn	pn - obl - com	( m ). ipf .quarrel- prs
‘Murad is fighting with Natig.’

24. be friends hambazvaldı havʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_COM

X: ERG

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad-a	natig-xhvan	hambaz-valdı	vaʔa-r
pn - erg	pn - com	companionship( a )	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is friends with Natig.’

25. think fikir havʔın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-a	natig-di	fikir	vaʔa-r
pn - erg	pn - attr	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is thinking about Natig.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

26. eat lıˤʔıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aˤç	lıˤvʔıˤ-r
pn - erg	apple	a .eat. pf - aor
‘Murad ate an apple.’

27. fry ire hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	baluğ	ir-e	havʔı-r
pn - erg	fish	red- predic	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad fried the fish.’

28. wait güzet hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	natig	güzet	haʔa-r
pn - erg	pn	wait	( m )do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is waiting for Natig.’

29. forget k'esqhuduxun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	ma-b-dı	raˤqh	k'esqhubuxu-r
pn - obl - dat	other- a - attr	road( a )	re . a .forget. pf - aor
‘Murad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend aslı yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

yaddaş	yaş-aala	aslı	i
memory	age- superel	depending	( n ) cop
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call ses havʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad-a	ehmed-a-xda	ses	havʔı-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - apud	sound( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad called Ehmed.’

32. get to know tanış yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	natig-ı-xhvan	sa	sen	gabağ-a	tanış	yişi-r	i
pn	pn - obl - com	one	year	front- in	known	m .be. pf - seq	( m ) cop
‘Murad got to know Natig a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know hats’ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	natig	hats'a-r
pn - obl - dat	pn	m .know. ipf - prs
‘Murad knows Natig.’

34. play (instrument) kıˤyxıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gitara	kıˤrıˤxıˤ-r
pn - erg	guitar	strike. ipf - prs
‘Murad is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid yexin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	natig-iile	yexe-r
pn	pn - superel	m .run. ipf - prs
‘Murad avoids Natig.’

36. make ütke hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'uˤl	favaqha-y	üpke	havʔı-r
pn - erg	mouse	a .catch. ipf - ptcp	a .fit	a .do. pf - prs
‘Murad made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun incimiş hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	natig	incimiş	haʔa-r
pn - erg	pn	pissed	m .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is making fun of Natig.’

38. have yişin

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ıxda	maşin	viʔi
pn - apud	car( a )	a . cop
‘Murad has a car.’

39. look for harsın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aˤçaˤr-bı	harsa-r
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	n . ipf .search- prs
‘Murad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint rang ketkın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad-a	çapra-k	rang	ketkı-r
pn - erg	fence. obl - cont	colour	n .paste. pf - aor
‘Murad painted the fence.’

41. bite gıç' hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

q'at'ay-e-re	murad-ı-s	gıç'	hıʔı-r
dog- obl - erg	pn - obl - dat	bite	n .do. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

42. forfeit yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad	xal-ıkla	yişi-r
pn	house- contel	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’

43. try to catch faqhın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gaˤt	favaqha-r
pn - erg	cat	a .catch. ipf - prs
‘Murad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q'at' hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	k'ar	q'at'	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	stick	cut	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad broke a stick.’

45. flatter kirtebı hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	natig-ı-s	kirte-bı	haʔa-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	flattery- pl . nom	( n )do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is flattering Natig.’

46. love (person) qhırgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-s	ayten	qhırga-r
pn - dat	pn	f .love. ipf - prs
‘Murad loves Ayten.’

47. wave seyte hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	desmel	seyte	haʔa-r
pn - erg	towel	n .strike. ipf	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is waving a towel.’

48. dream yik'-i-gı itxhun

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-dı	yik'-i-gı	maşin	aˁğaˁvğuˁ-r
np - attr	heart- obl - el	car( a )	a .go_out. ipf - prs
‘Murad is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: By analogy with 76 and 88, the X argument is considered a clause-level constituent.

49. wash sidq'ın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	t'ılay	sidq'ı-r
pn - erg	tin_jug	n .wash. pf - aor
‘Murad washed the tin jug.’

50. put on lıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	şalvar	lavʔı-r
pn - erg	trousers( a )	a .put_on. pf - aor
‘Murad put on his trousers.’

51. be called huxhun

Valency pattern: DIR_NOM

X: DIR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

havnaa-xdiy	kompas	ruxhu-r
dist . obl - dir	compass	ipf .say- prs
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish ceza vın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

did-e	duxarı-s	ceza	vı-r
father- erg	son. pl . obl - dat	punishment	give. pf - aor
‘Father punished his son.’

53. attack aç'ıtxın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

q'at'ay	ilsındıı	aç'ıbxı-r
dog	human. obl . super	a .attack. pf - aor
‘A dog attacked a man.’

54. fill (intr) ats'un

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

vedre	xhidi-re	ats'u-r
pail	water. obl - erg	( n )fill. pf - aor
‘The bucket filled.’

55. find fayʔın

Valency pattern: AD_NOM

X: AD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

tunar-da	aˤçaˤr-bı	fayʔi-r
pn - ad	key- pl . nom	n .find. pf - aor
‘Tunar found his keys.’

56. be short kam yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ye-s	sa	manıt	kam	viʔi
1. obl - dat	one	manat( a )	lacking	a . cop
‘I am one manat short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate ğagur çıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

solmaz-ı-s	ehmed	ğagu-r	yıga-ş
pn - obl - dat	pn	( m )see. pf - seq	m .want. ipf - neg
‘Solmaz hates Ehmed.’

58. like q'abıl yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ye-s	ğu-du	uxun	q'abıl	vişi-r
1. obl - dat	2- attr	shirt( a )	pleasure	a .be. pf - aor
‘I like your shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

59. need bakara yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ye-s	tanga-bı	bakara	yişi-r
1. obl - dat	money- pl . nom	needed	n .be. pf - aor
‘I need money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround laˤşuˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRyiqa

X: NOM

Y: ATTRyiqa

Locus: Y

şeher	maslımı-dı	yıˤq'-aˤ	laˤvşuˤ-r	v-i
town( a )	wall. pl . obl - attr	middle_back- in	a .take. pf - seq	a - cop
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Lit. ‘The town is taken in the middle of walls’.

61. remain aqhatkın

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ıxda	yits'ıd	manat	aqhatkı-r	i
pn - apud	ten. n	manat	re . n .remain. pf - seq	( n ) cop
‘Murad has ten manats left.’

62. answer cavab vın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	melime-s	cavab	vı-r
pn - erg	teacher- dat	answer	give. pf - aor
‘Murad answered the teacher.’

63. open ğara hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	rak	ğara	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	door	open	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad opened the door.’

64. be different kiyıkın + NEG

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

yixhdi	uxun	ğu-du-naa-k	kivirka-ş
my	shirt( a )	2- attr - obl - cont	a .resemble. ipf - neg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: The k- preverb in the verb is cognate to the CONT marker.

65. fall behind yıˤq'aˤde atkın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ııla	yıˤq'aˤ-de	arkı-r
pn	pn - superel	middle_back. obl - ad	m .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad fell behind Aydin.’

66. plough laˤyxıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	gurux	laˤyıˤrxaˤ-r
pn - erg	orchard	n .till. ipf - prs
‘Murad is tilling the orchard.’

67. smell il yidq’ın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

xıl-amı-kla	benzin-e-d	il	aˤğuˤ-r
hand- pl . obl - contel	gas- obl - n	smell	( n )go. ipf - prs
‘The hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross faˤğaˤç'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRcina7ane

X: NOM

Y: ATTRcina7ane

Locus: Y

murad	rıˤqhdi	çin-aʔane	faˤğaˤç'uˤ-r
pn	road. attr	dist - dir	( m )pass. ipf - prs
‘Murad crossed the road.’

69. sing huxhun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	sa	xvaş-id	ç'al-bı	huxhu-r
pn - erg	one	nice- attr	word- pl . nom	n .say. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kixhin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	mektub	kixhi-r
pn - erg	letter	( n )write. pf - aor
‘Murad wrote a letter.’

71. drink raˤğıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	naˤk	vaˤraˤğıˤ-r
pn - erg	milk( a )	a .drink. pf - aor
‘Murad drank the milk.’

72. melt yits'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	q'ış	yits'e	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	cream	n .melt	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad melted the cream.’

73. match kebeliy yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

mi-di	kamar	yixhdi	ğadılmı-s	kebeliy	v-i
prox - attr	belt( a )	my	clothes. obl - dat	fitting	a - cop
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

74. leave targ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	muˤqh	targ	havʔı-r
pn - erg	village( a )	leave	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad left his native city.’

75. cover edukun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xalçıdı-ra	q'ul	gırgın-ane	eduku-r
carpet. obl - erg	board	round- adv	n .cover. pf - aor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik'i yidq’ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	xal	yıxane	yik'-i	aˤğuˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	house	well	heart- super	( n )go. ipf - prs
‘Murad remembers the house well.’

77. help xıl yıˤxıˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	aydın-ı-s	xıl	yıˤvxıˤ-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	hand( a )	a .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad helped Aydin.’

78. understand (language) başa itxhun

Valency pattern: DAT.AGR_NOM

X: DAT.AGR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ıs	fransız	ç'al	baş-a	iyxhu-r
np - dat	f rench	language( a )	head- in	m .fall_in. ipf - predic
‘Murad understands French.’
Note: Exceptionally, the verb agrees with the X argument in the dative case.

79. hit (target) yıˤxıˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

yildirim-e-re	xal	yıˤxıˤ-r
lightning- obl - erg	house	n .strike. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself q'at' hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_COM

X: ERG

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad-a	vic	ci	ülgüc-e-xhvan	q'at'	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	refl . nom	self. erg	razor- obl - com	cut	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kit'idq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

şuˤşe	ustul-a-k	kit'ibq'ı-r
bottle( a )	table- obl - cont	a .stick. pf - aor
‘The bottle got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) aˤcuˤz yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-s	aˤcuˤz	yişi-r
pn	pn - obl - dat	weak	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost to Aydin.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad rağzıne atkın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	mektub-aala	rağzı-ne	arkı-r
pn	letter- superel	agree- adv	m .remain. pf - aor
‘Murad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak halgın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ı-xhvan	halga-r
pn	pn - obl - com	m . ipf .talk- prs
‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’

85. give birth hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ayten-ra	sa	dix	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	one	son	m .do. pf - aor
‘Ayten gave birth to a son.’

86. drop aa sehin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	istikan	aa	sevi-r
pn - erg	glass( a )	down	a .throw. pf - aor
‘Murad dropped the glass.’

87. govern q'vaxhvaldı havʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	muˤqh-uˤ-s	q'vaxh-valdı	vaʔa-r
pn - erg	village- obl - dat	leadership	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad runs our village.’

88. miss yik' isala hıʔın

Valency pattern: ATTR_APUD

X: ATTR

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

murad-ıd	ayten-i-xda	yik'	isala	haʔa-r
pn - attr	pn - obl - apud	heart	bored	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad misses Ayten.’

89. follow aˤqhaala yıxhın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	aydın-dı	aˤqh-aala	ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn	pn - attr	shade- superel	( m )go. ipf - prs
‘Murad follows Aydin.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

90. dismount suˤçuˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	balkan-dııla	suˤçuˤ-r
pn	horse- obl . superel	( m )dismount. pf - aor
‘Murad got down from the horse.’

91. listen ubur qhixhin

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad-a	radio-ya-xda	ubur	qhinse-r
pn - erg	radio- obl - apud	ear	( n )apply. ipf - prs
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç’ilık kaqhın

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad	nin-di	ç'il-ı-k	kaqha-r
pn	mother- attr	word. obl - obl - cont	m .look. ipf - prs
‘Murad obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear un yidq’ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	ç'al-mı-d	un	aˤğuˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	word- pl . obl - n	sound	( n )go. ipf - prs
‘Murad hears the (sound of) music.’

94. mix kidıxın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

it	naˤk-ıˤ-xhvan	kidıxı-r
honey	milk- obl - com	n .mix. pf - aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look kaqhın

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

murad	kıblımı-k	kaqhı-r
pn	cloud. pl . obl - cont	( m )look. pf - aor
‘Murad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off eğlehin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	uxun	eğlevi-r
pn - erg	shirt( a )	a .lift. pf - aor
‘Murad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq'ixhde ğagun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	ayten	neq'ixhde	ğaragva-r
pn - obl - dat	pn	in_dreams	f .see. ipf - prs
‘Murad dreams about Ayten.’

98. agree ç'ili yidq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	ayten-xhvan	ç'il-i	yirq'ı-r
pn	pn - com	word. obl - super	m .come. pf - aor
‘Murad agreed with Ayten.’

99. have a quarrel huˤcaˤt hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_COM

X: ERG

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad-a	ayten-xhvan	huˤcaˤt	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	pn - com	quarrel	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad had a quarrel with Ayten.’

100. cost yişin

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kubok-a-dı	q'iymet	sa	manat	i
cup- obl - attr	price( a )	one	manat	( n ) cop
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

101. shoot at gülle yihin

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	şurku-s	gülle	vihi-r
pn - erg	bird. obl - dat	bullet( a )	a .throw. pf - aor
‘Murad shot at the bird.’

102. pour kıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	pusux	kıʔı-r
pn - erg	sugar	( n )pour. pf - aor
‘Murad poured the sugar.’

103. lose sugva hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aˤçaˤr	sugva	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	key	( n )lose	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his keys.’

104. sink q'uˤrt' yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

us	xhid-e	q'uˤrt'	yişi-r
wood	water. obl - in	gulp	n .be. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Lit. ‘The log has been swallowed in the water.’

105. kill yiq'e hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aydın	yiq'e	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	pn	m .die	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad killed Aydin.’

106. hit lixhin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad-a	aydın-ııle	livxhi-r
pn - erg	pn - superel	a .put_on. pf - aor
‘Murad hit Aydin.’

107. kiss hup'a hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	ayten-ı-s	hup'a	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	kiss	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad kissed Ayten.’

108. read q'aliy hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	maraxlı-d	kitab	q'aliy	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	interesting- n	book	read	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) sıˤyıˤlʔaˤ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	t'iliy	sıˤvıˤlʔaˤ	havʔı-r
pn - erg	finger( a )	a .quake. ipf	a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad moved his finger.’

110. respect hürmet havʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad-a	aydın-ı-s	hürmet	vaʔa-r
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	honour( a )	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad respects Aydin.’

111. be squeamish zehle vexin

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	t'alqhı-dı	rahlım-ııla	zehle	vexe-r
pn - obl - dat	soil. pf - attr	dish. obl - superel	bad_mood( a )	a .run. ipf - prs
‘Murad is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content rağzı yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	duxar-ııla	rağzı	i
pn	son. obl - superel	agree	( m ) cop
‘Murad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love yıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	ayten	rıga-r
pn - obl - dat	pn	f .want. ipf - prs
‘Murad fell in love with Ayten.’

114. trust ixtibar hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad-a	ayten-aa	ixtibar	haʔa-r
pn - erg	pn - super	faith	( n )do. ipf - prs
‘Murad trusts Ayten.’

115. sympathise yazux vişin

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTR

X: DAT

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	nin-di	yazux	aˤvğuˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	mother- attr	pity( a )	a .come. ipf - prs
‘Murad sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The Y argument can be separated from the word for ‘pity’.

116. envy bexil yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ıı	bexil	ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn	pn - super	jealous	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Murad envies Aydin.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry qhaˤl laˤvç'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad-ı-s	aydın-ııle	qhaˤl	laˤvuˤç'uˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	anger( a )	a .climb. ipf - prs
‘Murad is angry with Aydin.’

118. be surprised mat yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	mi-di	pay-aa	mat	yişi-r
pn	prox - attr	present- super	surprised	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) qhıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	çey	qhıga-r
pn - obl - dat	tea	( n )love. ipf - prs
‘Murad loves tea.’

120. enjoy kef kaˤğaˤyşuˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad-a	bik'-di	çey-a-kla	kef	kaˤğaˤyşuˤ-r
pn - erg	hot- attr	tea- obl - contel	pleasure	n .choose. pf - aor
‘Murad enjoys hot tea.’

121. want yıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	ts'in-di	cibne-di	tilifun	vıga-r
pn - obl - dat	new- attr	pocket- attr	telephone( a )	a .want. ipf - prs
‘Murad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhaˤl laˤvç'uˤn

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	aydın-ııle	qhaˤl	laˤvuˤç'uˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	pn - superel	anger( a )	a .climb. ipf - prs
‘Murad holds a grudge against Aydin.’

123. take offence incimiş yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ııle	incimiş	yişi-r	i
pn	pn - superel	pissed	m .be. pf - seq	( m ) cop
‘Murad took offence at Aydin.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset paşmal hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aydın	paşmal	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	pn	sad	m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad greatly upset Aydin.’

125. marvel aˤvraˤh aˤğaˤyç'uˤn

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-ı-s	mi-di	şeher	ğavgu-de	aˤvraˤh	aˤğaˤyç'uˤ-nay
pn - obl - dat	prox - attr	town	a .see. pf -when	thrill	n .go_out. pf - pst
‘Murad was thrilled when he saw this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise kaˤğaˤyğıˤ

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ıxdiy	kaˤğaˤyğaˤ-r
pn	pn - dir	m .despise. ipf - prs
‘Murad despises Aydin.’

127. get upset qhaˤl laˤvç'uˤn

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTRbadanne

X: DAT

Y: ATTRbadanne

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	duxar-dı	badanne	qhaˤl	laˤvç'uˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	son. obl - attr	for	anger( a )	a .climb. pf - aor
‘Murad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated kiduʔun

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

murad-a	riş	kirurʔa-r
pn - erg	girl	f .annoy. ipf - prs
‘Murad irritates the little girl.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

129. be fond yıxane yidq’ın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	aydın	yıxane	aˤğuˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	pn	well	( m )come. ipf - prs
‘Murad is fond of Aydin.’

130. be shy rıˤx yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL

X: DAT

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: XY

murad-ı-s	ci-di	boy-aala	rıˤx	ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn - obl - dat	self. obl - attr	size- superel	shame	( n )be. ipf - prs
‘Murad is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.